O objeto de estudo deste trabalho é a trilogia marciana de Kim Stanley Robinson, com a publicação de Red Mars, em 1993; Green Mars, em 1994; e Blue Mars, em 1996. A partir do questionamento de sua visão de utopia, que é corroborada pelo crítico materialista Fredric Jameson em seu livro Archaeologies of the Future, de 2005, procuro analisar a solução pós-moderna e multicultural para uma sociedade ideal, apresentada por ambos. Assim, essa dissertação discute o alcance dessa utopia fragmentada e aponta como ela é resultado da perspectiva histórica e de um ponto de vista. Outro objetivo é demonstrar como os Estados Unidos moldam o imaginário da trilogia, repetindo uma tradição da ficção científica do país. / The aim of this paper is to present a reading of Mars Trilogy, by Kim Stanley Robinson, published in 1993 (Reds Mars), 1994 (Green Mars), and 1996 (Blue Mars). By questioning his idea of utopia, reinforced by the materialist critic Fredric Jameson in Archaeologies of the Future (2005), I investigate the postmodern and multicultural solution for an ideal society they both propose. Therefore, one of the main purposes of this dissertation is to discuss this fragmented utopia and how its result reveals the historical perspective and the point of view. Another drive is to demonstrate that the United States construct the imagery behind the trilogy, repeating a tradition in the local science fiction.

O objeto de estudo deste trabalho é a trilogia marciana de Kim Stanley Robinson, com a publicação de Red Mars, em 1993; Green Mars, em 1994; e Blue Mars, em 1996. A partir do questionamento de sua visão de utopia, que é corroborada pelo crítico materialista Fredric Jameson em seu livro Archaeologies of the Future, de 2005, procuro analisar a solução pós-moderna e multicultural para uma sociedade ideal, apresentada por ambos. Assim, essa dissertação discute o alcance dessa utopia fragmentada e aponta como ela é resultado da perspectiva histórica e de um ponto de vista. Outro objetivo é demonstrar como os Estados Unidos moldam o imaginário da trilogia, repetindo uma tradição da ficção científica do país. / The aim of this paper is to present a reading of Mars Trilogy, by Kim Stanley Robinson, published in 1993 (Reds Mars), 1994 (Green Mars), and 1996 (Blue Mars). By questioning his idea of utopia, reinforced by the materialist critic Fredric Jameson in Archaeologies of the Future (2005), I investigate the postmodern and multicultural solution for an ideal society they both propose. Therefore, one of the main purposes of this dissertation is to discuss this fragmented utopia and how its result reveals the historical perspective and the point of view. Another drive is to demonstrate that the United States construct the imagery behind the trilogy, repeating a tradition in the local science fiction.

SOMMAIRE Cette recherche est basée sur l’étude de la pièce Adieu, Robinson, écrite par Julio Cortazar pour le théâtre radiophonique en 1977. Publiée en 1984, elle a été rééditée en 1995 –après le décès de son auteur– et diffusée, vers la fin des années 70, sur tous les continents. L’analyse de l’œuvre a été réalisée en tenant compte de deux orientations différentes mais complémentaires: l’une plus formelle ou technique et l’autre idéologique. Il y a, d’abord, l’étude du théâtre radiophonique comme discours qui utilise un langage spécifique –le langage radiophonique– et suppose un “théâtre écrit pour la radio”, et ce, à partir des œuvres de Rudolf Arnheim, Armand Balsebre et Etienne Fuzellier. Puis, il y a une mise en contexte de la pièce en faisant référence à la situation particulièrement mouvementée de l’Amérique latine, pendant les années 70, en mettant en rapport le sujet de la “décolonisation” avec celui de la libération. Avant d’aborder le sujet du théâtre radiophonique –ce qui inclut ses origines en Argentine, les premières pièces et les caractéristiques du format– et en prenant comme référence l’auteur Jésus Martin-Barbero, nous revoyons brièvement l’histoire du mélodrame, ce spectacle de forte valeur émotionnelle présent en Amérique latine, notamment, dans le théâtre radiophonique et le feuilleton télévisé. Suivant une revue des caractéristiques concernant le style d’écriture de Cortazar, nous analysons la pièce théâtrale d’un point de vue qui tient compte, principalement, des catégories d’espace et de temps, particulièrement importantes dans l’étude d’une œuvre radiophonique. Finalement, cette étude prétend démontrer que le but de Julio Cortazar, en écrivant Adieu, Robinson, n’était pas de proposer un passe-temps radiophonique, mais plutôt d’atteindre un public plus vaste via un puissant moyen de communication en lui offrant une fable anticolonialiste. Mots-clés : Cortazar, Robinson Crusoé, décolonisation, sémiologie du théâtre radiophonique. / ABSTRACT This research work is based on the study of the play Adiós, Robinson (Goodbye, Robinson), a radio script written by Julio Cortázar in 1977, published in 1984, reedited in 1995 -after the death of the author-, and