Le gène RhDIF1 s'exprime uniquement dans les pétales de roses parfumées et au moment où la fleur produit des monoterpènes comme le géraniol, le citronellol ou le nérol. RhDIF1est donc un gène candidat pour être impliqué dans la production de monoterpènes chez les roses parfumées. Le travail de cette thèse consiste à trouver une explication pour l'absence de l'expression de RhDIFI1 chez des roses peu parfumées et à caractériser moléculairement la protéine recombinante RhDIF1. L'absence d'expression de RhDIF1 chez les roses peu parfumées est probablement due à des perturbations importantes dans le promoteur du gène en comparaison avec le promoteur de RhDIF1 chez une rose parfumée. La séquence de la protéine RhDIF1 possède un domaine caractéristique nudix hydrolase. Les nudix hydrolases sont des pyrophosphohydrolases clivant par exemple des dNTPs oxydés mutagènes, des molécules tels que l'ADP-ribose potentiellement toxiques ou encore le NADP. Des essais d'activités enzymatiques de la protéine RhDIF1 avec du GPP n'ont pas montré la production de monoterpènes. Une potentielle activité IPP isomérase de RhDIF1 doit être testée. Aussi, des conversions entre le géraniol et d'autres monoterpènes chez les roses parfumées peuvent nécessiter du NADP comme cofacteur et une possible implication de RhDIF1 dans ces réactions via le métabolisme du NADP doit également être vérifiée. Sur la base de l’homologie de séquence de RhDIF1 avec la 8-oxo-dGTPase AtNUDX1 d’Arabidopsis thaliana, des essais d'activités enzymatiques avec le dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP et le nucléotide oxydé mutagène 8-oxo-dGTP ont montré que RhDIF1 clive ces substrats sauf le dCTP. En outre, la détermination de valeurs de Km vis à vis de ces dNTPs tendent à montrer que RhDIF1 clive préférentiellement des substrats contenant une purine. Une activité spécifique de RhDIF1 sur le dATP nettement supérieure à celles des autres dNTPs nous incitent à nous poser la question si le nucléotide oxydé mutagène 2-hydroxy-dATP n'est pas aussi un potentiel substrat de RhDIF1. Dans l'hypothèse où RhDIF1 serait une nudix hydrolase dégradant des dNTPs oxydés mutagènes, RhDIF1 aurait alors comme rôle la détoxification du pool de nucléotide en éliminant les dNTPs oxydés apparus suite à un stress oxydatif pouvant avoir comme origine la production de géraniol par les pétales de rose / The expression of the RhDIF1 gene is observed only in petals of scented roses when the flower emit monoterpenes. Thus, RhDIF1 has been thought to be involved in the production of such compouds in scented roses. During this thesis, an explanation for the absence of expression of RhDIF1 in non-scented roses and a molecular characterization of the RhDIF1 recombinant protein have been investigated. The absence of expression of RhDIF1 in non-scented roses may be due to strong modifications observed in the promoter compared to the RhDIF1 homolog in a scented rose. A typical nudix domain is included in the RhDIF1 protein sequence. Nudix hydrolases are pyrophosphohydrolases cleaving mutagenic oxidated dNTPs, potentially toxic molecules like ADP-ribose or NADP for examples. Enzymatic assays of RhDIF1 with GPP showed any production of monoterpenes. A potential IPP isomerase activity of RhDIF1 must be tested. Also, conversions between geraniol and other monoterpenes in scented roses may needs NADP as cofactor and a possible involvement of RhDIF1 in these reactions via the NADP metabolism must be checked too. Based on the sequence homology between RhDIFI1and the Arabidopsis thaliana 8-oxo-dGTPase AtNUDX1, enzymatic assays with RhDIF1 and dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP and the mutagenic oxidated nucleotide 8-oxo-dGTP showed a catalytic activity of RhDIF1 on these substracts excepted for dCTP. Moreover, Km values seem to show that RhDIF1 preferentially cleaves purine containing substract. A specific activity higher for dATP than the other dNTP lead us to think if the mutagenic oxidated nucleotide 2-hydroxy-dATP could be a potential substract for RhDIF1. Thus, RhDIF1 could be involved in the nucleotide pool sanitization by eliminating oxidated nucleotides appeared from an oxidative stress potentially due to the geraniol production by rose petal

