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The purpose of this project was to create a model of a robotic arm with 4-DOF equipped with a gripper that is able to move an object to a predetermined area. This thesis investigated the robotic arm’s accuracy by repeating the same predetermined movement and measure the error. The error was measured based on the objects displacement from the target area after a series of repeated movements by the arm. After constructing the robotic arm, an experiment was set up to measure the accuracy and repeatability of the arm. The robot achieved 2.506 mm to 0.922 mm for accuracy and 5.995 mm to 4.059 mm for repeatability depending on speed. / Syftet med detta projekt var att skapa en modell av en robotarm med 4 frihetsgrader och en klo för att kunna flytta ett objekt till ett förbestämt område. Denna avhandling har undersökt robotens noggrannhet genom att upprepa enförbestämd rörelse och mäta felet. Felet bestämdes genomatt flytta ett objekt till en förbestämd plats och mäta objektets position i förhållande till målet. Den färdigkonstruerade roboten har en noggrannhet på 2.506 mm till 0.922 mm och en repeterbarhet på 5.995 mmtill 4.059 mm beroende på hur fort roboten rör sig.

Robotic automation has evolved to be an irreplaceable part of production lines. Orderly operation of the robots is a key factor. Yet robots often have to deal with unpredictable factors including human beings or possible failures that lead to unexpected behaviours. Collision avoidance mechanisms are therefore of outmost importance to prevent injuries and damage. A major challenge in the creation of a dependable collision avoidance system is the sensory system that could cover relevant parts of the robot and capacitive sensors are a promising solution. The burden is to overcome the nonlinearity and other limitations of the capacitive sensors and harness their potential to this end. It is cumbersome to estimate the proximity of surfaces of the robot from its environment (which could include other robots) from the capacitive readings, so a novel sensing approach is proposed in this thesis. For industrial applications where the motions are well-defined, a pre-recorded capacitive signature can be used to monitor for unexpected changes. In this thesis the capacitive signature of one or more robotic arms will be used to predict and prevent collisions in a robotic workcell. A short training cycle is used to create a signature that is used at runtime to monitor the robot operation. Capacitive electrodes are placed on strategic locations on the robot arms and the surrounding environments and a supervisor computer uses the readings to cease the operation in case of any abnormality. This thesis describes the details of generating the signature from the training data and the runtime software. The supervisor computer provides a pause and/or go signal to the robot(s). The native controller of each arm is kept in place and the only change needed is the ability of each controller to pause the arm at command when a collision is detected and continue from this paused state. This approach requires minimum changes to the existing robotic equipments and programmes. These hardware requirements are widely available on existing controllers. Signature creation is the process of finding the normal pattern of the capacitance readings from all sensors as well as some expected limits allowing for the variations that are to be expected. The algorithms, reasoning, and experimental data are provided throughout the text. The system is tested on a robotic workcell that includes an actively controlled robot and a passive revolute joint. While the algorithm is universal, the suggested hardware has been shown to provide sampling times of down to 20ms, and positional accuracies of ±2mm or better are achieved for the test setup. The thesis also proposes methods to expand the measurement hardware for increased protection and fault tolerance. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

This thesis describes a system which is able to track and imitate human motion. The system is divided into two major parts: computer vision system and robot arm motion control system. Through the use of two real-time video cameras, computer vision system identifies the moving object depending on the colour features, as the object colour is matched within the colour range in the current image frame, a method that employs two vectors is used to calculate the coordinates of the object. After the object is detected and tracked coordinates are saved to a pre-establish database in the purpose of further data processing, a mathematical algorithm is performed to the data in order to give a better robotic motion control. Robot arm manipulator responds with a move within its workspace which corresponds to a consequential human-type motion. Experimental outcomes have shown that the system is reliable and can successfully imitate a human hand motion in most cases.

Σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι ο προγραμματισμός και ο έλεγχος του ρομποτικού βραχίονα Katana s400 6M90 της εταιρίας Neuronics AG σε διάφορα περιβάλλοντα. Ο ρομποτικός βραχίονας έχει προγραμματιστεί στο περιβάλλον της γλώσσας C++, της γλώσσας C, του Matlab και του Labview. Βασικό στόχο αποτέλεσε η δημιουργία προγραμμάτων, τα οποία θέτουν τον ρομποτικό βραχίονα σε εκτέλεση βασικών λειτουργιών και κινήσεων. Τα προγράμματα αυτά δημιουργήθηκαν στο περιβάλλον της γλώσσας C++ και του Matlab. Προγράμματα για πιο σύνθετες λειτουργίες υλοποιήθηκαν στο περιβάλλον προγραμματισμού της γλώσσας C και του Labview. Στα προγράμματα αυτά συμπεριλαμβάνεται και ο έλεγχος του ρομπότ μέσω κάρτας ψηφιακών εισόδων/εξόδων (IOs), που είναι ενσωματωμένη στην βαθμίδα ελέγχου του ρομπότ. Επιπλέον, πραγματοποιήθηκε έλεγχος μέσω εφαρμογών TCP/IP, μέσω των οποίων δίνεται η δυνατότητα προγραμματισμού του ρομπότ από κάποια απομακρυσμένη θέση. Επιπρόσθετο στόχο αποτέλεσε η ανάπτυξη εφαρμογής, στην οποία χρησιμοποιήθηκε PLC για τον έλεγχο του ρομπότ σε συνδυασμό με μια μεταφορική ταινία, η οποία χρησιμοποιήθηκε για τη μεταφορά αντικειμένων. Κατά την εφαρμογή αυτή, το ρομπότ ελέγχθηκε μέσω της κάρτας ψηφιακών εισόδων/εξόδων. Τέλος, πραγματοποιήθηκε ορθή και αντίστροφη κινηματική ανάλυση και ορισμός του χώρου εργασίας του ρομποτικού βραχίονα. / The purpose of the present graduation study is the programming and control of the robotic arm Katana s400 6M90G, which belongs to the corporation Neuronics AG, under various softwares. The robotic arm has been programmed under a C++ and a C–based software, and under the development environments of Matlab and LabView. The main purpose was the creation of programs, which set the robot in mode of execution of main movements and functions. These programs were created in the environments of C++ and Matlab. Programs for more complex functions were created in the environment of C and LabView. These programs, also, include control via digital inputs/outputs (IOs) card, which is set in the control board of the robot. Moreover, control via TCP/IP applications has been accomplished, through which the user has the ability to program the robot while using a remote pc. An additional purpose was the development of an application, in which a plc and a conveyor were used. In this application, the robot was controlled via the digital inputs/outputs (IOs) card. Finally, direct kinematics and inverse kinematics analysis are presented, such as robot’s workspace definition.

The term real-time operating system for embedded aplications has great importance today. This thesis descbires robitc arm control by mC/OS-II system on MC9S08JM60 platform. Robotic arm uses three servomotors HS-311 for motion, which are controlled by PWM. PWM pulse width is set according to the loaded data from the accelerometer, which is placed on DEMOJM board.

The aim of this work was to introduce robot modelling in Microsoft Robotics Studio and to define the essential components and links for creation of robotic arm model. Thanks to gained knowledge has been created working robotic arm model and carried out experiments to lift up objects with various weight. The work consists of introduction to robotics, descriprion of Microsoft Robotis studio features, robotic arm model implementation and experiments to lift up objects.

This thesis covers the design, construction and programming of an automated tic-tac-toe game with robotic control and image processing. Research shows that robotic systems, over time, have transitioned from manufacturing tools to service tools with a large focus on human interaction, a central aspect- of this project. The research questions of the project are centered around the use of inverse kinematics and difficulties with using color recognition to identify player moves. Furthermore, a theoretical analysis of forward and inverse kinematics, image processing, the minimax algorithm and electrical components is presented. The prototype was developed using a Raspberry Pi, servo motors and a camera module to identify player moves. Multiple tests with regards to speed, accuracy and reliability were performed to evaluate the performance of the prototype. The accuracy tests showed minor positional deviations in the movement of the prototype. Additionally, the tests of the image processing algorithm showed that lighting is important to attain reliable color recognition. The project resulted in a fully functional prototype that enables a game of tic-tac-toe to be played against an automated opponent. Potential future work includes an improved design, more efficient methods to determine the optimal move and alternative image processing algorithms. / Detta arbete omfattar design, konstruktion och programmering av ett automatiserat tre-i-rad spel med robotstyrning och bildbehandling. Forskning visar att robotsystem med tiden har övergått från tillverkningsverktyg till hjälpmedel med ett stort fokus på mänsklig interaktion, en central aspekt i detta projekt. Forskningsfrågorna som behandlas i projektet innefattar användning av inverterad kinematik och svårigheter med att använda färgigenkänning för att identifiera spelardrag. Dessutom utförs en teoretisk analys av framåt- och inverterad kinematik, bildbehandling, minimax algoritmen och elektriska komponenter. Prototypen utvecklades med hjälp av en Raspberry Pi, servomotorer samt en kameramodul för att identifiera spelardrag. Flertalet tester kring hastighet, noggranhet och pålitlighet genomfördes för att utvärdera prototypens prestanda. Noggranhetstesterna visade på små positionavvikelser i prototypens rörelse. Testerna av bildbehandlingalgoritmen indikerade att belysning är en viktig aspekt för att uppnå en tillförlitlig färgigenkänning. Projektet resulterade i en fullt fungerande prototyp som gör det möjligt att spela tre-i-rad mot en automatiserad motståndare. Potentiella framtida förbättringar inkluderar en förbättrad design, effektivare metoder för att bestämma optimala spelardrag samt alternativa bildbehandlingsalgoritmer.