broadcast in every continent in the late 1970s. The analysis of this piece was carried out taking into consideration two different but complementary perspectives: one more formal or technical and the other ideological. Thus, on the one hand, radio drama is examined as a type of discourse that uses a specific language -radiophonic language-, and constitutes “a theatrical presentation written for radio", based on the works of Rudolf Arnheim, Armand Balsebre and Etienne Fuzellier. On the other hand, the text contextualized by referring to the troubled situation in Latin America in the 1970s, and relating the topic of "decolonization" to that of liberation. Before addressing the subject of radio drama -including its origins in Argentina, the first pieces for radio, and the characteristics of its format- and taking the author Jesús Martín-Barbero as a source of reference, a brief history of melodrama is presented. This genre, characterized by strong emotional content, is very much present in Latin America, particularly in radio drama and soap operas. After describing Cortázar’s writing style, the script is analyzed from a viewpoint that focuses mainly on the categories of space and time, which are especially of interest when studying a piece of radio drama. Finally, this study pretends to demonstrate that Julio Cortázar did not write Adiós, Robinson as a mere piece of radio entertainment. On the contrary, the author, aware of the power exercised by this type of media, uses it to reach a wider audience and present it with an anti-colonial fable. Keywords: Cortazar, Robinson Crusoe, decolonization, semiology of radio drama.

Les traductions, abrégés, adaptations ou continuations constituent des opérations décisives lors de la diffusion et de la réception des oeuvres littéraires dans l’espace et dans le temps. L’histoire de la réception sur la longue durée de Robinson Crusoé en France et en Chine illustre ce phénomène de manière exemplaire. Les premières traductions françaises et chinoises ont toutes modifié l’original de Defoe pour répondre aux exigences et aux besoins de leur environnement et de leurs publics spécifiques, en même temps qu’elles ont contribué à modifier les sensibilités et les comportements des lecteurs. Sa diffusion en Europe occidentale puis dans le monde entier a transformé le roman de Defoe et ses avatars en un genre à contenu pédagogique et destiné à la jeunesse. La conception exposée par Rousseau dans l’Émile est à l’origine de ce tournant européen qui n’a cessé de poser un problème essentiel – celui du rapport entre le romanesque et l’instructif – à tous ceux qui, comme Campe, Wyss ou Jules Verne, ont voulu imiter ou adapter l’histoire de Robinson dans une perspective éducative. A force de réécritures explicitement revendiquées par leurs auteurs, l’histoire de Robinson a finalement obtenu le statut de mythe littéraire au XXe siècle. Au-delà de leurs différences, des écrivains contemporains comme le français Michel Tournier ou la sino-américaine Maxine Hong Kingston voient avant tout dans Robinson un symbole de la modernité. Celle-ci, comme les expériences propres à ces écrivains, débouchent sur des réécritures plus subtiles de Robinson Crusoé tout en manifestant la puissance et le dynamisme du modèle initial dont les transformations constituent le signe le plus visible. / The translations, summaries, adaptations or continuations constitute the decisive operations during the distribution and the reception of the literary works in the space and in the time. The history of the long-lasting reception of Robinson Crusoé in France and in China illustrates this phenomenon in a exemplary way. Its first French and Chinese translations all modified the original of Defoe in order to meet the requirements and needs of their environment and of their specific public, at the same time as they both contributed to modify the sensibilities and the behavior of the readers. Its distribution in Western Europe then all over the world transformed the novel of Defoe and its variants into a genre with educational contents and intended for the youth. The conception proposed by Rousseau in his Émile is at the origin of this change occurred first in Europe which raises always the same essential question - that of the relationship between the fiction and the instruction - to all those who, as Campe, Wyss or Jules Verne, wanted to imitate or to adapt the story of Robinson for an educational purpose. By means of rewritings explicitly claimed by their authors, the story of Robinson finally obtained the status of literary myth in the 20th century. Beyond their differences, contemporary writers like French Michel Tournier or Chinese American Maxine Hong Kingston see above all in Robinson a symbol of the modernity. Reflections on the modernity, with the particular experiences belonging to these writers, result in more subtle rewritings of Robinson Crusoe, and show the power and the dynamism of the initial model the transformations of which constitute the most visible sign.

