A Study on Professional Role of the Clinic Pharmacist in Taiwan Abstract To lower the cost and enhance the quality of medical service, the Government implemented the National Health Insurance in 1995, and the system of Separation of Medicine and Pharmacy in 1997. However, the separation caused both sides of doctor and pharmacist to ignite a vigorous battle in striving and competing for dispensing right. Thus made the government to adopt a regionalized and phased parallel system to execute the separation . In other words, local medical doctors can either hire pharmacists to fill the prescriptions in the clinics or hand the prescriptions to patients and have the prescriptions filled in drugstores. This study chose quantitative method to explore the role of clinic pharmacist, and to further explore the relation between the separation of the two services and the professional role of pharmacists. Questionnaires were distributed to all clinic doctors and pharmacists in the city of Kaohsiung, the results were collected as the resource of important evidentiary data. Through Gap Analysis¡Bt test¡BMultivariate Analysis of Variance¡Band Pearson Correlation, we¡¦ve come to the following findings: there is indeed a gap between doctors and pharmacists regarding the understanding and recognition toward the professional role of pharmacist, especially to the ability in providing medication consultation demonstrated by pharmacist; contrary opinions were held by the two sides regarding the separation of the two services, the position of clinic pharmacists, as well as the importance of and support to patients¡¦ right in knowing the medication they are taking, physicians even consider the hiring of pharmacists is only for fulfilling the requirement of the National Health Insurance System; the recognition between doctors and pharmacists to pharmacist¡¦s professional role (patients medicating instruction, ability in providing medication consultation, and double-checking of physician¡¦s prescription) is actually related in proportion with their attitudes toward the separation of Medicine and Pharmacy ,and the position of clinic pharmacists. It is hoped that the conclusion of this study is helpful in improving the understanding between physicians and pharmacists, thus alleviate the long-term conflict in the issue, enhance mutual respect to professional right, point out a crisp direction for the Government to follow when designing and promoting the system of the Separation of Medicine and Pharmacy. Key words: Separation of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinic Pharmacist Professional Role

Teamwork has become increasingly important in many disciplines. To support teamwork in dynamic and complex domains, a teamwork programming language and a teamwork architecture are important for specifying the knowledge of teamwork and for interpreting the knowledge of teamwork and then driving agents to interact with the domains. Psychological studies on teamwork have also shown that team members in an effective team often maintain shared mental models so that they can have mutual expectation on each other. However, existing agent/teamwork programming languages cannot explicitly express the mental states underlying teamwork, and existing representation of the shared mental models are inefficient and further become an obstacle to support effective teamwork. To address these issues, we have developed a teamwork programming language called Role-Based MALLET (RoB-MALLET) which has rich expressivity to explicitly specify the mental states underlying teamwork. By using roles and role variables, the knowledge of team processes is specified in terms of conceptual notions, instead of specific agents and agent variables, allowing joint intentions to be formed and this knowledge to be reused by different teams of agents. Further, based on roles and role variables, we have developed mechanisms of task decomposition and task delegation, by which the knowledge of a team process is decomposed into the knowledge of a team process for individuals and then delegate it to agents. We have also developed an efficient representation of shared mental models called Role-Based Shared Mental Model (RoB-SMM) by which agents only maintain individual processes complementary with others?? individual process and a low level of overlapping called team organizations. Based on RoB-SMMs, we have developed tworeasoning mechanisms to improve team performance, including Role-Based Proactive Information Exchange (RoB-PIE) and Role-Based Proactive Helping Behaivors (RoBPHB). Through RoB-PIE, agents can anticipate other agents?? information needs and proactively exchange information with them. Through RoB-PHB, agents can identify other agents?? help needs and proactively initialize actions to help them. Our experiments have shown that RoB-MALLET is flexible in specifying reusable plans, RoB-SMMs is efficient in supporting effective teamwork, and RoB-PHB improves team performance.

