The thesis deals with the importance of water resources and their influence on political development with the example of Kyrgyzstan. The main objective was to find out the role of water resources in domestic politics, how water influences the relationship between Kyrgyzstan and its neighbors, and whether water resources are of interest to the world's superpowers. Geopolitical analysis was carried out on three levels. At national level, water scarcity, uneven distribution and obsolete water systems are a cause of civil discontent. Corruption in the state sphere negates the possibility of modernization of existing water facilities. Water management is dependent on non-governmental associations and foreign financial assistance. At regional level, there is constant tension between Kyrgyzstan, where all the important rivers of the region rise, and the states lying downstream of these rivers. The cause of this tension is different demands of individual states on water use. International treaties address the situation, but are mostly non-functional in the long term. At the supra-regional level, the interests of especially Russia and China collide. Both superpowers seek to prevent US influence in the region. At the same time, they gain a dominant position in Kyrgyzstan in the economic and security spheres....

The Western Cape (South Africa) recently witnessed the most severe drought on record. The meteorological drought, which was characterised by below-normal rainfall for three consecutive years (2015 – 2017), cascaded to agricultural and then hydrological drought, resulting in devastating socio-economic consequences. While some studies indicate that climate change may increase the severity and frequency of droughts in the Western Cape in the future, there is a lack of information on how to mitigate the effects of future climate change on hydrological drought. This dissertation therefore investigated the extent to which land-use changes could be applied to reduce climate change impacts on future hydrological drought in this region. For the study, the revised Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT+) was calibrated and evaluated over four river basins in the Western Cape, and the climate simulation dataset from the COordinated Regional Downscaling EXperiment (CORDEX) was bias-corrected. Using the bias-corrected climate data as a forcing, the SWAT+ was used to project the impacts of future climate change on water yield and hydrological drought in the four basins and to quantify the sensitivity of the projection to four feasible land-use change scenarios in these basins. The relevant land-use scenarios are the expansion of mixed forests (FrLand), the restoration of grassland (GrLand), the restoration of shrubland (SrLand), and the expansion of cropland (CrLand). The model evaluation shows good agreement between the simulated and observed monthly streamflow at hydrological stations, and the bias correction of the CORDEX datasets improved the quality of the SWAT+ hydrological simulations in the four basins. The climate change projection depicts an increase in temperature and potential evapotranspiration but a decrease in precipitation and all the hydrological variables. Drying is projected across the Western Cape, and the magnitude of such drying increases with higher global warming levels (GWLs). The land-use changes alter the impacts of climate change by influencing the hydrological balance. While FrLand mitigates the impacts of climate change on the frequency of hydrological drought by increasing streamflow, soil water and percolation, CrLand mitigates the impacts by increasing surface runoff. However, the magnitudes of these land-use change impacts are very small compared to the climate change impacts. Hence, the results suggest that land-use changes may not be an efficient strategy for mitigating the climate change impacts on hydrological drought over the region. The findings obtained from this 2 research provide relevant information towards mitigating the severity of future droughts and improving water security in Western Cape River Basins.