Pour satisfaire aux dernières réglementations en matière d'émissions, des progrès importants sont encore attendus des moteurs à combustion interne. De plus, améliorer l'efficacité du moteur pour réduire les émissions et la consommation de carburant est devenu plus essentiel qu'auparavant. Mais, de nombreux phénomènes complexes restent mal compris dans ce domaine, tels que le processus d'injection de carburant. Nombreux logiciels pour la dynamique des fluides numérique (CFD) prenant en compte le changement de phase (comme la cavitation) et la modélisation de l’injection ont été développés et utilisés avec succès dans le processus d’injection. Néanmoins, il existe peu de codes CFD capables de simuler avec précision des conditions d’injection transcritiques, à partir d'une condition de température de carburant sous-critique vers un mélange supercritique dans la chambre de combustion. En effet, la plupart des modèles existants peuvent simuler des écoulements à phase unique, éventuellement dans des conditions supercritiques, ou des écoulements diphasiques dans des conditions sous-critiques. Par conséquent, il manque un modèle complet capable de traiter les conditions transcritiques, y compris la transition de phase possible entre les régimes souscritiques et supercritiques, ou entre les écoulements monophasiques et diphasiques, de manière dynamique. Cette thèse a pour objectif de relever ce défi.Pour cela, des modèles d'écoulement diphasique compressible de fluide réel basés sur une approche eulérienne-eulérienne avec prise en compte de l'équilibre de phase ont été développés et discutés dans le présent travail. Plus précisément, un modèle à 6-équation entièrement compressibles incluant les équations de bilan des phases liquide et gazeuse résolues séparément ; et un modèle à 4-équation qui résout les équations des bilans liquide et gazeux en équilibre mécanique et thermique sont proposés dans ce manuscrit. L’équation d’état Peng-Robinson EoS est sélectionné pour fermer les deux systèmes et pour faire face aux éventuels changements de phase et à la transition ou à la séparation des phases. En particulier, un solveur d'équilibre de phase a été développé et validé. Ensuite, une série de tests académiques 1D portant sur les phénomènes d'évaporation et de condensation effectués dans des conditions sous-critiques et supercritiques a été simulée et comparée aux données de la littérature et aux résultats académiques disponibles. Ensuite, les modèles d'écoulement en deux phases entièrement compressibles (systèmes à 6-équation et à 4- équation) ont été utilisés pour simuler les phénomènes de cavitation dans une buse 3D de taille réelle afin d'étudier l'effet de l’azote dissous sur la création et le développement de la cavitation. Le bon accord avec les données expérimentales prouve que le solveur proposé est capable de gérer le comportement complexe du changement de phase dans des conditions sous-critiques. Enfin, la capacité du solveur à traiter l’injection transcritique à des pressions et températures élevées a été validée par la modélisation réussie de l’injecteur Spray A du réseau de combustion moteur (ECN). / To satisfy latest stringent emission regulations, important progress is still be expected from internal combustion engines. In addition, improving engine efficiency to reduce the emission and fuel consumption has become more essential than before. But many complex phenomena remain poorly understood in this field, such as the fuel injection process. Numerous software programs for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) considering phase change (such as cavitation) and injection modelling, have been developed and used successfully in the injection process. Nevertheless, there are few CFD codes able to simulate correctly transcritical conditions starting from a subcritical fuel temperature condition towards a supercritical mixture in the combustion chamber. Indeed, most of the existing models can simulate either single-phase flows possibly in supercritical condition or two-phase flows in subcritical condition; lacking