Os eucaliptais correspondem a cerca de 4,5 milhões de hectares de todo o território brasileiro. Esta silvicultura vem sendo implantada principalmente em áreas de pastagens de baixa produtividade. Os efeitos da substituição de áreas agrícolas por eucaliptais sobre a distribuição de pequenos mamíferos ainda são desconhecidos. Sendo assim, este trabalho buscou identificar um padrão de distribuição e abundância de mamíferos de pequeno porte em uma área de pastagens que foi convertida em eucaliptais. O estudo foi realizado nas fazendas Três Lagoas e Arca, localizadas no município de Angatuba, região do Alto Paranapanema, entre agosto de 2007 e julho de 2009. O levantamento da mastofauna foi realizado por meio de armadilhas de interceptação e queda, distribuídas em trinta unidades amostrais. Foram identificadas catorze espécies de pequenos mamíferos pertencentes as ordens Didelphimorphia e Rodentia. O pasto abandonado e a vegetação nativa apresentaram maior abundância e riqueza de indivíduos do que os eucaliptais. A taxocenose de pequenos mamíferos presente nesta paisagem silvicultural assemelha-se à encontrada em outras paisagens agrícolas. Os resultados obtidos, aliados ao atual contexto de mudança do uso da terra no estado de São Paulo sugerem que os eucaliptais atuam como uma matriz permeável para os pequenos mamíferos. No entanto, os remanescentes de vegetação nativa presentes em paisagens silviculturais são fundamentais para a conservação de tais espécies. / Eucalyptus plantations currently cover 4.5 million hectares of Brazilian territory. This forestry is expanding mainly over areas of extensive livestock production. The effects of the replacement of pastures by eucalyptus plantations on the distribution of small mammals are still unknown. In this context, this study aimed at to identify the distribution pattern and abundance of small mammals in an area where recently cattle pastures were converted into eucalyptus plantations. This study was carried out at Fazenda Três Lagoas and Fazenda Arca in the municipality of Angatuba, located in the Upper Paranapanema river basin, between August 2007 and July 2009. The small mammals survey was carried out with pitfall traps distributed in 30 sampling units. Fourteen species of orders Didelphimorphia and Rodentia were captured. The abandoned pasture and the native vegetation presented a higher abundance and species richness in relation to the eucalyptus plantations. The taxocenosis of small mammals in this silvicultural landscape resembles those found in other agricultural landscapes. These results together and the current land use trend suggest that eucalyptus plantations can be relatively to small mammals. However, the remnants of native vegetation in silvicultural landscapes are essential to the conservation of these species.

Hylaeamys yunganus, é um roedor da tribo Oryzomyini que apresenta amostras distribuídas ao longo das florestas tropicais da Amazônia e ocupa um amplo gradiente altitudinal, que se estende do nível do mar até altitudes ao redor de 2000m. Informações disponíveis na literatura sugerem que as populações de H. yunganus da Venezuela, Colômbia, Equador, Peru e oeste do Brasil apresentam grande tamanho corpóreo, enquanto que é característico das populações da Guiana Francesa, Guyana, Suriname e ao longo da região leste da Bacia Amazônica, um tamanho menor. Dentro deste contexto, considerando novas amostras disponíveis e novas abordagens metodológicas (morfológicas quantitativas e moleculares), o presente estudo buscou avaliar as diferenças entre as populações do leste e oeste de H. yunganus. Além disso, buscou verificar a existência de similaridade morfológica entre as populações da Amazônia oriental e da Amazônia ocidental com populações simpátricas de H. megacephalus e H. perenensis, respectivamente. Localidades geográficas próximas foram agrupadas com o propósito de obter amostras mais robustas para as análises estatísticas. As análises morfométricas e morfológicas foram conduzidas em indivíduos adultos de acordo com o desgaste dos molares e de ambos os sexos. Os caracteres morfométricos consistiram em 17 crânio-dentárias. As normalidades foram testadas uni e multivariadamente utilizando os testes de Kolmogorov- Smirnov e Kurtose de Mardia, respectivamente. As análises de variação geográfica basearam-se em diagramas Dice-Leraas, Análises de Componentes Principais e Análises Discriminantes. Utilizando um fragmento de 414 pb do gene mitocondrial do citocromo b foram realizadas árvores filogenéticas pelos métodos de Neighbour-Joining e Bayesiana. Foi também conduzida uma análise da rede de haplótipos para reconhecer os agrupamentos dos haplótipos na espécie. Ao longo da distribuição da espécie foram encontrados padrões de divergência baseados em dados morfológicos (nas análises uni e multivariadas). As populações do leste são menores em diversas dimensões cranianas que os indivíduos da porção oeste da distribuição. As análises moleculares revelam uma congruência parcial com as análises morfológicas: os indivíduos da porção oeste são mais próximos entre si e formam um clado divergente dos indivíduos do leste. A diferença existente é que o clado leste, tem a presença de espécimes de Potaro e Barima-Waini (Guiana), localidades que apresentam diferenças morfológicas tanto com o grupo leste como oeste, dependendo da análise estatística. Concluiu-se que existe variação geográfica em