Target of this diploma work was with one another confront energy, material and working heftiness of clearance excrement cattle in cattle house technologies and subsequently storage and application excrement cattle.

The grasslands are in the Czech Republic a significant element of the landscape and also one of the essential components of diets of ruminants and horses. In connection with the production function of grasslands is an important forage quality, especially in dairy cows with high yielding. To create high quality roughage is essential for the optimal harvest of grass maturity date, which significantly affects the nutrient content, the energy and digestibility. Between 2009 and 2010 was monitored growth, development and the speed of aging in selected varieties of forage grasses. In the breeding station Větrov grasses were sampled, dried and then analyzed in a laboratory at the Department of Crop Production University of South Bohemia in the České Budějovice. Eighteen varieties of grasses collected in seven successive terms in the month of May and June were total analyzed. In all samples were laboratory way determined dry matter, ash, fiber and in selected varieties of grasses digestibility. Dry forage yields increased gradually. In the process of aging occurs between phenological for all the analyzed varieties of grasses, was increasing fiber content, which corresponded to the decreasing digestibility. The highest digestibility reached in the current term in the field of silage ryegrass Lonar and italian rye grass Prolog. The lowest digestibility was observed fescue Proba.

Thesis (MSc. (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / A study was conducted to determine the effect of shredded Colophospermum (C.) mopane wood inclusion as roughage on performance of fattening Nguni heifers weighing 200 ± 5kg. The four diets used were isocaloric and isonitrogenous but with different shredded C. mopane wood inclusion levels of 5 (F95M5), 8.5 (F91.5M8.5), 10 (F90M10) and 15 (F85M15) %. The heifers were randomly allocated to the treatments in a completely randomized design. A quadratic equation was used to determine the shredded C. mopane inclusion levels for optimal productivity of the heifers. Shredded C. mopane wood inclusion level had effect (P<0.05) on intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Diet DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF intakes per metabolic weight and FCR of Nguni heifers were optimized at different shredded C. mopane wood inclusion levels of 11.0, 13.7, 8.0, 15.0, 14.0, 14.0 and 15%, respectively. However, shredded C. mopane wood inclusion level did not affect (P>0.05) diet in vitro digestibility, carcass weight, dressing percentage, meat pH, meat shear force values and meat colour intensities except for red colour intensity of rump steak. It was, thus, concluded that shredded C. mopane wood can be used as roughage without adversely affecting diet intake, FCR, and live weight of Nguni heifers. However, diet intake and FCR were optimized at different C. mopane wood inclusion levels.

This research was conducted in order to enable primary producers to maximize the use of cheap roughage sources while still maintaining body weight during dry winter months when the crude protein (CP) content of roughage sources are at a minimum. The data obtained from this study will give an economic advantage when formulating supplements to be used during this time of the year. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum level of non-protein-nitrogen (NPN) and fermentable metabolizable energy (FME) to increase microbial protein synthesis, optimize rumen fermentation and increase digestibility of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in sheep fed on poor quality forages. A metabolic trial was conducted where intake of DM, organic matter (OM), NDF and CP was recorded; rumen volatile fatty acid (VFA) production was recorded as well as rumen pH over the different treatments. Microbial protein synthesis was determined by analysing purine derivatives in the urine. An in situ trial was also done to determine changes in ruminal digestibility of DM and NDF on different treatments. Five treatments were used. Treatment 1 consisted of NPN and FME balanced according to the NRC (2007) requirements for a 50kg whether, and served as a control. Treatment. Treatment 2 consisted 15% less NPN than control but the same amount of FME than control while treatment 3 consisted 15% more NPN than the control but the same amount of FME as the control treatment. Treatment 4 consisted of 15% less FME, but the same amount of NPN, than the control treatment, while treatment 5 consisted of 15% more FME, but the same amount of NPN than the control treatment. A 5 x 5 Latin square design was used in this study. Five Merino wethers were allowed to adapt to supplements which were infused directly into the rumen at 9:00 and 15:30 every day. After adaptation animals were placed in individual metabolic crates for three and given three day to adapt to crate environment. After the initial three days the sampling period commenced. Results obtained indicated that treatment had no effect on DM, OM, NDF and water intake but intake of CP was significantly increased for treatment 3 when compared to treatment 2. When intake of DM, OM, NDF and CP, related to metabolic bodyweight (W0.75) was calculated, treatment 5 resulted in lower intake of both water and NDF as compared to treatment 4. Differences between levels of FME and NPN in this study was insufficient to have an influence on DMD, OMD or NDFD however, CP degradability was increased for treatment 3 and treatment 5. Ruminal pH was unaffected by treatment. Increased levels of NH3-N for treatment 3 when compared to treatment 1 and 2, was observed. Both treatments 2 and 5 resulted significant decreases in rumen NH3-N. Treatments had no effect on the proportions of VFA produced or on the Acetate to Propionate produced ratio. Treatment 3 caused an improvement in CP an N balance when compared to treatment 1 and 2. Treatment 3, when compared to treatment 1 and 2, lead to an increase in N balance/kgW0.75. Treatment 5 caused a higher microbial protein synthesis in contrast to treatment 4. Results from the in situ trial showed a decreased a-value (solubility) for the NDF fraction of treatment 3 when compared to treatment 2. The rate of degradability (c) of both DM and NDF was increased for treatment 2 compared with treatment 3. The b, ED and PD values showed no response to treatment. / Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

