O gene DMRT3 tem sido descrito como o principal gene a atuar na determinação da marcha em diversas raças equinas. O alelo A do SNP 23:g.22999655C>A do DMRT3 foi apontado como responsável por essa característica. Na raça brasileira Mangalarga Marchador, a qual apresenta dois padrões de marcha com características bem definidas, os genótipos AA e CA vem sendo associados à marcha picada e o genótipo CC à marcha batida. O objetivo geral do presente prospectar regiões genômicas associadas às marchas batida e picada em equinos Mangalarga Marchador. Foram utilizados 1.230 dados fenotípicos sobre o tipo de andamento (marcha batida N = 1.006; marcha picada N = 227) e, considerando a totalidade da genealogia conhecida para cada animal, 3172 animais no pedigree. Primeiramente foram testadas estratégias de modelagem para esta característica a fim de determinar os efeitos a serem considerados no modelo, bem como a melhor forma de inclusão (efeito fixo ou aleatório). Posteriormente, foi estudada a relação entre as frequências alélicas e genotípicas do gene DMRT3 com os padrões de parentesco e endogamia de acordo com cada tipo de marcha. Um estudo de associação genômica ampla em passo único (considerando informações de animais genotipados e não-genotipados simultaneamente) foi conduzido para verificar regiões genômicas, polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único e genes relacionados com a determinação do tipo de marcha em cavalos Mangalarga Marchador. Vinte e dois polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único localizados nos cromossomos 4(N = 5), 6 (2), 16 (1), 23 (11), 26 (1) e 29 (2), foram responsáveis por 42,43% da variância genética aditiva. Foram associados ao tipo de marcha 69 genes, mas cerca de 39 não estavam anotados em equinos. Foi conduzido um blast a fim de recuperar a função mais provável destes genes. Foram encontradas oito vias metabólicas associadas ao tipo de marcha. Os principais genes envolvidos estavam relacionados à percepção de estímulos externos, metabolismo energético-oxidativo, sistema imune e aprendizado e ritmo da locomoção. Não foi possível identificar a(s) variante(s) causal(ais) do tipo de marcha, contudo este estudo foi o primeiro e verificar que a possível determinação genética do tipo de marcha em cavalos Mangalarga Marchador passa por diferenças em níveis metabólicos que garantem a adaptação dos animais ao tipo de andamento. / The DMRT3 gene has been described as the main gene to act in gait determination in several equine breeds. The allele A of the SNP 23:g.22999655C>A of DMRT3 gene was identified as responsible for this trait. In the Brazilian Mangalarga Marchador breed, which presents two gait patterns with characteristics well defined, the AA and CA genotypes have been associated with marcha picada gait and CC genotype with marcha batida gait. The general aim of this study was to prospect genomic regions associated with marcha batida and marcha picada gaits in Mangalarga Marchador equines. 1,230 phenotypic data were used on the type of gait (marcha batida N = 1.006; marcha picada N = 227) and, considering the totality of known genealogy for each animal, 3,172 animals in the pedigree. Firstly, modelling strategies were tested for this trait in order to determine the effects to be considered in the model, as well as the best form of inclusion (fixed or random effect). Based on the best modelling strategy to be used, the relationship between the allelic and genotypic frequencies of the DMRT3 gene with kinship and inbreeding patterns was studied according to each type of gait. A single-step wide genomic association study (considering information from both genotyped and non-genotyped animals simultaneously) was conducted to verify genomic regions, single nucleotide polymorphisms and genes related to determination of gait type in Mangalarga Marchador horses. Twenty two single nucleotide polymorphisms located on chromosomes 4 (N = 5), 6 (2), 16 (1), 23 (11), 26 (1) and 29 (2) were responsible for 42.43% of the additive genetic variance. 69 genes were associated with gait type, but about 39 were not annotated in horses. A blast was conducted in order to recover the most likely function of these genes. Eight metabolic pathways were found associated with gait type and the main genes involved were related to the perception of external stimuli, energy-oxidative metabolism, immune system and learning and rhythm of locomotion. It was not possible to identify the causal variant(s) of the type of gait; however, this study was the first and to verify that the possible genetic determination of gait type in Mangalarga Marchador horses goes through differences in the metabolic levels that guarantee the adaptation of the animals to the type of gait.