The entirety of modern academia is founded on some form of historical authentication and interpretation. Historical exploration, in fact, represents the necessary element for the cognitive linking of interdisciplinary learning. At essence academic historiography is first - the product of intrigue - and then its contemporary expression. But though the field of academic history poses the perfect union of science and literary arts, modern instruction has sometimes grappled with finding and striking the optimal balance for effectively teaching historical authentication and its interpretation. Recognition and application of both aspects are essential to the effective demonstration of history as a viable, if not primary choice of high school-aged students for academic career path. The focus of this project relies on the premise that young people find fascination in history as readily as they might music, mathematics, medicine, or any other form of science and art. Using the dramatic Wars of the Roses as a backdrop, Constructing History: Richard III and the Wars of the Roses: A Teaching Unit aims to whet the historical appetite of students, and to instill in them a sense of historical awareness as individuals. Our curriculum provides high school educators with lessons that clearly demonstrate to students the difference between academic historiography and historical narrative while highlighting the imperative for interdisciplinarity. The unit introduces and profiles figures - both likely and unlikely historians - of various academic and public professions from the past and the present. Students will begin to understand the importance of discovering for themselves whether the histories they themselves have either accepted (or rejected) are true. Armed with this knowledge they can then determine how best to reasonably express their conclusions, leading directly to the main focal point of the project wherein students will learn that history is a cultural construct, and that especially now, all of us participate in its construction as both actors and narrators.

Mit farbigen Abbildungen werden die besten Kleinstrauch- und Beetrosensorten aus den Pillnitzer Sichtungen vorgestellt. Sie unterscheiden sich in Farbe, Höhe und ihrer Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber Sternrußtau und Rosenmehltau.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ultrastructural aspects of the host-pathogen relationship between the fungus Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr.) Lev. and a susceptible horticultural variety of floribunda rose "Eutin". Attention was given to the penetration of hyphal tubes, and their subsequent development into: haustorial elements in epidermal cells of rose. In addition, changes in the morphology of infected epidermal cells were described. Thin sections of rose leaves infected with S. pannosa were examined in a Hitachi electron microscope, model HS-7, after glutaraldehyde-acrolein fixation, OsO4-uranyl acetate staining, and embedding in Epon plastic. The components of S. pannosa haustoria consisted of a haustorial body with several lobes. The body, and the lobes, were irregular in shape, and were characteristically surrounded by thin haustorial walls. Small amounts of sheath enclosed the haustorial walls, or was found lacking around some haustorial lobes. A slender neck attached the haustorium to the surface hyphal cell, and was considered an extension of that cell, and not the haustorium. At the base of the neck, a septum which contained a central pore, separated the haustorium from the surface hyphal cell, making the haustorium an independent cell. The haustorial protoplasts were similar to hyphal cells on the surface. They contained mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, lipid bodies, and vacuoles. Muclei were not detected. Penetration of the epidermal wall of rose by hyphal tubes was accompanied by cellular proliferations on the inner surfaces of the host wall. These proliferations showed layering, and some formed collars around the penetrating tubes. Although the patterns of the proliferations differed from the normal wall layers of the host, one of the layers of the collar exhibited strands of microfibrils. Some haustoria were completely surrounded by cellular proliferations which were similar in electron density to collar material. It was thought that these proliferations were extensions of the collar which formed in response to breakdown of parasitic control. It appeared that the plasma membrane of the host was the sheath membrane, and that it also lined the cavity of the collar.

No description available.