Two experiments were conducted to study: 1) the different methods of processing broiler litter for use as a feed ingredient; and 2) preservation, fermentation and nutrient utilization of rumen contents and blood. Broiler litter was deep stacked in 1.2 x 1.2 x 1.2 m bins at 15, 25 and 35% moisture, and ensiled at 40% moisture, alone or with 5% added molasses. Litter was also ensiled with rumen contents at ratios of 60:40 and 50:50, wet basis. For digestion and palatability trials, wethers were allotted to five diets: 1) basal alone, or basal and broiler litter (1:1, dry basis) processed by; 2) deep stacking at 15% moisture; 3) ensiling; 4) ensiling with 5% molasses; and 5) basal and ensiled rumen contents and litter (50:50, wet basis). Freshly collected rumen contents and blood, mixed in proportions of 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1, wet basis, were ensiled with wheat straw (60:40) untreated or treated with 5% urea, with or without 7.5% molasses. Formic/propionic acid (1% w/w) and 10% dried sugar cane molasses were tested as preservatives for blood and rumen contents. Formic/propionic acids preserved rumen contents and blood were ensiled with wheat straw (45:15:40, wet basis) for use in a metabolism trial with sheep. Sheep were fed a basal diet and the silage at ratios of 100:0, 75:25, and 50:50, dry basis. Litter deep stacked at 15% moisture showed a lower rise in temperature than litter stacked at 25 and 35% moisture. Desirable fermentation was achieved for litter ensiled alone or with molasses or rumen contents. Deep stacked broiler litter and silages were devoid of coliforms. Apparent digestibilities of OM and CP were lowest for the deep stacked broiler litter diets. Dry matter intake was similar among waste-containing diets. Formic/propionic acids were the only preservatives which were effective for both blood and rumen contents. Desirable fermentation was achieved in rumen contents-blood-straw in Silages containing untreated wheat straw. Apparent digestibility of CP of the ensiled slaughterhouse wastestraw was similar to that of the basal. The calculated digestibilities of OM and DM of the silage were 46% and that of CP was 69%. The results indicated that fresh rumen contents and blood can be ensiled successfully with wheat straw for use as roughage and protein source for ruminants. / Ph. D.