H. yunganus ao longo da distribuição na Amazônia, porém de forma gradual e não abrupta, entre as populações do leste e do oeste da Amazônia. / Hylaeamys yunganus is a rodent of the Oryzomyini tribe presenting samples distributed through the Amazon rainforests and occupies a wide altitudinal gradient, which extends from sea level up to ca. 2,000m. Information available in the literature suggests that populations of H. yunganus from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and western Brazil have large body size, whereas populations from French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and the eastern Amazon Basin have a smaller size. Within this context, considering new samples available and new methodological approaches (quantitative morphological and molecular), this study evaluated the differences between the eastern and western populations of H. yunganus. In addition, investigates the existence of morphological similarity between the populations of the eastern Amazon and the western Amazon with sympatric populations of H. megacephalus and H. perenensis, respectively. Close geographic locations were grouped in order to obtain samples for more robust statistical analysis. The morphometric and morphological analysis were conducted in adults according to the molar wear in both sexes. The morphometric characters consisted of 17 cranio-dental measurements. The normality was tested using univariate and multivariate tests of Kolmogorov- Smirnov and Mardi kurtosis, respectively. Geographic variation analysis was based on Dice- Leraas diagrams, Principal Components Analysis and Discriminant Analysis. Using a fragment of 414 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were performed phylogenetic trees by the Neighbour-Joining and Bayesian methods. It was also conducted a haplotype network analysis in order to recognize groups of haplotypes in the species. Through the species distribuition divergent patterns were found in morphology (uni and multivariate analyses). The eastern populations presented smaller cranial dimentions than the western ones. The molecular analyses revealed partial congruence with this pattern. The western samples are close to each other forming a separated group from the eastern samples. The eastern clade has samples from Potaro and Barima-Waini (Guyana) that present mophological differences with the eastern group as well as with the western one, depending on the statistical analysis. In short, H. yunganus presents geographical variation through its distribution in a gradual pattern between the eastern and the western Amazon.

Os eucaliptais correspondem a cerca de 4,5 milhões de hectares de todo o território brasileiro. Esta silvicultura vem sendo implantada principalmente em áreas de pastagens de baixa produtividade. Os efeitos da substituição de áreas agrícolas por eucaliptais sobre a distribuição de pequenos mamíferos ainda são desconhecidos. Sendo assim, este trabalho buscou identificar um padrão de distribuição e abundância de mamíferos de pequeno porte em uma área de pastagens que foi convertida em eucaliptais. O estudo foi realizado nas fazendas Três Lagoas e Arca, localizadas no município de Angatuba, região do Alto Paranapanema, entre agosto de 2007 e julho de 2009. O levantamento da mastofauna foi realizado por meio de armadilhas de interceptação e queda, distribuídas em trinta unidades amostrais. Foram identificadas catorze espécies de pequenos mamíferos pertencentes as ordens Didelphimorphia e Rodentia. O pasto abandonado e a vegetação nativa apresentaram maior abundância e riqueza de indivíduos do que os eucaliptais. A taxocenose de pequenos mamíferos presente nesta paisagem silvicultural assemelha-se à encontrada em outras paisagens agrícolas. Os resultados obtidos, aliados ao atual contexto de mudança do uso da terra no estado de São Paulo sugerem que os eucaliptais atuam como uma matriz permeável para os pequenos mamíferos. No entanto, os remanescentes de vegetação nativa presentes em paisagens silviculturais são fundamentais para a conservação de tais espécies. / Eucalyptus plantations currently cover 4.5 million hectares of Brazilian territory. This forestry is expanding mainly over areas of extensive livestock production. The effects of the replacement of pastures by eucalyptus plantations on the distribution of small mammals are still unknown. In this context, this study aimed at to identify the distribution pattern and abundance of small mammals in an area where recently cattle pastures were converted into eucalyptus plantations. This study was carried out at Fazenda Três Lagoas and Fazenda Arca in the municipality of Angatuba, located in the Upper Paranapanema river basin, between August 2007 and July 2009. The small mammals survey was carried out with pitfall traps distributed in 30 sampling units. Fourteen species of orders Didelphimorphia and Rodentia were captured. The abandoned pasture and the native vegetation presented a higher abundance and species richness in relation to the eucalyptus plantations. The taxocenosis of small mammals in this silvicultural landscape resembles those found in other agricultural landscapes. These results together and the current land use trend suggest that eucalyptus plantations can be relatively to small mammals. However, the remnants of native vegetation in silvicultural landscapes are essential to the conservation of these species.