An investigation was undertaken to better understand the hydrogeologic framework of the Rio Cobre and Rio Minho-Milk river basins, Jamaica, West Indies. A quasi three-dimensional finite-difference groundwater flow model was used to conceptualize flow conditions and establish a hydrogeologic budget of the region. The Rio Cobre and Rio Minho-Milk river basins lie on the Clarendon Block, an area with a complex geologic history. The geologic history includes: 1) the intrusion of calc-alkaline granites, 2) morphotectonic sedimentation, 3) three episodes of deformation by transpressional and transcurrent tectonics, 4) the deposition of a highly permeable, Tertiary carbonate platform, and 5) the development of near surface karst oriented with the major NNW-SSE fault trend in the basins. Since deposition, compression, faulting, and solution have modified the distribution and thickness of carbonate rocks impacting the ground-water flow of the region. The most notable features are the older NNW-SSE trend dip-slip faults and the younger E-W trend strike-slip faults, notably the South Coast Fault (SCF) formed during the Laramide Orogeny. The White Limestone aquifer is the principal aquifer of the Rio Cobre and Rio Minho-Milk river basins in the parishes of St. Catherine, Clarendon, and partly in Manchester. It is characterized by intercalated sequences of permeable rubbly and micritic carbonate rocks. The age of the rocks range from Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) to Recent. The permeability of the South Coast fault and the high hydraulic conductivity value associated with the Tertiary carbonate platform (480 m/d) in the Lower Rio Minho-Milk River basin control the gradient of the potentiometric surface and ground water flow in that region The agreement between the measured and the simulated hydraulic heads obtained for this steady-state model suggests that the values assigned to the hydraulic properties that characterize the ground-water flow of the White Limestone aquifer are reasonable. Recharge to the area occurs as net recharge in addition to upland subsurface inflow across the general head boundary in the northern part of the study area. Comparisons of calculated and observed values of head indicate that simulated groundwater flow field generally agree with field conditions. Several simplifying assumptions were made for the conceptualization and simulation of flow in the basins: 1) during the 1998 water year, ground-water in the basins was considered at steady-state, 2) pumping does not significantly affect the level of hydraulic heads; therefore pumping wells are not simulated, 3) Net recharge from precipitation varies spatially, 4) karstification and aquifer heterogeneity impact on the distribution of hydraulic conductivity, 5) Darcy's law is applicable to flow through the fractures and solutions openings in a karst region, 6) flow in the White Limestone aquifer occurs in the uppermost 650 m and vertical flow is assumed to be controlled by intervening units, 7) evaporation was not explicitly simulated in the model. Recharge rates were considered as "net recharge," and 8) submarine discharge occurs from the aquifer along the coast where aquifers are hydraulically connected to the sea. Ground-water flow in the basins was conceptualized as a quasi three-dimensional flow system in which two model layers were used. The model boundaries selected to represent natural hydrologic boundaries include (1) a no-flow along the western and eastern boundaries, (2) a constant head boundary along the freshwater/saltwater interface; (3) a general head boundary along the northern boundary; and (4) a horizontal-flow barrier boundary along the South Coast Fault; and (5) river leakage boundaries along major rivers draining the coastal basins. The simulated region is an area of 2,550 square kilometers, two-thirds of which is hilly and the remainder, irrigated plains with small swamps draining the area. The model consists of over 337,500 cells and employed a regular grid spacing of 200m x 160m. The model was designed and calibrated to steady-state conditions from data observed/estimated during water year 1998. The Water Resources Authority of Jamaica (WRAJ) will use the results of the modeling study as a predictive tool for long-term management and monitoring of water resources in the region. The model was calibrated using a manual trial-and-error adjustment of parameters. Hydraulic conductivity values in both model layers, hydraulic conductivity at the general-head boundary, and streambed conductance were adjusted during successive simulations until computed head values approximated field conditions. The computed potentiometric surface is an adequate or reasonable match on a regional scale, with the general horizontal hydraulic gradient oriented with the main fault trend NNW-SSE in both basins. Sensitivity tests of the calibrated model were conducted on net recharge, hydraulic conductivity, hydraulic conductivity assigned along the general-head boundary, and streambed vertical conductance to determine if differences between simulated and observed values were similar to the range of uncertainty in the values of input data and boundary conditions. Based on the results obtained from the sensitivity analysis, it is apparent that the model is extremely sensitive to changes in horizontal hydraulic conductivity and recharge in the form of precipitation. The model is least sensitive to streambed vertical hydraulic conductivity. / Master of Science