Among ornamental plants, roses (Rosa L.) are considered the most economically important, being among the most popular garden shrubs, as well as the favorite cut flowers sold by florists. In the past roses have been classified as fairly salt-sensitive, however, recent nutrition studies suggest that they may actually tolerate moderate to relatively high salinities. The general objective of this research was to reassess the limits of tolerance to salinity of roses and the influence of the rootstock used, to determine the ameliorative properties of supplemental Ca2+ on the response to salt stress, and to establish the influence of Na+- and Cl--counter ions on the detrimental effects caused by these salinizing elements. The NaCl or NaCl-CaCl2-salinity tolerance limit for greenhouse roses, although greatly influenced by the rootstock, was between 12 and 15 mmol.L-1. Plants grafted on ?Manetti? sustained their productivity/quality characteristics for longer time periods, tolerated greater salinity concentrations, and accumulated less Cl- and Na+ in leaves of flowering shoots than those grafted on ?Natal Briar?, confirming the greater ability of the former rootstock to tolerate salt stress. Supplementing the saline solution with 0-10 mmol.L-1 Ca2+ (as CaSO4) did not alleviate the harmful effects caused by NaCl-salt stress (12 mmol.L-1) on the productivity and quality responses of roses. The detrimental effects caused by Na- and Cl-based salinity were greatly influenced by the composition of the salt mixtures (i.e. their counter ions). Sodium sulfate and CaCl2 were the least harmful salts; NaCl had intermediate effects, while NaNO3 and KCl were the most deleterious. Among the most distinguishable effects caused by the more toxic Na+ and Cl- counter ions were lower osmotic potential (piSS) and greater electrical conductivity (ECSS) of the salinized solutions, markedly increased uptake and/or transport of either Na+ or Cl- to the flowering shoot leaves, and altered uptake and/or transport of other mineral nutrients. Computations of the saline solutions? chemical speciation revealed that salts containing divalent ions had lower ionization and exhibited greater ion associations compared to monovalent ion salts, rendering a lower number in free ions/molecules in solution which caused greater SS and lower ECSS in those solutions.

Cette thèse sur l’histoire des rosiéristes lyonnais entre 1820 et 1939 s’articule autour de plusieurs problématiques : l’individu et l’exploitation familiale, l’activité commerciale et les goûts des consommateurs, et l’action collective d’une profession qui se démarque progressivement au sein du monde horticole. De l’apparition des premières spécialisations, vers 1820, au déclin de l’activité rosicole pendant l’entre-deux-guerres, la périodisation souligne l’âge d’or de la rosiculture française matérialisée, entre autre, par la formation de lignées professionnelles tout au long du XIXe siècle. L’étude se propose de reconstituer les divers aspects, chronologiques, entrepreneuriaux, socio-économiques, techniques ou culturels de l’activité et apporte des éléments explicatifs à la compréhension du travail des obtenteurs : ceux-ci appartiennent à l’excellence du monde horticole et sont, à ce titre, sujets de l’histoire des élites – il s’agit ici d’élites professionnelles. Grâce aux archives des établissements — livres de comptes, registres d’expédition, correspondances commerciales — la thèse met à jour les évolutions du marché du rosier et montre comment une activité marginale, ignorée des statistiques officielles, se développe par l’intermédiaire d’un réseau commercial étendu. Pour ce faire, le diaporama des acheteurs et l’examen d’une clientèle élitaire et mondaine permettent de décrypter la consommation d’une époque et l’émergence de nouveaux codes esthétiques articulés autour d’un produit qui renvoie à des pratiques culturelles et à des constructions sociales et identitaires. L’exploitation des données quantifiées relatives à la structuration du marché, l’identification nominative de la clientèle et la périodisation des modes en matière de roses, illustrée par une exploitation statistique des préférences des acheteurs, confèrent à cette thèse une démarche neuve et originale. L’analyse des logiques économiques et sociales qui ont influencé la réussite puis le recul du secteur rosicole donne à voir le fonctionnement d’une filière artisanale, son évolution quantitative et qualitative et l’organisation d’un marché à vaste échelle, soutenu par un savoir-faire garant de la qualité du produit et du choix de l’acheteur. Certaines de ces micro-entreprises consolident leur position par une politique dynamique faisant interagir mécanismes de vente et talents créatifs en adoptant des pratiques commerciales relativement modernes pour répondre à un accroissement et une diversification progressive des transactions commerciales. Quant à la mise en adéquation du marché de l’offre et de celui