Hylaeamys yunganus, é um roedor da tribo Oryzomyini que apresenta amostras distribuídas ao longo das florestas tropicais da Amazônia e ocupa um amplo gradiente altitudinal, que se estende do nível do mar até altitudes ao redor de 2000m. Informações disponíveis na literatura sugerem que as populações de H. yunganus da Venezuela, Colômbia, Equador, Peru e oeste do Brasil apresentam grande tamanho corpóreo, enquanto que é característico das populações da Guiana Francesa, Guyana, Suriname e ao longo da região leste da Bacia Amazônica, um tamanho menor. Dentro deste contexto, considerando novas amostras disponíveis e novas abordagens metodológicas (morfológicas quantitativas e moleculares), o presente estudo buscou avaliar as diferenças entre as populações do leste e oeste de H. yunganus. Além disso, buscou verificar a existência de similaridade morfológica entre as populações da Amazônia oriental e da Amazônia ocidental com populações simpátricas de H. megacephalus e H. perenensis, respectivamente. Localidades geográficas próximas foram agrupadas com o propósito de obter amostras mais robustas para as análises estatísticas. As análises morfométricas e morfológicas foram conduzidas em indivíduos adultos de acordo com o desgaste dos molares e de ambos os sexos. Os caracteres morfométricos consistiram em 17 crânio-dentárias. As normalidades foram testadas uni e multivariadamente utilizando os testes de Kolmogorov- Smirnov e Kurtose de Mardia, respectivamente. As análises de variação geográfica basearam-se em diagramas Dice-Leraas, Análises de Componentes Principais e Análises Discriminantes. Utilizando um fragmento de 414 pb do gene mitocondrial do citocromo b foram realizadas árvores filogenéticas pelos métodos de Neighbour-Joining e Bayesiana. Foi também conduzida uma análise da rede de haplótipos para reconhecer os agrupamentos dos haplótipos na espécie. Ao longo da distribuição da espécie foram encontrados padrões de divergência baseados em dados morfológicos (nas análises uni e multivariadas). As populações do leste são menores em diversas dimensões cranianas que os indivíduos da porção oeste da distribuição. As análises moleculares revelam uma congruência parcial com as análises morfológicas: os indivíduos da porção oeste são mais próximos entre si e formam um clado divergente dos indivíduos do leste. A diferença existente é que o clado leste, tem a presença de espécimes de Potaro e Barima-Waini (Guiana), localidades que apresentam diferenças morfológicas tanto com o grupo leste como oeste, dependendo da análise estatística. Concluiu-se que existe variação geográfica em H. yunganus ao longo da distribuição na Amazônia, porém de forma gradual e não abrupta, entre as populações do leste e do oeste da Amazônia. / Hylaeamys yunganus is a rodent of the Oryzomyini tribe presenting samples distributed through the Amazon rainforests and occupies a wide altitudinal gradient, which extends from sea level up to ca. 2,000m. Information available in the literature suggests that populations of H. yunganus from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and western Brazil have large body size, whereas populations from French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and the eastern Amazon Basin have a smaller size. Within this context, considering new samples available and new methodological approaches (quantitative morphological and molecular), this study evaluated the differences between the eastern and western populations of H. yunganus. In addition, investigates the existence of morphological similarity between the populations of the eastern Amazon and the western Amazon with sympatric populations of H. megacephalus and H. perenensis, respectively. Close geographic locations were grouped in order to obtain samples for more robust statistical analysis. The morphometric and morphological analysis were conducted in adults according to the molar wear in both sexes. The morphometric characters consisted of 17 cranio-dental measurements. The normality was tested using univariate and multivariate tests of Kolmogorov- Smirnov and Mardi kurtosis, respectively. Geographic variation analysis was based on Dice- Leraas diagrams, Principal Components Analysis and Discriminant Analysis. Using a fragment of 414 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were performed phylogenetic trees by the Neighbour-Joining and Bayesian methods. It was also conducted a haplotype network analysis in order to recognize groups of