Orientador: Célia Regina Zimback / Banca: Affonso Maria de Carvalho / Banca: Sergio Pascoal de Campos / Resumo: A realidade atual mostra um quadro adverso quanto ao modo de vida do homem em relação à Natureza. Regiões, que anteriormente encontravam-se sob vegetação natural de florestas, com grande infiltração de água, hoje estão completamente impermeabilizadas pelas áreas urbanas ou ocupadas por cultivos agrícolas intensivos e já apresentam sinais de erosão acelerada, evidenciando o manejo inadequado dos solos. Vendo a necessidade de um planejamento ambiental, fazem-se necessários estudos mais aprofundados sobre as características das bacias hidrográficas. O presente trabalho foi conduzido na bacia do Ribeirão Lavapés no município de Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo, abrangendo uma área de 10.704 ha. A finalidade deste estudo foi mapear os principais parâmetros pedológicos e ambientais da bacia hidrográfica caracterizada, através da utilização das ferramentas do geoprocessamento como os sistemas de informações geográficas e o emprego da interpolação em geoestatística ("krigagem"), visando criar um banco de dados georreferenciado, e oferecer suporte às tomadas de decisões no planejamento ambiental. Os resultados obtidos permitiram observar que a bacia do Ribeirão Lavapés possui como maior uso as pastagens representando 40,7%, seguida de culturas agrícolas como o cultivo de cana de açúcar na porção inferior da bacia perfazendo 20,1%, sendo que a mancha urbana do município abrange 21,7% do total da bacia. Os impactos ambientais devido á falta de planejamento na ocupação desta bacia são evidentes, ao se analisar os resultados obtidos do conflito referente ao uso atual, em relação às classes de capacidade de uso, onde os cultivos agrícolas ocupam 4,6% de áreas impróprias e a mancha urbana invadiu 4,15% de áreas próprias para a agricultura. Outro conflito verificado na bacia do "Lavapés" é com relação às áreas de preservação permanente, ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present reality shows an adverse relation between the human life style and the Nature. Natural regions that in the past were covered by natural forests, with high level of water infiltration, today are completely impermeable by the expansion of the urban areas or are occupied by intensive agriculture. So these regions present accelerated signals of erosion, evidencing inadequate soil management. Consequently the need of an environmental planning has been necessary, demanding more detailed studies of the watersheds characteristics. The present work was realized in the Ribeirão Lavapés watershed, located on Botucatu City, Sao Paulo State, draining 10,704 ha. The aim of this study was to map the main pedologic-environmental parameters of this watershed using geoprocessed instruments like as geographic information systems and employment of interpolation in geostatistics (kriging), targeting to create a "georeferenced" data bank and offer support for decisions in environmental planning. The results lead to conclude that Ribeirão Lavapés watershed has as major use in pasture representing 40.7%, followed by agriculture like as sugar cane culture in the bottom part of the watershed taking 20.1%, and the urban zone represents 21.7% of the total area. The environmental impacts occur because no planning of the "Lavapés" watershed occupation is evident, analyzing the results obtained with the present use of its lands. Also, the class capacity use has been characterized as agriculture occupying 4.6% of improper areas, and the urban zone invades 4.15% of proper agriculture areas. Another conflict evidenced in this watershed is related with permanent preservation areas that should represent 9.2% as the environmental protection law determine. However, to correct this problem it is necessary to restore 6.03% of the watershed area, whose legal reserve should represent 20%... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

O estudo de bacias hidrográficas no meio tropical úmido, tem adquirido grande importância nas últimas décadas, devido a crescente demanda por planejamento de recursos hídricos. Entretanto, muitos desses trabalhos têm confundido o conceito de bacias hidrográficas, acreditando ser esta, uma mera rede de canais interconectados que formam a hidrografia dos terrenos, portanto, tomando-a como simples unidade cartográfica de estudo. Este fato tem banalizado em muito o uso de conceitos relacionados aos estudos de bacias, provocando sérios equívocos nas produções acadêmicas atuais. Partindo do princípio de que as bacias hidrográficas são espaços territoriais de circulação vertical e horizontal dágua, tendo a rede interconectada de canais, como um dos seus principais elementos, que escolhemos a bacia hidrográfica do Rio Benevente para estudo da relação entre a dinâmica fluvial desta e os seus condicionantes estruturais e morfológicos. Fundamentado no método da associação e indeterminação geomorfológica de Leopold e Langbein (1970), e, através de informações oriundas dos procedimentos técnico-operacionais de compartimentação geomorfológica e compilação de dados de parâmetros hidrográficos, foi possível descobrir que os sub-sistemas de drenagem que compõem a hidrografia total da bacia, evoluem condicionados por litoestruturas cristalinas e tectônicas do proterozóico, portanto, de organização antiga, e, que, aparentemente, demonstram não sofrer reativações modernas, a ponto de intervir na evolução dos sub-compartimentos de relevo regionais e na evolução hidrográfica da rede de canais. Chega-se desta forma, à conclusão de que os processos de encaixamento da drenagem, capturas fluviais, seccionamento de litoestruturas, gênese de knickpoints e evolução dos perfis longitudinais fluviais estão associados à dinâmica de processos geomórficos diferenciais, sob litoestruturas de forte natureza anisotrópica e complexa organização geotectônica. Fato que responde pela diversidade de sub-compartimentos de relevo e configuração evolutiva dos sistemas fluviais de dinâmicas diferenciais. / The study of watersheds in the humid tropical environment, has acquired great importance in recent decades due to growing demand for water resources planning. However, many studies have confused the concept of