de la demande, elle montre un élargissement de la clientèle lié aux transformations économiques et culturelles provoquées par l’évolution des loisirs dans la majorité des catégories sociales qui voient dans la culture des fleurs une activité de détente et un moyen d’embellir le cadre de vie. Au fil de la réflexion se déclinent de nouvelles préférences florales établies autour de considérations esthétiques qui ne sont pas sans rapport avec la mise en scène ornementale que les architectes paysagistes s’attachent à reproduire. La nouveauté du coloris n’est-elle pas un constitutif déterminant dans le succès d’une variété ? En ce sens, l’engouement en faveur de la rose jaune informe sur les codes de l’élégance qui se généralisent dans les jardins. La colorimétrie dominante constitue donc un observatoire privilégié des sensibilités et des mutations esthétiques et allégoriques qui s’inscrivent au cœur d’une histoire des représentations. Dans un autre versant, l’enquête prosopographique révèle des relations économiques et familiales solidement imbriquées et livre des éléments explicatifs sur la réalité de la petite exploitation et sur les mécanismes comportementaux qui président à la constitution d’une culture familiale.... / This thesis on the story of Lyon’s roses’ breeders between 1820 and 1939 focuses on several issues: the individual and the family farm, the commercial activity and consumers’ tastes, and the collective action of a profession which gradually stands apart from the horticultural world. From the apparition of first specializations around 1820 to the decline of the activity related to roses during the interwar, the periodization highlights the golden age of French roses’ culture materialized, among others, by the formation of professional lines throughout the nineteenth century. This study proposes to reconstruct various aspects, historical, entrepreneurial, socio-economic, technical or cultural of the activity and provides explanatory material in order to understand the work of breeders: they belong to the excellence of the horticultural world and are, as such, subject to the history of elites – we are talking here of professional elites: With the archives of companies – account books, shipping records, professional correspondence – the thesis updates the developments of the roses’ market and shows how a marginal activity, ignored by official statistics, develops through an extensive sales network. In order to do so, the overview of buyers and the examination of an elitist and fashionable clients permits to decrypts the consumption of an epoch and the emergence of new aesthetic codes articulated around a product that refers to cultural practices and social and identity constructions. The exploitation of quantified data about the market’s structuration, the nominal identification of clients and the periodization of roses’ trends, illustrated by a statistical analysis of the preferences of buyers, give to this thesis a new and original approach. The analysis of economic and social logics that have influenced the success and the decline of the roses’ sector show the functioning of a traditional industry, its quantitative and qualitative evolution and the organization of a large-scale market, supported by a know-how which guarantees the quality of the product and the choice of the buyer. Some of those micro-companies consolidate their position by choosing a dynamic policy using and combining both sales’ mechanisms and creative talents, taking relatively modern business practices in response to a gradual increase and diversification of commercial transactions. Concerning the matching of supply and demand, it shows a broadening of the customer, which is related to the economic and cultural changes brought about by the expansion of leisure in most social groups who see the flowers ’culture as a relaxing activity and a way to beautify the living environment. Throughout the reflexion, new floral preferences established have been declined; around aesthetic considerations which are not unrelated with the development of ornamental staging which landscape architects strive to reproduce. Isn’t the novelty of a colour a preeminent element determining the success of a variety? In this sense, the enthusiasm for the yellow rose lets us know about codes of elegance that became widespread in the gardens. The colorimetry is therefore a privileged observatory of sensibilities and aesthetic and allegorical mutations that join the heart of a history of representations.In another side, the prosopographic survey reveals economic and family relationships securely nested and delivers explanatory elements of the reality of small farm functioning and behavioural mechanisms that govern the formation of a family culture. De facto, this work aims to provide a contribution to the understanding of the historical genesis of a professional group, whose history is constructed in terms of lineage and genealogy....