The research is to inquire into the circumstances and correlation among role perception and organizational commitment to the elementary school nurses in Kaohsiung county.For acquiring objective factual data, the researcher also studied whether there was an evident discrepancy of elementary school nurses¡¦ role perception and organizational commitment in different situations. The study chose the school nurses of the elementary school in Kaohsiung county as the subjects.The tool was self-edited¡¥The Questionnaire of The School Nurses¡¦Role Perception and Organizational Commitment of The Elementary School¡¨;the researcher interviewed also part of the subject to deeply explore the reality of the circumstances.The data were analyzed by the method of descriptive,t-test,one-way ANOVA,Pearson¡¦s product-moment correlation and Stepwise multiple regressions. According to the outcome of data analysis,the research provides some suggestions for improvement: 1.The scores are above middle on elementary school nurses¡¦role percept,the best value of work on¡§health service¡¨. 2.The scores are above middle on elementary school nurses organizational commitment,the best value of work on¡§hard-working¡¨. 3.The nurses whose school nurse working years are from 6 to 15 years,working in the small scale school and medium scale school,the higher role perception they have. 4.The nurses whose married, working in the small scale school and medium scale school,the higher organization commitment they have. 5.The higher role perception elementary school nurses have, the higher organization commitment they have. 6.There were significant differences existed among variables of school nurse working years and school size on role perception . 7.There were significant differences existed among variables of marital status and school size on organization commitment. 8.The school nurse working years,marital ststus and school size are significantly predictive to organization commitment. 9.Role perception can efficiently predict organization commitment,and¡§health counselor¡¨is the most powerful predictor among all variables for organization commitment. According to the results above,the research has provided some suggestions to the administrative organizations of education,schools,school nurses, and future research.

As refresher courses are getting popular in Taiwan, it is good news for those who want to continue their studies at the same time of working. However, an individual social role will be getting more complicated during this situation of inter-role conflicts. While a full-time worker also needs to act as a student after work, will he encounter the inter-role conflicts of learning and working? This study aims on students who are taking refresher courses at public or private two-year junior college, two-year college, and university in Kaohsiung. We try to discuss the relationship between inter-role conflicts, social support and learning burnout of students who are taking refresher courses. We indicate the relationship between inter-role conflicts, social support and learning burnout due to different background characteristics of respondents. The study result is supported by empirical data and provides some suggestions for those who want to take refresher courses and further researchers. We send out 800 questionnaires and get 602 returned ones. The final valid questionnaires are 589 and the return rate is 76.62%. The result is indicated as below: 1. Most of respondents in this study are female, single, and study in national two-year junior college right now. Their tenure in current company is 1-5 years. Most of them have strong motivation of self actualization even they all play different social roles now. The age of most respondents is between 31-40 and most of them work in manufacturing industries and would prefer to study at school in short distance. 2. The result indicates the inter-role conflicts that learning interferes working or learning and working interfere each other have strong impact on learning attitude. Besides, the inter-role conflicts that learning interferes working or learning and working interfere each other have strong impact on interpersonal relationship alienation. The three kinds of inter-role conflicts all have strong impact on low learning emotion. Furthermore, the inter-role conflicts which learning and working interfere each other have strong impact on emotion burnout. 3. The moderation effects of families¡¦ support, managers¡¦ support, colleagues¡¦ support and classmates¡¦ support are partially supported in this study.

The purpose of this study was to explore the current conditions of personality traits, role stress and job satisfaction of the general affairs personnel at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City, and to analyze if there was any relationship among them. The study was conducted by means of questionnaire survey with ¡§Questionnaire on Personality Traits, Role Stress and Job Satisfaction of the General Affairs Personnel at Junior High Schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City.¡¨ 215 general affairs personnel were randomly sampled from 54 junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City. Among the collected questionnaires, 198 were valid. The effective questionnaire was 92.1%. The collected data was analyzed by statistical methods, including mean, standard deviation, t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson¡¦s product-moment correlation, Canonical correlation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. Based on the analyzed results, the followings were concluded: 1. The overall role stress that general affairs personnel at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City experience was above the norm. They suffered from Role Overloaded stress most. The stress of general affairs personnel was higher in school with12 classes or under than in school with 13 to 48 classes. 2. The overall personality traits of general affairs personnel at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City were high intermediate. The level of Conscientiousness was the highest; the level of Emotional Stability of the general affairs personnel was higher in Kaohsiung County than in Kaohsiung City. 3. The overall job satisfaction of the general affairs personnel at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City was high intermediate. The level of intrinsic satisfaction was the highest. 4. The overall role stress of the general affairs personnel working as section chiefs of purchase and maintenance was the highest. General affairs personnel with college degrees felt the most stress in the level of role ambiguity and role inability. The level of role inability of general affairs personnel working for 6-15 years was higher than that of general affairs personnel working for 26 years or more. 5. Among the general affairs personnel, the directors of general affairs who got high education and had worked for long years felt their overall personality traits were higher. 6. The directors of general affairs and section chiefs of documents and files had higher job satisfaction than the section chiefs of purchase and maintenance and the assistants. Section chiefs of cashier had higher satisfaction than the section chiefs of purchase and maintenance. 7. The lower personality traits of the general affairs personnel at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City were, the higher role stress would show. The role stress didn¡¦t have much influence on the job satisfaction. The better personality traits were, the higher job satisfaction would show. That is, the lower role stress and the better personality traits the general affairs personnel at junior high schools in Kaohsiung County and Kaohsiung City had, the higher job satisfaction they would get. 8. Personality traits and role stress were predictive to the overall job satisfaction and the level of intrinsic satisfaction and extrinsic satisfaction. The major predictive variable to the overall job satisfaction and extrinsic satisfaction was Agreeableness, and the major predictive variable to the intrinsic satisfaction was Conscientiousness. According to the results and conclusions of this study, the researcher proposes some specific suggestions for the related personnel in school or education administration to do further study.