This thesis aids at comparing two frameworks based on Python and Ruby used for agile web development. Besides the basic description, history and philosophy of both Django and Ruby on Rails, all criteria used for their evaluation are laid down, described and put into wider context. In addition, the implementation of the MVC architecture in both frameworks is described along with the basic project structure and tools available.

La vaccination universelle contre la rougeole a permis de contrôler cette maladie et de l’éliminer dans la région des Amériques depuis 2002. Pour atteindre et maintenir l’élimination, une immunité de plus de 90% de la population est nécessaire. Outre la couverture vaccinale, une efficacité vaccinale élevée est primordiale pour assurer une telle immunité. L’âge à la première dose détermine la réponse immunitaire, mais cela semble être surtout important chez les enfants vaccinés avec une dose unique et nés de mères qui ont eu la rougeole. La deuxième dose a été ajoutée pour assurer la séroconversion de ceux qui n’auraient pas répondu à la première dose (échec primaire). Cependant, l’épidémie de 2011 au Québec a montré que le risque chez ceux ayant reçu deux doses augmentait avec un âge plus précoce à la première vaccination. D’autres études épidémiologiques ont documenté des échecs vaccinaux secondaires parmi les cas vaccinés avec deux doses; ils auraient développé une réponse immunitaire faible et transitoire. Par ailleurs, le vaccin contre la rougeole est généralement administré comme vaccin combiné trivalent, contre la rougeole, la rubéole et les oreillons (RRO), ou tétravalent, en incluant le vaccin contre la varicelle (RROV). Ce dernier induit plus d’anticorps contre la rougeole, mais aussi plus de fièvre que le RRO. Dans un contexte épidémiologique caractérisé par un calendrier à deux doses et des mères vaccinées, notre projet visait à évaluer l’impact de l’âge à la première dose, du type de vaccin combiné et des manifestations cliniques indésirables sur la réponse à une et deux doses du RRO ou RROV. Trois études ont été menées: 1. La première étude est une revue systématique avec méta-analyse qui a synthétisé les connaissances sur l’effet de l’âge à la première dose sur la protection et l’immunogénicité du vaccin contre la rougeole chez des enfants ayant reçu une ou deux doses. 2. La seconde étude avait pour objectif d’estimer l’effet de l’âge à la première dose du vaccin RRO ou RROV sur la réponse immunitaire, d’évaluer la corrélation entre le titre d’anticorps après la première et la deuxième dose et de décrire l’évolution des titres d’anticorps pendant un suivi de trois ans. 3. La troisième étude a évalué le rôle de la fièvre suivant la vaccination comme médiateur dans les associations entre l’âge, le type de vaccin et le titre d’anticorps. Les études 2 et 3 étaient des analyses secondaires des données immunologiques et de réactogénicité recueillies lors de cinq essais cliniques menés en Europe et aux États-Unis entre 2004 et 2010 avec 5542 enfants âgés de 11 à 22 mois. Pour évaluer les différentes associations, des modèles de régression linéaires et log-binomiaux ont été bâtis pour modéliser respectivement, la concentration d’anticorps et le risque de séronégativité. Une analyse de médiation a permis d’estimer la proportion de l’effet de l’âge et de l’effet du type de vaccin sur l’immunogénicité qui était expliquée par la fièvre. Nous avons montré que la séroconversion, la concentration d’anticorps et la protection augmentaient avec l’âge à la première vaccination et avec le vaccin RROV. Les titres après la première et la deuxième dose étaient fortement corrélés. Après la deuxième dose, la proportion séropositive était très élevée pour n’importe quel âge à la première vaccination. Cependant, les titres diminuaient progressivement pendant les trois années de suivi. La survenue de la fièvre était le meilleur prédicteur des titres d’anticorps. Cependant, la fièvre n’était pas un médiateur de l’effet de l’âge, mais expliquait 18% de l’effet total du type de vaccin sur la réponse immunitaire. En conclusion, une première dose du vaccin contre la rougeole à 15 mois et l’utilisation du RROV augmenteraient l’immunité de la population, même chez des enfants