watersheds, believing that this was simply a network of interconnected channels that form the hydrography of the land, thus making it as simple cartographic unit of study. This commonplace is the use of concepts related to the studies of basins, causing serious confusion in the current academic productions. Assuming that the basins are territorial spaces of vertical and horizontal movement of water, the interconnected network of channels, as one of its main elements, we chose the basin of Rio Benevente to study the relationship between the dynamics of this river and its structural and morphological constraints. Based on the method of the Association and indeterminacy in geomorphologic Leopold and Langbein (1970), and through information from the technical and operational procedures of geomorphological partitioning and compilation of data from hydrographic parameters, could find that the sub-drainage systems that make up the total of the hydrographic basin, driven by evolving litoestruturas crystal and the tectonic proterozóico, therefore, the old organization, and that, apparently, show not suffer reactivations modern as to intervene in the evolution of sub-compartments of regional importance and the evolution of the network of river channels. Enough is thus concluded that the processes to fit the drainage, catch river, sectioning of litoestruturas, gênesis of knickpoints and evolution of longitudinal river profiles are associated with the dynamic of geomorphic processes differential,under litoestruturas of strong anisotropic nature and complex organization geotectônica. Fact responsible for the diversity of sub-compartments of important configuration and evolutionary dynamics of river systems of differential.

O estudo das bacias formadoras do rio Piracicaba é prioritário no contexto de solução da crise hídrica na região sudeste do Brasil, pois elas são mantenedoras de mais 4,5 milhões de habitantes na região das bacias Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (PCJ), e contém o sistema de represas do Cantareira, que promove o abastecimento de água de aproximadamente 8 milhões de habitantes na região metropolitana da cidade de São Paulo. Para a garantia de tais recursos hídricos, é fundamental um plano de restauração e conservação do entorno das represas constituintes do sistema, bem como das microbacias nas cabeceiras de seus tributários, tais como o rio Jaguari. Nessa região, na microbacia do ribeirão das Posses, afluente do rio Jaguari no município de Extrema - MG, iniciou-se no ano de 2007 o projeto Conservador das Águas, com o intuito de promover restauração e conservação de nascentes dentro de propriedades privadas, no modelo de Pagamentos por Serviços Ambientais (PSA). Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar a dinâmica espaço-temporal de parâmetros hídricos qualiquantitativos em corpos d\'água, como nascentes em restauração, tributários e canal principal do ribeirão das Posses e sua influência no rio Jaguari, considerando o uso do solo na área drenada a montante de cada ponto amostral. Os parâmetros hidrobiogeoquímicos avaliados foram: vazão, temperatura, pH, condutividade elétrica, DBO, além de oxigênio, carbono, nitrogênio e elementos iônicos principais dissolvidos e massa e razão isotópica de carbono e nitrogênio no material particulado em suspensão. Os resultados demonstram que as ações de restauração têm contribuído para a redução na condutividade elétrica (CE) nas nascentes. O uso da terra interferiu na qualidade dos corpos hídricos e que o Cl- pode ser utilizado como traçador ambiental, refletindo a influência do ambiente de pastagens. Por fim, os processos erosivos predominam na bacia, sendo que o transporte de material particulado em suspensão para a foz no rio Jaguari foi de 68 ton km-2 ano-1. / The study of the basins forming the Piracicaba river is a priority in the context of the solution of the water crisis in the southeastern region of Brazil, as they maintain more than 4.5 million inhabitants in the Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí (PCJ) basins and contain the Cantareira dam system, which promotes the water supply of approximately 8 million inhabitants in the metropolitan region of the city of São Paulo. For the guarantee of such water resources, a plan of restoration and conservation of the surroundings of the dams constituting the system, as well as the micro-basins in the headwaters of its tributaries, such as the Jaguari river, is fundamental. In this region, the Conservador das Águas project was started in 2007 in the microbasin of the Posses stream, a tributary of the Jaguari river in the municipality of Extrema - MG, with the purpose of promoting restoration and conservation of springs within private properties, in the Payments for Environmental Services (PSA) model. The objective of this research was to evaluate the spatiotemporal dynamics of qualitative water parameters in water bodies, such as springs in restoration, tributaries and main channel of the Posses stream and its influence on the Jaguari river, considering the use of the soil in the drained area amount of each sampling point. The hydrobiogeochemical parameters evaluated were: flow, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, BOD, in addition to oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and major dissolved ionic elements and isotopic mass and carbon and nitrogen ratio in suspended particulate matter. The results show that restoration actions have contributed to the reduction in the electrical conductivity (EC) in the springs. Land use has interfered in the quality of the water bodies and that Cl- can be used as an environmental tracer, reflecting the influence of the pasture environment. Finally, erosion processes predominate in the basin, and transport of particulate matter in suspension to the mouth of the Jaguari River was 68 tons km-2 year-1.