O sistema agroindustrial (SAG) das rosas no Brasil tem sua produção e comercialização fortemente voltadas para o mercado interno. O SAG das rosas colombianas, por sua vez, é totalmente destinado ao mercado externo, sendo reconhecido mundialmente pela qualidade de seus produtos. O objetivo geral desse trabalho foi desenvolver um estudo comparativo entre o Brasil e a Colômbia no que diz respeito ao SAG de exportação de rosas, de modo a propor soluções e melhorias ao processo de exportação brasileiro. A partir da revisão bibliográfica e de dados já publicados e também da realização de entrevistas com atores do SAG nos dois países, sob a ótica macroanalítica se teve sua descrição, ambiente institucional, ambiente organizacional e as características das transações. Além disso, a partir da visão dos produtores entrevistados sobre seus processos internos foi possível abordar fatores microanalíticos. Ao final, foi construída uma matriz considerando as forças, fraquezas, oportunidades e ameaças ao SAG de cada um desses países, visando estimular o desenvolvimento das potencialidades para exportações de rosas por país. Para a Colômbia, são propostas melhorias ao ambiente organizacional, de modo a fortalecer o processo de comercialização e a rentabilidade dos pequenos produtores. No caso do Brasil, propõe-se melhorias aos padrões de qualidade, desenvolvimento da infraestrutura logística e um ambiente institucional que favoreça o comércio com outros países. Tendo em vista as dificuldades enfrentadas na comercialização de rosas no mercado interno, as exportações se configuram como uma vantagem competitiva importante ao SAG de rosas brasileiras. / The Agroindustrial System (AgS) of roses in Brazil has its production and commercialization focused on the domestic market. The AgS of Colombian roses, in turn, is totally dependent on the foreign market, being recognized worldwide for the quality of its products. The general objective of this work was to develop a comparative study between Brazil and Colombia regarding the AgS of rose exports, in order to propose solutions and improvements to the Brazilian export process. From the bibliographic review and data already published and also from interviews with AgS actors in both countries, the macroanalytic view helped to identify its description, institutional environment, organizational environment and the characteristics of the transactions. Moreover, from the perspective of the interviewed producers on their internal processes, it was possible to address microanalytical factors. At the end, a matrix was constructed considering the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to the AgS of each of these countries, in order to stimulate the development of the potentialities for exports of roses by country. For Colombia, improvements are proposed to the organizational environment, so as to strengthen the marketing process and the profitability of small producers In the case of Brazil, it is proposed to improve quality standards, to develop logistics infrastructure and an institutional environment that favor trade with other countries. Considering the difficulties faced in the roses commercialization in the domestic market, exports represent a significant competitive advantage for SAG of Brazilian roses.

Powering Kenya's agricultural economy, the Kenyan flower industry is prided as an example of successful African integration into global agricultural trade. Export markets are bifurcated due to a marked shift from the Dutch flower auctions and an increase in trade within 'direct markets' which includes supermarkets and florists. While flower production is dominated by a few vertically integrated, large scale flower farms (>100 ha), mid-scale (20-80 hectares) and small-scale (>0.25 hectares) flower farms which are the focus of the thesis, face a unique set of challenges in terms of navigating access to the more stable direct markets. The overall narrative is that even in a buyer-driven market, Kenyan cut flower producers at the mid and small scale have agency, and they exercise their bargaining power for favourable export access by diversification and differentiation in strategies and networks. Two meta-narratives framing the sector coalesce around the development angle which showcases contestations around labour and environmental abuses and the political economy angle focusing on governance structures and power relations of production. This thesis goes deeper than these meta narratives by introducing micro-level, relational perspectives using the GPN framework, and asks what strategies Kenyan mid and small scale cut flower producers employ to navigate the shifts in export markets as producers diversify from the Dutch auctions towards supermarkets. My findings identify diversification as the common factor in mid and small scale producers' strategies for securing a range of lucrative export markets. Producers' enhance their bargaining power to access diverse markets through adaptable production, relationally through collective action, and in the regulatory sphere by circumvention, compliance or contestation for more favourable 'rules of the game'. Going beyond labour and environmental analyses, the thesis uniquely analyses the knowledge economy originating from the cut flower sector as an undertheorized aspect of its development impact.