haplotypes in the species. Through the species distribuition divergent patterns were found in morphology (uni and multivariate analyses). The eastern populations presented smaller cranial dimentions than the western ones. The molecular analyses revealed partial congruence with this pattern. The western samples are close to each other forming a separated group from the eastern samples. The eastern clade has samples from Potaro and Barima-Waini (Guyana) that present mophological differences with the eastern group as well as with the western one, depending on the statistical analysis. In short, H. yunganus presents geographical variation through its distribution in a gradual pattern between the eastern and the western Amazon.

The genetic structure of 49 natural populations of four species (P. attwateri, P. boylii, P. pectoralis, and P. polius) of the Peromyscus boylii species group was analyzed through application of chromosomal and electrophoretic techniques. Chromosomal variation within and among populations of the boylii species group was analyzed from 178 specimens. Electrophoretic techniques were utilized for the demonstration of variation in enzymes and other proteins encoded by structural loci and applied to the study of the evolution of the boylii species group by estimation of levels of genetic heterozygosity within populations, estimation of degree of genetic similarity between conspecific populations and between species, and determination of patterns of geographic variation in allelic frequencies and levels of heterozygosity. Six distinct chromosomal patterns were observed among the populations of the four species of the boylii species group. All specimens had a diploid number of 48 and the major difference in chromosomal morphology was in the number of pairs of large to medium biarmed autosomes. Little or no chromosomal variation was observed in three species (attwateri, pectoralis and polius), but considerable chromosomal variation occurred among populations of P. boylii. Generally, the chromosomal variation in P. bylii was between allopatric populations, with each chromosomal pattern limited to a recognized subspecies. Polymorphism was observed in two populations. The polymorphism observed in P. polius was the result of pericentric inversion involving the smallest pair of metacentric autosomes. The polymorphism observed in P. bolii cileus was interpreted at the result of gene flow between P. boylii rowleyi and P. boylii spicilegus. In addition to chromosomal evidence, analysis of electrophoretic data demonstrated and suggested effective gene flow between the chromosomal forms of P. boylii. Electrophoretically demonstrable variation was analyzed in 11 proteins encoded by 17 autosomal loci. Of the 17 structural loci, 11 were polymorphic in one or more populations . No more than five loci were observed to be polymorphic within a single population, with a mean number of polymorphic loci of 2.26. The levels of genetic variability, as measured by the proportion of loci in a heterozygous state in the average individual of a population, for populations of the boylii species group were within the range reported for other rodents. Populations of P. attwateri exhibited levels of heterozygosity considerably lower than those reported for other species of Peromyscus. The low level of genetic variability in P. attwateri was probably the result of founder effect of the original population which was isolated on the Edwards Plateau during the late Pleistocene and subsequent genetic drift which allowed fixation of genes within this isolated population. Geographic variation in levels of heterozygosity observed among populations of P. attwateri and P. boylii indicates a north to south cline of increasing heterozygosity with the most variable populations occurring in the southern portion of the range of each species. A wide range of the levels of heterozygosity and genetic similarity was observed among populations of P. pectoralis and is the result of genetic contribution from three Pleistocene refugia. Analysis of paired combinations of populations of P. boyli indicated that the various chromosomal forms of P. boylii. form a conspecific unit. Populations of P. attwateri were genetically distinct from other members of this group. Examination of specific loci for allelic homology suggested that P. attwateri arose from genetic divergence of a population of P. boylii isolated on the Edwards Plateau during the late Pleistocene.