In the field of mechatronics, different types of robotic arms are used for various applications. Control of robotic arms from a distance is required in certain situations, such as hazardous environments. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the feasibility, speed, and accuracy of the movement of a robotic arm following the movement of one handheld Inertial Measuring Unit (IMU). The assessment of accuracy was determined through experiments with pre-established movements and examined responses from the arm. The robot arm has four degrees of freedom and is controlled by integrating and filtering the IMU data to obtain the linear position, and inverse kinematics are used to obtain the arm joint angles required to reach the position. The robotic arm was constructed using Solid Edge 3D CAD, 3D printed in PLA plastic. After construction electronic components were connected and assembled. The programs were implemented in MATLAB, and the data was processed and transferred through the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE). The results indicate that the robotic arm demonstrates good capability in executing given coordinates. The accuracy of the IMU-based position tracking is inconsistent and not suitable for all applications. The system's total speed for reading and executing movements is found to be satisfactory, but improvements in precision are necessary for more demanding implementations. The primary causes of errors in the system are attributed to the precision of the measuring device, manufacturing deviations, and limitations in the IMU calculation. This study contributes to the understanding of linear position tracking using inertial sensors, filtering techniques, and communication between microcontrollers, providing insights for future research and development in the field. / Inom området mekatronik används olika typer av robotarmar för olika tillämpningar. Kontroll av robotarmar på avstånd krävs i situationer som farliga miljöer. Syftet med denna avhandling var att undersöka genomförbarhet, hastighet och rörelseprecision hos en robotarm som följer rörelsen av en handhållen tröghetsmätningsenhet (IMU). Bedömningen av noggrannheten fastställdes genom experiment med förutbestämda rörelser och undersökta svar från armen. Robotarmen har fyra frihetsgrader och styrs genom att integrera och filtrera IMU-data för att erhålla den linjära positionen, och inverskinematik används för att erhålla de nödvändiga armledsvinklarna för att nå positionen. Robotarmen konstruerades med hjälp av Solid Edge 3D CAD, 3D-utskrivet i PLA-plast och elektroniska komponenter monterades. Programmen implementerades i MATLAB och data bearbetades och överfördes via Arduino Integrated Development Environment. Resultaten visar att robotarmen har god förmåga att utföra givna koordinater, men noggrannheten i IMU-baserad positionsspårning är inkonsekvent och inte lämplig för alla tillämpningar. Systemets totala hastighet för att läsa av och utföra rörelser anses vara tillfredsställande, men förbättringar av precisionen är nödvändiga för mer krävande implementeringar. De främsta orsakerna till fel i systemet tillskrivs precisionen hos mätinstrumentet, tillverkningsavvikelser och begränsningar i IMU-beräkningen. Denna studie bidrar till förståelsen av linjär positionsspårning med tröghetssensorer, filtreringstekniker och kommunikation mellan mikrokontroller, vilket ger insikter för framtida forskning och utveckling inom området.

As the world rapidly propels further through the ever-evolving field of automation, there is also an increased demand for properly regulated robots. While the use of automated machines is nothing new, the industry remains in a continuous effort to develop systems that both push the number of manageable inputs and the limits of optimization. One of the most foundational parts of many automated machines is the robotic arm. During this project, a self-regulating robot arm with the ability to maintain a desired position based on multiple inputs was constructed and tested. The resulting design managed to maintain a set height with varying levels of flow and precision, enabling further development and optimization with stronger components. / I takt med att världen snabbt genomgår det ständigt föränderliga automationsområdet, finns det också en ökad efterfrågan på korrekt reglerade robotar. Även om användningen av automatiserade maskiner inte är något nytt, fortsätter branschen att arbeta kontinuerligt med att utveckla system som både ökar mängden hanterbar indata och tänjer på gränserna för optimering. En av de mest fundamentala delarna i många automatiserade maskiner är robotarmen. Under detta projekt konstruerades och testades en självreglerande robotarm med förmågan att bibehålla en önskad position baserat på flera insignaler. Den resulterande designen lyckades bibehålla en inställd höjd med varierande nivåer av jämnhet och precision, vilket möjliggör vidareutveckling och optimering med starkare komponenter.