nés de mères vaccinées et avec un calendrier à deux doses. Dans les pays ayant éliminé ou avec une faible transmission de la rougeole, le calendrier vaccinal devrait considérer : l’immunogénicité accrue en fonction de l’âge et le type du vaccin, le risque des enfants de 12 à 15 mois et l’augmentation des manifestations cliniques indésirables lorsque le RROV est administré comme première dose. / Universal measles immunization has resulted in the control of the disease and its elimination in the Americas since 2002. To achieve and maintain elimination, population immunity needs to be higher than 90%. In addition to vaccination coverage, high vaccine efficacy is essential to ensure such immunity. The age at first dose determines the immune response, but this appeared to be especially important in children vaccinated with a single dose and born to mothers who had had measles. The second dose was added to seroconvert those who did not respond to the first dose (primary failures). However, the measles epidemic in Quebec in 2011 showed that the risk among two-dose recipients increased with an earlier age at first vaccination. Other epidemiological studies have documented secondary vaccine failures among those vaccinated with two doses; they had developed a weak and transient immune response. Moreover, the measles vaccine is usually given as a trivalent combined vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella (MMR), or tetravalent, including also varicella vaccine (MMRV). The latter induces more antibodies against measles, but also more fever than MMR. In an epidemiological context characterized by a two-dose schedule and children born to vaccinated mothers, our project aimed to evaluate the effect of the age at first dose, the type of combined vaccine and the adverse events on the response to one and two doses of MMR or MMRV. Three studies were conducted: 1. A systematic review with meta-analysis synthesized the current knowledge about the effect of the age at first dose on the protection and immunogenicity of the measles vaccine in children who received one or two doses. 2. An immunological study aimed to estimate the effect of age at the first dose of MMR or MMRV on the immune response, to assess the correlation between antibody titers after the first and the second dose and to describe the evolution of antibody titers during a three-year follow-up. 3. A third study evaluated the role of post-vaccination fever as a mediator in the associations between age, type of vaccine and antibody titer. Studies 2 and 3 performed a post-hoc analysis of data on immunogenicity and reactogenicity of MMR and MMRV vaccines from five clinical trials conducted in Europe and the United States between 2004 and 2010 with 5542 children aged 11 to 22 months. To evaluate the different associations, we constructed linear and log-binomial regression models to estimate, respectively, the antibody concentrations and the risk of seronegativity. The proportion of the effect of the age or the effect of the type of vaccine on the immunogenicity that was explained by the fever was estimated using a mediation analysis. We showed that seroconversion, antibody concentration, and protection increased with age at first vaccination and with MMRV vaccination. Titers after the first and the second doses were strongly correlated. After the second dose, the seropositive proportion was very high for any age at first vaccination. However, the titers gradually decreased during the three-year follow-up. Fever was not a mediator of the effect of age, but accounted for 18% of the total effect of the type of vaccine on the immune response. Finally, fever onset was the best predictor of antibody titers. In conclusion, a first dose of measles vaccine at 15 months and the use of MMRV appear to increase the immunity of the population, even in children born to vaccinated mothers and with a two-dose schedule. Countries that have eliminated or with low transmission of the disease may revisit their recommendations considering the increased immunogenicity by age and type of vaccine, the risk of disease among children aged 12 to 15 months, and the increased adverse clinical manifestations when MMRV is administered as a first dose.