In recent years the entire environment, the government policy's change, caused the human resources management domain to start to receive takes seriously, was not exceptional in Taiwan's medical industry, for these years they realized the human resources management slowly important, and started some transformations, therefore we might see some successes transformed human resources department, but also had many not clear own role localization. Because past medical service industry this aspect studied the subject not to be many related, therefore this time adopted the nature interview way, hoped that might take advantage of this obtains the multiplex information, and helped Taiwan medicine human resources department to be clearer locates their role, might become the strong character which finally the hospital could not lack. But this will study us to discuss 13 hospitals from the past the reason which, the change bottleneck and they will change to the future human resources roll play tendency. The findings discovered that in the past the hospital human resources department nearly simultaneously was playing ¡§the performer role¡¨, was engaged in the work content by ¡§the personnel management¡¨ primarily, after five year about change, they simultaneously was acting at present three to seven kinds of polytropic role, they also will have in the future very high hoping to themselves, they hoped that made great strides forward toward the strategic human resources management, displayed the human resources positively truly, initiative, characteristics and so on innovation, reform, played ¡§the innovation role¡¨. At present urges the human resources department fast transformation the factor is ¡§the human resources manager, the leader/higher order is in charge of the idea, the government new policy system¡¨ the influence, but simultaneously ¡§the human resources manager or the personnel specialized insufficiency, the human resources understaffed¡¨ also limits them to transform, therefore present stage human resources personnel specialized ability's enhancement becomes with the information ability's promotion very important.

This thesis applies the historical-structural approach to study rice industry of the development in Taiwan and stat role how to change. We through the influence cause and structure by whole international and internal circumstance, political economics, and social factors during the transferring process of rice industry after the government of R.O.C. moved to Taiwan in 1949¡Athis thesis based on the production and sale of the rice policy changing in four different and sequential stages, which is used to examine the four stages at the relationship among state¡Brice farmers and unofficial agricultural sectors in development of Taiwan Rice Industry, and also explores what kind of pressures will influence the state¡¦s role.

<p>Background</p><p>The Chinese market has been undergoing changes due to Chinas entry to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the government’s Open-Door Policy. As a result the Chinese markets attractiveness has escalated and consequently an increasing number of foreign companies have entered including Swedish ones. Since the Chinese culture differs to a large extent from the Swedish, the difference can affect business behavior and especially adver-tising decisions.</p><p>Purpose</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to explore the role which culture plays in advertising with a sample of Swedish companies in different industries which have established themselves in China.</p><p>Method</p><p>A qualitative method was utilized when gathering the empirical findings. The researchers contacted a wide selection of companies which, then was narrowed down to four that fit the purpose. Primarily face to face and telephone interviews were conducted. All the recipients were in managerial positions. Samples of the advertisements were gathered in order to illustrate the result.</p><p>Results</p><p>This thesis aims to demonstrate that culture plays a role in advertising for the selected Swedish companies in China. This difference can lead to adjustments in advertising and brand image strategy. The degree of adjustment may vary across companies.</p>

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio University, June, 2008. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-123). Also available on the Internet.