therefore, a comprehensive model which can deal with transcritical condition including possible phase transition from subcritical to supercritical regimes, or from single-phase to two-phase flows, dynamically. This thesis aims at dealing with this challenge. For that, real fluid compressible two-phase flow models based on Eulerian-Eulerian approach with the consideration of phase equilibrium have been developed and discussed in the present work. More precisely, a fully compressible 6-equation model including liquid and gas phases balance equations solved separately; and a 4-equation model which solves the liquid and gas balance equations in mechanical and thermal equilibrium, are proposed in this manuscript. The Peng-Robinson equation of state (EoS) is selected to close both systems and to deal with the eventual phase change or phase transition. Particularly, a phase equilibrium solver has been developed and validated. Then, a series of 1D academic tests involving the evaporation and condensation phenomena performed under subcritical and supercritical conditions have been simulated and compared with available literature data and analytical results. Then the fully compressible two-phase flow models (6-Equation and 4-Equation systems) have been employed to simulate the cavitation phenomena in a real size 3D nozzle to investigate the effect of dissolved N2 on the inception and developing of cavitation. The good agreement with experimental data proves the solver can handle the complex phase change behavior in subcritical condition. Finally, the capability of the solver in dealing with the transcritical injection at high pressure and temperature conditions has been further validated through the successful modelling of the engine combustion network (ECN) Spray A injector.

Ce mémoire explore la dépossession territoriale des Ojibweg au profit du gouvernement canadien dans toutes ces dimensions — qu’elles soient économiques, politiques, mais particulièrement culturelles. C’est l’analyse fortement inspirée de la géographie culturelle, trop peu considérée dans le récit traditionnel du colonialisme de peuplement, qui représente le principal thème de ce travail. Le cas exemple retenu est celui des Ojibweg de la Garden River First Nation, entre 1815 et 1860. Par la figure du chef Shingwaukonse, cette communauté entretenait une diplomatie très active avec la Couronne britannique, par l’entremise des représentants de ces colonies canadiennes. Ces traces permettent de voir l’étendue de la dépossession totale que nécessite le colonialisme de peuplement. Afin d’y arriver, il faut d’abord refaire un récit de la région du Sault-Sainte-Marie dans sa dimension transfrontalière, pour dégager les dynamiques coloniales multiples que subissaient les Ojibweg de la région. Ce narratif commence sur une échelle régionale vaste propre à l’Empire britannique, avant de s’arrêter sur la vision identitaire de ce groupe, nouvellement dépossédé. / This thesis explores the territorial dispossession of the Ojibway people by the Canadian government in all its dimensions – be it economical, political but especially cultural. The analysis, greatly indebted to cultural geography, aspect too often poorly considered in the traditional narratives of settler colonialism, is the principal theme of this work. The type case is the Ojibway of the Garden River First Nation, between 1815 and 1860. By the figure of Shingwaukonse, this community held a very active diplomatic activity with the British crown, by the contact with representatives of its Canadian colonies. The trail it left allows us to see the total dispossession that necessitates settler colonialism. To successfully tackle this project, it is imperative to reframe the narrative of the Sault-Sainte-Marie region in all of it cross-border character, to address the multiple colonial dynamics felt by regional Anishinaabeg. This narrative starts on a vast geographical scale associated with the British Empire, before stopping on the specific ways this group lived their identities when faced with these new dispossessions.