Mutation testing is a powerful, but resource intense technique for asserting software quality. This report investigates two claims about one of the mutation operators on procedural logic, the relation operator replacement (ROR). The constrained ROR mutant operator is a type of constrained mutation, which targets to lower the number of mutants as a “do smarter” approach, making mutation testing more suitable for industrial use. The findings in the report shows that the hypothesis on subsumption is rejected if mutants are to be detected on function return values. The second hypothesis stating that a test case can only detect a single top-level mutant in a subsumption graph is also rejected. The report presents a comprehensive overview on the domain of mutation testing, displays examples of the masking behaviour previously not described in the field of mutation testing, and discusses the importance of the granularity where the mutants should be detected under execution. The contribution is based on literature survey and experiment. The empirical findings as well as the implications are discussed in this master dissertation.

In the Spring of 2012, hydraulic data was collected to calibrate three types of discharge models: stage-discharge, single-regression and multi-regression index velocity models. Unsteady flow conditions were observed at the site (â H/â t = 0.75 cm/min), but the data did not indicate hysteresis nor variable backwater effects on the stage-discharge relation. Furthermore, when corrected with a datum offset (α) value of -0.455, the stage-discharge relation r2 was equal to 0.98. While the multiple regression index velocity models also showed high correlation (r2 = 0.98) values, high noise levels of the parameter index velocity (Vi) complicated their use for the determination of discharge. Because of its reliability, low variance and accessibility to students, the stage-discharge model [Q = 5.459(H-0.455)^2.487] was selected as the model to determine discharge in real-time for LEWAS. Caution should be used, however, when applying the equation to stages above 1.0m. The selected discharge model was applied to ADCP stage (H) data collected during three runoff events in July 2012. Other LEWAS models showed similar discharge values (coefficient of variation = 0.14) while the on-site weir also produced similar discharge values. Precipitation estimates for July 19 and 24 rain events over the Webb Branch watershed were derived from IDW interpolated rain data and rainfall-runoff analyses from this data yielded an average ratio of 0.23, low for the urbanized watershed. However, since the three LEWAS models were very similar, and the on-site weir showed a lower value to LEWAS, it was concluded that any error in the ratio would be attributed to the precipitation estimate, and not the discharge models developed in this study. / Master of Science

Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sedimentation and the effects it has on turbine blades was the primary problem identified in run-of-river (RoR) hydropower schemes. Sedimentation in RoR hydropower schemes also increases trash rack blockage and reduces energy output in the long-term. Damage occurs to all underwater parts that come into contact with sediment. The main concern is sediment passing through the hydropower intake and causing turbine damage. The reason for the abrasion and cavitation of turbine blades is increased sediment loads in river channels. This problem can be overcome in two ways. The first is the use of existing lakes or reservoir storage upstream as natural sand traps, and the second is by investigating the three features associated with river bend diversion, which are: the optimum diversion location in a river bend to minimise the abstraction of sediment, the optimum diversion structure angle to limit coarse sediment diversion, and the sediment load diverted through the intake. The first objective of the research was investigated by construction of a physical model of a curved river channel to determine the location of the deepest scour forming on the outside of the bend. The second objective was to test the diversion orientation to maximize the local scour and thereby limiting sediment diversion at the intake. A third objective was to compare mathematical 2D model simulated scour results with the findings of the laboratory tests to evaluate the reliability of the numerical model predictions. Finally different diverted discharge ratios were tested with different intake setups in the physical model, to evaluate the sediment load diverted. . The first experiment in the curved laboratory channel was to predict where the