Genic data from two chromosomal races of Geomys bursarius from a contact zone in central Texas indicated that the two races possessed distinct gene pools which would define them as separate species. Data from proteins encoded from 21 loci in this study substantiated this hypothesis. A pattern of alternately fixed alleles at the ADH-l, MDH-2, LDH-l, and IDH-1 loci with no apparent gene flow in zones of contact strongly suggested that these two races should be designated as separate species. Levels of heterozygosity and high FST values indicate that genomic structuring within Geomys is most heavily influenced by high levels of inbreeding and low migration rates. Fossorial rodents were suggested to undergo speciation primarily through parapatric means.

The genetic structure of 26 natural populations of three species (S. tridecemlineatus, S. mexicanus, and S. spilosoma) of the Ictidomys subgenus of ground squirrels was analyzed using chromosomal and electrophoretic techniques. Chromosomal variation was not observed in S. mexicanus, and only slight karyotypic variation was found in the other two species. Chromosomal evidence indicated hybridization between S. tridecemlineatus and S. mexicanus, placing these species within the classical definition of semispecies. Analysis of electrophoretic variation at 29 genetic loci indicated close genetic relationships between these species. Evolution in Ictidomys appears to be linked with Pleistocene events, and speciation appears to have occurred within the last 155,000 years.

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2013-02-14T20:16:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseCelulasTronco.pdf: 5851388 bytes, checksum: acf411c7bf95d660fb3fd48e403b0313 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2013-02-15T12:51:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseCelulasTronco.pdf: 5851388 bytes, checksum: acf411c7bf95d660fb3fd48e403b0313 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-02-15T12:51:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseCelulasTronco.pdf: 5851388 bytes, checksum: acf411c7bf95d660fb3fd48e403b0313 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / FAPESPA - Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As células-tronco adultas (CTA) são células multipotentes e não especializadas encontradas na medula óssea, no sangue periférico, na córnea, na retina, no cérebro, no músculo esquelético, na polpa dental, no fígado, no pâncreas, no epitélio da pele, no sistema digestivo, no cordão umbilical e na placenta. Estas células podem se renovar e reproduzir indefinidamente e, sob certos estímulos, se transformar em células especializadas de diferentes tecidos ou órgãos. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a obtenção de CTA a partir de tecido epitelial de roedores silvestres de espécies diferentes (Oecomys concolor - um exemplar fêmea, Proechimys roberti - dois exemplares machos, Hylaeamys megacephalus - dois exemplares machos). A metodologia para isolamento e cultivo in vitro de amostras do tecido epitelial foi estabelecida, a partir de protocolos já descritos, avaliando aspectos morfológicos, estabilidade genômica, contagem e análise da viabilidade celular, potencial clonogênico e indução de diferenciação em osteócitos, condrócitos e adipócitos. Todas essas análises foram feitas pós-criopreservação das culturas. As CTA foram caracterizadas como população homogênea de células que proliferam in vitro, como células aderentes à superfície do plástico, tendo morfologia semelhante a fibroblastos e formato fusiforme, com alta taxa de crescimento e proliferação celular por várias passagens sucessivas, onde a autorrenovação celular foi avaliada por ensaios clonogênicos. Na análise para examinar a estabilidade genômica na P3, todas as amostras apresentaram cariótipo com número diplóide normal e estável. A metodologia empregada nos ensaios para diferenciação das CTA em linhagens osteogênica, condrogênica e adipogênica, apresentou resultados satisfatórios, onde as células mostraram a marcação desejada através das colorações Alizarin Red S, Alcian Blue e Oil Red O, respectivamente. Todas as amostras testadas apresentam capacidade de proliferação e diversidade de diferenciação, sendo potencialmente fornecedores de CTA provenientes da pele e podendo ser utilizados como organismos modelos de estudos em CT. / The Adult Stem Cells (ASC) are non-specialized multipotent cells found in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, cornea, retina, brain, muscles, dental pulp, liver, pancreas, skin epithelium, digestive system, umbilical cord and placenta. These cells can indefinably reproduce and renew themselves and, under some stimulation, to change into specialized cells of different tissues or organs. The present work had the aim of obtaining ASC from epithelial tissues from wild rodents of different species (Oecomys concolor – one female, Proechimys roberti – two males, Hylaeamys megacephalus – two males). The methodology for isolation and in vitro culture of epithelial tissue following the previously described protocols, as well as the analysis after cryopreservation of morphology, genome stability, counting and cells viability, clonogenic potential and differentiation on osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes. The ADC were characterized as a homogeneous population of in vitro growing cells adherent to plastic surfaces, which has a morphology similar to fibroblasts and with fusiform shape, with high growing rate and cell proliferation form many successive passages, where the clonogenic assays evaluated the cell renewing. On checking the genome stability on P3, the entire sample had stable karyotypes with the correct diploid number. The methodology for ASC differentiation into osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes cell lines was satisfactory and the cells demonstrated the staining with Alizarin Red S, Alcian Blue and Oil Red O, respectively. The entire sample had capacity of proliferation and differentiation, being a potential source of skin ASC. These species can be used as models for ASC studies.