Several river basins in the world are faced with growing water scarcity and water use conflicts attributed to increasing water demand and competition among users, climate change and variability, and environmental degradation. Addressing these challenges necessitates shifting from the traditional uncoordinated sectoral approach to more integrated and fully participatory approaches supported by credible information generated by reliable and robust technical tools. Combining engineering, economics and hydroclimatological science, hydro-economic tools are well suited to provide reliable and impartial technical information that can support multi stakeholder negotiation and decision making processes in a river basin. This research develops and applies a detailed hydro-economic model to support multi-objective water resources assessments. The model supports integrated assessments of physical and economic impacts of changes in water demand, climate conditions, water resources management objectives and policies, and other system constraints on a basin's water resources. The main contribution of this research is the systematic coupling of detailed water resources and economic assessment models that are capable of (a) representing complex physical system characteristics and constraints; (b) simulating system operation at diverse temporal and spatial scales; and (c) representing water-based economic production processes at a basin scale. The research integrates a wide range of potential climate change impacts into the hydro-economic modeling framework through consideration of multiple future climate change scenarios from 13 Global Circulation Models under the medium and high emission projection scenarios. Economic uncertainty is characterized through conjunctive use of Monte Carlo simulation and Geometric Brownian Motion techniques to generate multiple forecast traces of important economic parameters. The model is applied to the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River basin in the southeast USA as a case study.

The goal of this research was to investigate further the role of air redistribution and continental water storage changes in the excitation of both the annual and Chandler wobbles for the period 1900-85. The annual and Chandler excitations from air redistribution have been studied by Wilson and Haubrich (1976), Wahr (1982), and Hinnov and Wilson (1985). Annual excitation from water storage was estimated by Van Hylckama (1970), Hinnov and Wilson (1985), and Chao and O'Connor (1988). Chandler wobble excitation from water storage changes has been addressed only by Hinnov and Wilson (1985). This study was undertaken as a refinement to their encouraging but preliminary results. / text

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise ambiental do rio das Ostras através do levantamento das características físicas, bióticas e antrópicas da macrorregião onde está localizada a bacia hidrográfica, que tomada como unidade de planejamento de uso e ocupação do solo, permite a elaboração de diversos instrumentos de gestão capazes de valorizar os ecossistemas existentes, resultando em políticas públicas com uma visão sócio ambiental. Apesar de as bacias hidrográficas apresentarem gestão com base legal estadual e federal, os maiores conflitos de ocupação ocorrem nos municípios e são capazes de gerar impactos ambientais locais, cuja responsabilidade de mitigação e compensação passam pela administração municipal. A bacia hidrográfica do rio das Ostras está, quase que integralmente, situada no município de mesmo nome,no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. As características analisadas neste trabalho apontaram a necessidade de elaboração de um Plano de Gestão na bacia visando a preservação dos ecossistemas ali existentes, promovendo ações de educação ambiental, programas de redução de poluição, monitoramento da qualidade da água e das condições hidrosanitárias, controle de erosão e assoreamentos, recuperação da vegetação ciliar, manutenção da diversidade ecológica, resultando, assim, na melhoria global das condições sócio ambientais da região. / This dissertation presents an environmental analysis of the Ostras River Basin through surveys of physical, biological and anthropomorphic characteristics of the macroregion where the basin is located. The river basin was used as the base area for use management and ground occupation, allowing the elaboration of diverse assessment instruments capable of evaluating existing ecosystems, resulting in community politics with a social vision. Although river basins are under state and federal jurisdiction, the major conflicts in occupation occur in the cities, impacting the local environment, leaving the municipal administration responsible for enforcing pollution reduction and environmental compensation. The Ostras River Basin is almost entirely situated in the city of same name, in the State of Rio de Janeiro. The characteristics analyzed in this dissertation point to the necessity of developing a Management Plan for this basin with the aim of preserving the existing ecosystems: promoting environmental education, developing pollution reduction programs, monitoring water quality and sewage and water conditions, soil and riverbank erosion, promoting recovery of riverbank vegetation, preserving ecological diversity, resulting, thus, in global improvement of the social conditions of the region.