deepest scour takes place without a diversion structure. This was then followed by placing a diversion structure at the maximum scour position, retrieved from experiment one, and by angling the structure with reference to the flow direction. The flow direction vector was placed as a tangent to the bend and orientated at angles of 0⁰, 30⁰, 45⁰ and 60⁰ into the bend direction. The optimum diversion location was found to be positioned on the outside of the bend, approximately 60⁰ into the channel bend. The final position of maximum scour in a 90⁰ bend corresponds with the Sediment Committee and the Chinese Hydraulic Engineering Societies (1992) prediction of 60⁰ into the bend. The optimal diversion had a 30⁰ angle to the flow direction, as this presented the most efficient and effective scouring in front of the model intake. Numerical simulations were performed with the CCHE 2D (hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics) modelling program. The numerical results were compared to the physical results to validate CCHE as a beneficial simulation tool. It was found that the numerical model predicted the scour depths at the intakes tested with an accuracy of 43.8%, which is within the accuracy range of the sediment transport equation used by the numerical model. The final experiment was the diversion of sediment with different intake level heights and discharges. It was evident from the results that low sediment diversion ratios were achieved with a diverted discharge ratio of 50% or less. The intake elevation highest above the channel bed diverted the least sediment. The interrelationship between Diverted Discharge Ratio (DDR), Diverted Froude number Ratio (DFrR) and Diverted Sediment load Ratio (SDR) was established in the study. It is recommended that RoR schemes have sand traps downstream of the diversion structures and that turbines are coated with HVOF to overcome the power loss arising due to the excessive erosion of hydro turbines. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sedimentasie en die invloed wat dit het op turbines was die primêre probleem geïdentifiseer in “run-of-river” (RoR) hidrokrag-skemas. Die sediment wat saam met die water uit ‟n rivier uitgekeer word beskadig die inlaatrooster en verlaag kragopwekking in die langtermyn. Skade word aangerig aan alle onderwatertoerusting en masjinerie wat aan sediment blootgestel word. Die grootste probleem tydens die uitkering van water is die growwe sediment wat daarmee deur die onttrekking inlaat gaan en turbineskade veroorsaak. Soos wat die sedimentlading in die rivier drasties toeneem, sal afslyting en kavitasie van turbinelemme meer gereeld voorkom. Dié probleem kan op twee maniere beperk word. Die een is die gebruik van bestaande opgaardamme stroomop, en die tweede is deur die ondersoek van drie kenmerke van rivierdraaie en uitkeringstrukture, bv. die optimale uitskurings posisie in 'n rivierdraai (sonder ʼn struktuur) om die diepste uitskuringposisie op die buitekant van die draai te bepaal, die optimale uitkeringsstruktuuroriëntasie wat maksimum uitskuring verseker en die sediment uitkering beperk, en die lading van sedimentonttrekking deur die inlaat. Die eerste doelwit van die navorsing is ondersoek deur ʼn fisiese model te bou van ʼn kronkelkanaal en te bepaal waar die diepste uitskring plaasvind op die buitekant van die draai. Die tweede doelwit van die studie was om die optimale uitkeringshoek te bepaal vir 'n uitkeringstruktuur sodat die uitskuring by die inlaat ʼn maksimum is om die uitkering van sediment te beperk. ʼn Derde doelwit was om die akkuraatheid van ʼn wiskundige model se uitskuring voorspelling te toets teen die waargenome laboratorium resultate. Die finale doelwit was om vir verskillende inlaatontwerpe, rivier- en uitkeervloeie die sedimentladings wat uitgekeer word te ondersoek. Die eerste eksperiment in die kronkelende kanaal was voorberei om die optimale uitskuring in die draai te bepaal. Dit is gevolg deur toetse met uitkeerstrukture by die maksimum uitskurings posisie te plaas en die hoek van die struktuur dan te verander met verwysing na die vloeirigting. Die vloeirigting vektor was as 'n raaklyn geplaas op die kanaal draai en georiënteer met hoeke: 0⁰, 30⁰, 45⁰ en 60⁰, in die rigting van die draai. Die optimale uitskurings posisie was aan die buiterand van die kanaal draai gevind, ongeveer 60⁰ in die draai in. Die maksimum uitskuur posisie van 'n 90⁰ kanaal draai stem ooreen met SC en CHES (1992) se resultaat van 60⁰ in die draai in. Daar was ook genoegsame bewyse dat 'n optimale uitkeerwerke oriëntasie van 30⁰ die doeltreffendste en effektiefste uitskuring sal gee. Numeriese simulasies is