For the last two decades Haddon Robinson's homiletic text Biblical Preaching has been a significant influence in evangelical homiletics. In an endeavor to evaluate the homiletic method within it, this study asked the following questions: What is Robinson's theological methodology and how does it affect his homiletical method? What is his hermeneutical methodology and how does it affect his homiletical method? These two questions lead into the main issue of this study expressed in two other questions: Is Robinson consistent with his theological and hermeneutical methodology in his homiletical method? What are the strengths and weaknesses of his ten-stage method? Based on these issues, the purpose of this study was to investigate Robinson's theological and hermeneutical methodology, evaluate his ten-stage method in light of this investigation, and based on any problematic areas, suggest pointers toward new theory and procedure for the enhancement of expository pedagogy. To provide a framework for this study, four homiletical paradigms in contemporary American homiletics were identified and explained. Robinson's method was found to be in one of these paradigms. With this framework in mind, Robinson's theological and hermeneutical methodology was investigated. Following this, his definition of expository preaching with its five components was set forth and investigated. It was found that Robinson's expository methodology as expressed in his view of Scripture, hermeneutics, and definition of expository preaching, is a consistent foundation for his ten-stage method. Nevertheless, several problematic issues were noted. Having investigated Robinson's expository methodology, this study formally evaluated his ten-stage method and found its center of gravity to be on the two center stages dealing with the homiletical idea and purpose statement. Furthermore, this evaluation found the ten stages to be consistent with Robinson's definition of expository preaching in its movement from interpretation to application. In seven of the stages, however, this study found deficiencies due to procedural weaknesses and a lack of theoretical focus. The study concluded with ten pointers based on the problem areas addressed throughout the investigation and evaluation. These pointers suggested a new theory and procedure to enhance expository pedagogy and practice. / Practical Theology / D. Th. (Pratical Theology)

Os modelos de regressão logística ordinais são usados para descrever a relação entre uma variável resposta categórica ordinal e uma ou mais variáveis explanatórias. Uma vez ajustado o modelo de regressão, se faz necessário verificar a qualidade do ajuste do modelo. As estatísticas qui-quadrado de Pearson e da razão de verossimilhanças não são adequadas para acessar a qualidade do ajuste do modelo de regressão logística ordinal quando variáveis contínuas estão presentes no modelo. Para este caso, foram propostos os testes de Lipsitz, a versão ordinal do teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow e os testes qui-quadrado e razão de verossimilhanças de Pulkistenis-Robinson. Nesta dissertação é feita uma revisão das técnicas de diagnóstico disponíveis para os Modelos logito cumulativo, Modelos logito categorias adjacentes e Modelos logito razão contínua, bem como uma aplicação a fim de investigar a relação entre a perda auditiva, o equilíbrio e aspectos emocionais nos idosos. / Ordinal regression models are used to describe the relationship between an ordered categorical response variable and one or more explanatory variables which could be discrete or continuous. Once the regression model has been fitted, it is necessary to check the goodness-of-fit of the model. The Pearson and likelihood-ratio statistics are not adequate for assessing goodness-of-fit in ordinal logistic regression model with continuous explanatory variables. For this case, the Lipsitz test, the ordinal version of the Hosmer-Lemeshow test and Pulkstenis-Robinson chi-square and likelihood ratio tests were proposed. This dissertation aims to review the diagnostic techniques available for the cumulative logit models, categories adjacent logit models and continuous ratio logistic models. In addition, an application was developed in order to investigate the relationship between hearing loss, balance and emotional aspects in the elderly.

La présente thèse propose une étude de la genèse de la théorie de la concurrence monopolistique d’Edward H. Chamberlin (1899-1967). L’originalité de notre travail repose sur un récit détaillé et se démarquant de l’approche habituelle consistant à placer notre auteur et son œuvre aux côtés de la concurrence imparfaite de Joan V. Robinson, sans nécessairement s’interroger sur leurs divergences. En particulier, la thèse étaye la version donnée par E. H. Chamberlin dans laquelle l’auteur insiste sur l’importance du duopole et de la différenciation du produit, ainsi que son indépendance par rapport au débat post-marshallien anglais dans l’élaboration de sa théorie. À partir d’une étude détaillée de sa thèse de doctorat, qui constitue la première version de la concurrence monopolistique, d’archives rassemblant essais et correspondances jusqu’ici non publiées et de ses écrits de manière générale, nous apportons des éléments, tantôt confirmant cette version des faits, tantôt nuançant leur portée. Une attention toute particulière est accordée à la question du duopole et à sa place dans la concurrence monopolistique. / This thesis studies the genesis of Edward H. Chamberlin’s monopolistic competition theory. The originality of our work is based on a detailed story, emancipating itself from the usual approach which considers our author’s work and J. Robinson’s imperfect competition as alike without questioning their differences. The thesis develops the version given by Chamberlin in which he insists on the importance of duopoly and product differentiation along with the independence between his theory and the English post-Marshallian debate. Thanks to the study of his Ph. D thesis, which embodies the first version of monopolistic competition, the study of unpublished essays and correspondence and his published writings, we provide new elements sometimes attesting Chamberlin’s version and sometimes moderating its relevance. Specific attention has been given to the duopoly question and its role in monopolistic competition theory.