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-09-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:14:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 orsi_ac_me_botfca.pdf: 1390306 bytes, checksum: 21066395e2f431b9baf12367b05c3388 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A realidade atual mostra um quadro adverso quanto ao modo de vida do homem em relação à Natureza. Regiões, que anteriormente encontravam-se sob vegetação natural de florestas, com grande infiltração de água, hoje estão completamente impermeabilizadas pelas áreas urbanas ou ocupadas por cultivos agrícolas intensivos e já apresentam sinais de erosão acelerada, evidenciando o manejo inadequado dos solos. Vendo a necessidade de um planejamento ambiental, fazem-se necessários estudos mais aprofundados sobre as características das bacias hidrográficas. O presente trabalho foi conduzido na bacia do Ribeirão Lavapés no município de Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo, abrangendo uma área de 10.704 ha. A finalidade deste estudo foi mapear os principais parâmetros pedológicos e ambientais da bacia hidrográfica caracterizada, através da utilização das ferramentas do geoprocessamento como os sistemas de informações geográficas e o emprego da interpolação em geoestatística (krigagem), visando criar um banco de dados georreferenciado, e oferecer suporte às tomadas de decisões no planejamento ambiental. Os resultados obtidos permitiram observar que a bacia do Ribeirão Lavapés possui como maior uso as pastagens representando 40,7%, seguida de culturas agrícolas como o cultivo de cana de açúcar na porção inferior da bacia perfazendo 20,1%, sendo que a mancha urbana do município abrange 21,7% do total da bacia. Os impactos ambientais devido á falta de planejamento na ocupação desta bacia são evidentes, ao se analisar os resultados obtidos do conflito referente ao uso atual, em relação às classes de capacidade de uso, onde os cultivos agrícolas ocupam 4,6% de áreas impróprias e a mancha urbana invadiu 4,15% de áreas próprias para a agricultura. Outro conflito verificado na bacia do Lavapés é com relação às áreas de preservação permanente,... / The present reality shows an adverse relation between the human life style and the Nature. Natural regions that in the past were covered by natural forests, with high level of water infiltration, today are completely impermeable by the expansion of the urban areas or are occupied by intensive agriculture. So these regions present accelerated signals of erosion, evidencing inadequate soil management. Consequently the need of an environmental planning has been necessary, demanding more detailed studies of the watersheds characteristics. The present work was realized in the Ribeirão Lavapés watershed, located on Botucatu City, Sao Paulo State, draining 10,704 ha. The aim of this study was to map the main pedologic-environmental parameters of this watershed using geoprocessed instruments like as geographic information systems and employment of interpolation in geostatistics (kriging), targeting to create a georeferenced data bank and offer support for decisions in environmental planning. The results lead to conclude that Ribeirão Lavapés watershed has as major use in pasture representing 40.7%, followed by agriculture like as sugar cane culture in the bottom part of the watershed taking 20.1%, and the urban zone represents 21.7% of the total area. The environmental impacts occur because no planning of the Lavapés watershed occupation is evident, analyzing the results obtained with the present use of its lands. Also, the class capacity use has been characterized as agriculture occupying 4.6% of improper areas, and the urban zone invades 4.15% of proper agriculture areas. Another conflict evidenced in this watershed is related with permanent preservation areas that should represent 9.2% as the environmental protection law determine. However, to correct this problem it is necessary to restore 6.03% of the watershed area, whose legal reserve should represent 20%... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)