by Wong Ho Wai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-129). / Abstract --- p.i / List of Abbreviations --- p.ii / Contents --- p.iii / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction of aging in central nervous system --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Introduction of hippocampus / Structure of the hippocampus --- p.4 / Function of hippocampus --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- A literature review of aging in hippocampus / Cell loss in aging --- p.8 / Ultrastructural changes in aging --- p.9 / Changes in neurotransmitter system --- p.10 / Neuroglial change --- p.11 / Change in potentiation --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- A literature survey of Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) / General introduction of Nitric Oxide Synthase --- p.15 / Introduction of nNOS --- p.15 / Introduction of iNOS --- p.16 / Introduction of eNOS --- p.17 / Similarities and differences among isoforms --- p.18 / Role of NO/NOS in neurotransmission --- p.19 / Role of NO in neurotoxicity --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5 --- Aim of study --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Change of nNOS in aging / Chapter 2.1 --- Purpose and approach --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2 --- Basic principle of the techniques / Basic principle of immunohistochemistry --- p.28 / Basic principle of RT-PCR --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3 --- Experimental procedure / nNOS immunohistochemistry --- p.32 / RT-PCR of nNOS --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4 --- Result / nNOS immunohistochemistry --- p.38 / RT-PCR of nNOS --- p.44 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Expression of iNOS in aging / Chapter 3.1 --- Purpose and approach --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2 --- Experimental procedure / iNOS immunohistochemistry --- p.50 / RT-PCR analysis of iNOS --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3 --- Result / iNOS immunohistochemistry --- p.52 / RT-PCR analysis of iNOS --- p.56 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Verification of the RT-PCR product of iNOS / Chapter 4.1 --- Purpose and approach --- p.58 / Chapter 4.2 --- Basic principle --- p.58 / Chapter 4.3 --- Experimental procedure / Elution of PCR product from PAGE gel --- p.60 / Restriction digestion of the eluted PCR product --- p.61 / Chapter 4.4 --- Result --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Identification of the iNOS-positive cells / Chapter 5.1 --- Purpose and approach --- p.64 / Chapter 5.2 --- Experimental procedure --- p.64 / Chapter 5.3 --- Result --- p.65 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Quantitation of astrocyte in aging hippocampus / Chapter 6.1 --- Purpose and approach --- p.67 / Chapter 6.2 --- Experimental procedure --- p.68 / Chapter 6.3 --- Result --- p.69 / Chapter Chapter 7. --- Detection of apoptosis in aging / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction of apoptosis --- p.74 / Chapter 7.2 --- Purpose and approach --- p.75 / Chapter 7.3 --- Basic principle --- p.76 / Chapter 7.4 --- Experimental procedure / TUNEL method --- p.77 / DNA gel electrophoresis --- p.78 / Chapter 7.5 --- Result / TUNEL method --- p.80 / DNA gel electrophoresis --- p.82 / Chapter Chapter 8. --- Discussion / Chapter 8.1 --- Pattern of neuronal NOS in aging / Localization of nNOS --- p.84 / Decrease in staining of nNOS in the hippocampus during aging --- p.87 / No change in nNOS mRNA level --- p.88 / nNOS in aging - past and present works --- p.89 / Implication of the result --- p.91 / Chapter 8.2 --- Increased iNOS expression in aging / Neurotoxicity of iNOS --- p.93 / Circumstances of iNOS expression --- p.95 / Discussion of the present study --- p.96 / Chapter 8.3 --- Detection of apoptosis in aging --- p.103 / Chapter Chapter 9. --- Conclusion --- p.106 / Biblography --- p.107 / Appendix --- p.130 / Acknowledgements --- p.134