Esta tese apresenta um estudo sobre a criação literária de Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoé, escrita em 1719. Seu estatuto de obra clássica com inúmeras adaptações inserea numa cadeia discursiva de porte extraordinário, na qual o personagem revela-se um mito. O presente estudo, alicerçado no conceito de compreensão criadora de Mikhail Bakhtin, buscou uma ampliação de sentidos na análise do objeto empírico, com os seguintes objetivos: questionar um possível uso de obras clássicas como fetiches, o esvaziamento de seus sentidos e averiguar a hipótese de Robinson Crusoé ser um protótipo do homem como ser de linguagem, metalinguístico. O levantamento de tal hipótese foi possível pela concepção da dialogia da linguagem, entendida no conceito do Círculo de Bakhtin. A metodologia utilizada constou de sucessivas leituras da obra em questão, seleção de atos de linguagem expressos pelo personagem e sua categorização. A partir daí foram buscadas as representações do Outro nos enunciados de Robinson durante o período de seu total isolamento na ilha em que naufragou; a procura foi norteada pelo conceito da constituição dialógica da palavra, dado que no contexto de enunciação não havia presença real de interlocutores. Como forma de enfatizar o caráter dialógico da linguagem, realizou-se, também, uma seleção de marcas do Outro no relato autobiográfico do personagem (a obra em seu todo), algumas delas explicitamente visualizadas. As reflexões de diferentes autores acham-se presentes neste estudo: Roland Barthes, Michel de Certeau, Jeanne Marie Gagnebin, Ivonne Bordelois, Zygmunt Bauman, Dominique Maingueneau, Fernando Savater, David Olson, George Steiner. Os resultados do trabalho atestam a propriedade da hipótese formulada e demonstram a força da linguagem na vida humana, confirmando a necessidade de valorização da palavra em meio à crise cultural presente na modernidade líquida. / The following thesis presents a study on Daniel Defoes literary creation Robinson Crusoe, written in 1719. Its status as a literary classic that has been the subject of endless adaptations gives Robinson Crusoe an extraordinary position in the discursive chain, revealing the character as a myth. The present study, based on Mikhail Bakhtins concept of creative understanding, sought to amplify the meanings in the analysis of its empirical object, with the following aims: to question the possible use of classic works as fetishes, to empty its meanings and to investigate the hypothesis of Robinson Crusoe being a prototype of man as a being of language, a metalinguistic being. This hypothesis was enabled by the concept of the dialogism of language, understood within the concept of Bakhtins Circle. The methodology employed consisted of successive readings of the work, the selection of acts of language expressed by the character, and their classification into categories. From this basis, the representations of the Other in Robinsons enunciations during his period of total isolation on the island where he was shipwrecked were sought; the search was guided by the concept of the dialogic constitution of speech, since within the context of the enunciation there were no actual conversational partners present. To stress the dialogic character of language, a selection was also made of the signs of the Other in the characters autobiographical account (the work as a whole), some of which were explicitly visualized. The reflections of different authors are present in this study: Roland Barthes, Michel de Certeau, Jeanne Marie Gagnebin, Ivonne Bordelois, Zygmunt Bauman, Dominique Maingueneau, Fernando Savater, David Olson, and George Steiner. The results of this study confirm the correctness of the hypothesis proposed and demonstrate the strength of language in human life, supporting the need to value speech in the midst of the cultural crisis of liquid modernity.