deur middel van 'n twee dimensionele wiskundige model CCHE 2D (hidro- en sedimentdinamika) uitgevoer. Die numeriese resultate was vergelyk met die laboratoriumresultate om die CCHE program te verifieer as 'n voordelige simulasie program. Daar is gevind dat die wiskundige model die uitskuurdieptes by die inlate met ʼn akkuraatheid van 43.8 % voorspel, wat binne die akkuraatheid is van die sedimentvervoervergelyking wat deur die numeriese model gebruik word. Die finale eksperiment was die uitkering van sediment met verskillende inlaathoogtes en uitkerings sedimentladings. Uit die toetse was dit duidelik dat 'n lae sediment uitkeerverhouding behaal kan word met 'n uitkeerverhouding van 50% en minder. Verdere waarnemings het ook gewys dat die inlaathoogte van die uitkeerstruktuur met die optimale resultate die hoogste bokant die rivierbedding was. Die verwantskap tussen die uitgekeerde deurstromingverhouding, die uitgekeerde Froude getal verhouding en die uitgekeerde sedimentlading is bepaal in die navorsing. Dit word aanbeveel dat sandvangkanale stroomaf van uitkeerwerke geplaas word en dat turbines met HVOF as bedekkingsmateriaal beskerm word om kragverliese as gevolg van buitensporige erosie van die turbines te voorkom.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-16T15:23:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1050688 bytes, checksum: 4095ba7c175198ee65b5df9d0f562866 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / It presents the results of a research about the One Laptop Per Child Program at Ceará, in the perspective of Information Science and its studies on digital inclusion, information literacy, intellectual technologies, information policies and information system. The methodological approach proposed includes quantitative and qualitative research, desk research, participatory research and applied research. The results show that the information system of the One Laptop per Child Program (actors, devices, artifacts and information actions), analyzes the information literacy of the participants of the One Laptop Per Child Program at Ceará and ends with a proposal for Information Action (Workshop on Information Literacy) / Apresenta os resultados da pesquisa sobre o Programa Um Computador por Aluno do Ceará (PROUCA), na perspectiva da Ciência da Informação e seus estudos sobre inclusão digital, competência em informação, tecnologias intelectuais, políticas de informação e regime de informação. Analisa o PROUCA e traça seu regime de informação. O percurso metodológico proposto inclui pesquisa quanti-qualitativa, pesquisa documental, pesquisa participante e pesquisa aplicada. Os resultados apresentam o regime de informação do PROUCA, identificando os atores, os dispositivos, os artefatos e as ações de informação do Programa. Apresenta a competência em informação dos participantes do PROUCA e finaliza com uma proposta de Ação de Informação (Oficina de Competência em Informação)

A number of logical code coverage criteria have been used throughout the years in the testing of safety-critical software. Kaminski, et al. proposed Relational Operator Replacement Global (RORG), a method to bring benefits from ROR mutation to Modified Condition / Decision Coverage (MCDC), which is widely used in the avionics industry. However, there is a lack of studies in the industry to support this method. In this thesis, we report on the results of applying RORG to avionic code, augmenting an MCDC adequate test set to satisfy RORG, evaluating its ability to find real faults in industrial software. Conclusions drawn from this thesis are: (1) Faults in relational operators in avionic code are rare, no faults were found in this study. (2) 24% of the relational operators in our study would require additional software requirements to be verified for RORG coverage. (3) 37% of the relational operators in our study were infeasible to test due to program semantics. (4) 84% of the tests added covered enumeration comparisons.

Texte remanié de: Diss.--Literaturwissenschaft--Berlin, B.R.D., 1980. / Bibliogr. p. 216-222.

This diploma thesis deals with a design and construction of an embeded camera trap with a video recording and night vision support, which is able to self adapt to surroundings. The device is based on the Raspberry Pi platform and configurable by touch screen control with a user-friendly graphical interface. Also the web-application for easy remote administration was developed in Ruby On Rails framework. The camera trap was built and successfully tested under the real conditions. There are also typical application cases and requirements for camera trap construction described in this thesis.