Submitted by Hellen Luz (hellencrisluz@gmail.com) on 2017-09-19T17:10:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_EstudosCitogeneticosRoedores.pdf: 1299121 bytes, checksum: 842a72cf552b113b74543d5caec53720 (MD5) / Rejected by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br), reason: Aguardar as orientações on 2017-10-10T16:49:19Z (GMT) / Submitted by Hellen Luz (hellencrisluz@gmail.com) on 2017-10-17T17:46:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_EstudosCitogeneticosRoedores.pdf: 1299121 bytes, checksum: 842a72cf552b113b74543d5caec53720 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-11-22T18:41:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_EstudosCitogeneticosRoedores.pdf: 1299121 bytes, checksum: 842a72cf552b113b74543d5caec53720 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-22T18:41:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_EstudosCitogeneticosRoedores.pdf: 1299121 bytes, checksum: 842a72cf552b113b74543d5caec53720 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-29 / FAPESPA - Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas / Os roedores representam o grupo de mamíferos viventes mais diversificados e com ampla diversidade de adaptações ecológicas. Os roedores, devido às características populacionais que apresentam, desenvolveram-se como o grupo mais especioso de mamíferos em florestas neotropicais e um dos mais interessantes para estudos da variabilidade genética e de evolução entre os vertebrados. Os roedores do gênero Oecomys compreendem aproximadamente 16 espécies que habitam floresta tropical e subtropical do Centro e do Sul da América. Destas, apenas seis têm ocorrência esperada para a Amazônia Oriental Brasileira. De acordo com a literatura, o gênero Oecomys apresenta uma grande diversidade cariotípica, com o número diplóide variando entre 58 e 86. Neste estudo, espécimes de Oecomys paricola Thomas, 1904 de Belém e da Ilha do Marajó foram estudadas usando analises citogenética, molecular e morfológica. Três cariótipos foram encontrados, dois de Belém (2n=68, NF=72 e 2n=70, NF=76) e um da Ilha do Marajó (2n=70, NF=74). Não foi encontrada diferença molecular e morfológica entre indivíduos dos diferentes citótipos de Belém e da Ilha do Marajó. Espécies da cidade de Belém representam duas espécies crípticas, pois dois cariótipos diferentes estão presentes na ausência de diferenças significativas nas características morfológicas e moleculares. Populações da Ilha do Marajó e Belém representam espécies distintas que foram separadas há algum tempo, e estão em processo de diferenciação morfológica e molecular, como consequência do isolamento reprodutivo a nível geográfico e cromossômico. / The rodents are one of the most diversified groups of living mammals and also have a large range of ecological adaptations. The rodents, because of yours population characteristics, developed as the most specious group of mammals in Neotropical forests and one of the most interesting for studies of genetic variation and evolution among vertebrates. The genus Oecomys (Sigmodontinae) comprises approximately 16 species that inhabit tropical and subtropical forests in Central and South America. Six of these species are expected to occur in eastern Brasilian Amazon. In literature, the genus Oecomys has a large karyotypic variation, where the diploid number ranges from 58 to 86. In this study specimens of Oecomys paricola Thomas, 1904 from Belém and Marajó Island, northern Brazil, were investigated using cytogenetic, molecular and morphological analyses. Three karyotypes were found, two from Belém (2n=68, FN=72 and 2n=70, FN=76) and a third from Marajó Island (2n=70, FN=72). No molecular or morphological differences were found between the individuals with differing cytotypes from Belém and Marajó Island. Specimens from the Belém City region may represent two cryptic species because two different karyotypes are present in the absence of significant differences in morphology and molecular characteristics. The Marajó Island and Belém populations represent distinct species that have been separated for some time, and are in the process of morphological and molecular differentiation as a consequence of reproductive isolation at the geographic and chromosomal levels.