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O cultivo de rosas (rosa sp). caracteriza-se pela sua elevada rentabilidade, em comparaÃÃo com cultivos tradicionais, entretanto, o manejo e a pÃs-colheita exigem do produtor conhecimento tÃcnico aprimorado. Por sua vez, diversas tÃcnicas empregadas no manejo na cultura tem se caracterizado pelo seu empirismo, necessitando-se de estudos. Com o objetivo de apresentar sugestÃes aos produtores para um manejo hÃdrico, volume de substrato e nÃmero de drenos adequados por vaso, elaborou-se este trabalho por meio de dois experimentos nos quais foram analisados os efeitos desses fatores sobre a produtividade da roseira, em ambiente protegido. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Empresa Reijers, no municÃpio de SÃo Benedito-CE. No primeiro, com delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, utilizaram-se cinco tratamentos (nÃveis de irrigaÃÃo correspondentes a 60%, 80%, 100%, 120% e 140% da evaporaÃÃo medida no tanque classe âAâ, ECA) e com quatro repetiÃÃes. Como conclusÃes obtiveram-se: a utilizaÃÃo do tanque Classe âAâ no manejo de irrigaÃÃo de rosas à viÃvel para o produtor, pois possibilita a obtenÃÃo de elevadas produtividades; a aplicaÃÃo de lÃminas elevadas pelos produtores reduz o nÃmero de hastes de 50, 60cm e total por vaso. No segundo, com delineamento experimental fatorial 3 x 2, analisou-se os efeitos de trÃs volumes de substrato (3, 4 e 6 litros por planta) e de duas quantidades de drenos por vaso (1 e 8) sobre o nÃmero de hastes por vaso da roseira, em ambiente protegido. Obtiveram-se as seguintes conclusÃes: os menores volumes de substrato por planta proporcionam um maior nÃmero de hastes por vaso, mas com predomÃnio de hastes de menor valor comercial. Jà a utilizaÃÃo de maiores volumes de substrato por planta pelo produtor resulta em um menor nÃmero de hastes por vaso, mas em um maior nÃmero de hastes de maior valor comercial. A utilizaÃÃo pelo produtor de vasos com um maior nÃmero de drenos reduz o nÃmero total de hastes por vaso. Para uma maior produÃÃo de hastes em vasos de 12 L, o produtor de roseira deve plantar trÃs plantas (4 litros de substrato por planta) em vasos com um dreno. / The cultivation of roses (roses sp) is characterized by its high profitability, in comparison with traditional cultivations, however, the handling and the powder-crop demand from the producer perfect technical knowledge. For its time, several employed techniques in the handling in the culture have if characterized by its empiricism, being needed studies. With the objective of presenting suggestions to the producers for a handling hydric, substratum volume and number of appropriate drains for vase adapted, this work was elaborated through two experiments where the effects of those factors were analyzed upon the productivity of the rosebush, in a protected atmosphere. The experiments were conducted in the Reijers Company, in the municipal district of SÃo Benedito-CE. In the first experiment, using experimental maping in blocks at random, five techniques were used (irrigation levels corresponding to 60%, 80%, 100%, 120% and 140% of the evaporation measured in the tank class "A", ECA), all processes were conducted four times. The conclusions were obtained: the use of the tank Class "A" in the handling of irrigation of roses is viable for the producer, because it makes possible the obtaining high productivities; the application of higher volumes of water by the producers reduces the number of stems of 50cm, 60cm and the total production per vase. In the second experiment, using factorial experimental maping 3 x 2, where were analyzed the effects of three substratum volumes (3, 4 and 6 liters for plant) and of two types of vases with 1 and 8 drains, over the number of stems per vase of the rosebush, in a protected atmosphere. The following conclusions were obtained: the smallest substratum volumes for plant provide a larger number of stems per vase, but with prevalence of stems of smaller commercial value. On the contrary, the use of larger substratum volumes per plant by for the producer results in a smaller number of stems per vase, but in a larger number of stems of larger commercial value. The use of vases with a larger number of drain by producer, reduces the total number of stems for vase. For a larger production of stems in vases of 12 L, the producer of rosebushes should plant three plants (4 liters of substratum for plant) in vases with a single drain.