Este experimento teve por objetivo avaliar a influência da adição de Leucaena leucocephala como fonte protéica em dietas de ovinos no consumo voluntário, na digestibilidade total dos nutrientes e na retenção de nitrogênio. Para realização deste estudo foram utilizadas 6 dietas à base de feno de tifton e 12 ovinos machos, castrados da raça Santa Inês (35 kg) em changeover incompleto com três períodos de 21 dias cada. As dietas L20, L40 e L60 continham leucena em três níveis de inclusão (20, 40 e 60%), respectivamente, e as demais dietas, CL20, CL40 e CL60, continham concentrado como fonte protéica e foram denominadas de dietas controles. As causas de variação dos resultados foram analisados através da análise de variância e as médias (LSM, least square means) foram comparadas por contrastes não ortogonais e por regressão linear e quadrática utilizando os procedimento GLM do software SAS, 2000. O consumo voluntário de MS (CVMS) variou entre 52,0 (L20) e 67,7 (L40) g kgPV-0,75 e não houve efeito significativo (P>0,05) da utilização de leucena como fonte protéica. Os níveis de leucena influenciaram o CVMS apresentando diferenças significativas entre as dietas L20 e L40 (P<0,05). Os animais alimentados com a dieta L40 apresentaram aumento de 30% no consumo de MS (67,7 g kgPV-0,75) em relação a dieta L20 (52,0 g kgPV-0,75). Os resultados observados no ensaio de digestibilidade indicaram diminuição (P<0,05) da digestibilidade aparente da MS com a adição de leucena com valores de 39,0; 37,4; 39,0 % para as dietas L20, L40, L60 e 51,1; 50,4; 52,8 % para CL20, CL40 e CL60, respectivamente. A digestibilidade aparente da PB também foi reduzida com a adição de leucena (P<0,05) em comparação às dietas controles, com valores de 33,7; 32,0; 36,7; 52,2, 63,0 e 66,7 para as dietas L20, L40, L60, CL20, CL40 e CL60, respectivamente. A digestibilidade aparente das fibras foi afetada com a inclusão de leucena (P<0,05). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade de FDN foram 39,2; 35,7; 34,9; 50,0; 45,9; 45,3 e de FDA foram 34,8; 26,9; 25,1; 47,0; 55,7; 54,1 para as dietas L20, L40, L60, CL20, CL40 e CL60, respectivamente. A adição de leucena ou os níveis propostos de sua inclusão não alteraram a retenção de N entre as dietas com e sem leucena (P>0,05) apresentando valores de 1,4; 0,9; 3,3; 0,4; 3,8; 5,4 (L20, L40, L60, CL20, CL40 e CL60, respectivamente). As três dietas com leucena propiciaram maiores perdas de N nas fezes (6,2; 11,4; 12,4 g d-1, respectivamente; P<0,01) e menores teores de N na urina (4,0; 4,4; 6,3, respectivamente; P<0,01) que as dietas controles. A perda de N nas fezes ou na urina aumentou linearmente com o aumento do nível de leucena na dieta (P<0,01). Estes resultados mostraram que a utilização de leucena em dietas de ovinos Santa Inês, não afetou o CVMS e a retenção de N em comparação com dietas tendo concentrado como fonte protéica. Entretanto, reduziu a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, as perdas de N na urina e aumentou as perdas de N nas fezes. Entre as dietas com leucena, o nível de 40% de inclusão propiciou um CVMS máximo e as perdas de N nas fezes e na urina apresentaram um comportamento linear. / This study intended to investigate the Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) addition as a protein supplement in sheep diet upon the voluntary dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen (N) retention. The experiment was conducted in a change-over design using 6 diets and 12 male Santa Inês sheep in 3 periods of 21 days. The diets L20, L40 and L60 consisted of Cynodon x cynodon (tifton) hay and leucaena at 3 levels, (20, 40 and 60%) of the total dry matter (DM), respectively. The control diets, CL20, CL40 and CL60, consisted of tifton hay and concentrate, at the same rate of protein as L20, L40 and L60, respectively. Sources of variation were analyzed by Analyses of Variance and the least square means were compared by non-orthogonal contrasts and linear and quadratic regression according to GLM procedures from SAS (2000). Dry matter intake (DMI) ranged from 52,0 (L20) to 67,7 (L40) g kgBW- 0 , 7 5d- 1. There was no significant effect with addition of leucaena (P>0,05). Significant differences on DMI were observed among the three levels of leucaena (P<0,05). Animals fed L40 showed 30% increase of DMI (67,7 g kgBW-0,75) related to L20 (52,0 g kgBW-0,75). Results from digestibility trial showed lower apparent digestibility of DM (P<0,05) with values of 39,0; 37,4; 39,0; 51,1; 50,4; 52,8 % for diets L20, L40, L60, CL20, CL40 and CL60, respectively. Apparent digestibility of PB was also reduced with addition of leucaena (P<0,05) related to control diets, showing values of 33,7, 32,0 36,7 % for L20, L40, L60 and 52,2, 63,0, 66,7 % for CL20, CL40 and CL60, respectively. Apparent digestibility of fiber was affected with inclusion of leucaena (P<0,05). The coefficients of NDF digestibility were 39,2; 35,7; 34,9; 50,0; 45,9; 45,3 and ADF were 34,8; 26,9; 25,1; 47,0; 55,7; 54,1 for diets L20, L40, L60, CL20, CL40 and CL60, respectively. Either addition or level of leucaena did not affect N retention (P>0,05) and presented values of 1,4; 0,9; 3,3; 0,4; 3,8; 5,4 for L20, L40, L60, CL20, CL40 and CL60, respectively. Diets containing leucaena led to an increase of faecal N losses (6,2; 11,4; 12,4 g d-1, respectively; P<0,01) and reduction of urinary N losses (4,0; 4,4; 6,3, respectively; P<0,01). Faecal and urinary N increased linearly (P<0,01) with level of supplementation. These results show that the use of leucaena for Santa Inês sheep did not affect DMI and N retention comparing to control diets; however, it reduced nutrients digestibility, urinary N and increased faecal N. Among level of leucaena included, the level of 40% caused maximum DMI and faecal and urinary N losses presented a linear behaviour.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar o desempenho produtivo, reprodutivo e parâmetros sanguíneos de ovelhas em lactação alimentadas com teores de grão de soja (GS), e a utilização de teores de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar in natura (BC) na ração de ovelhas secas e gestantes como fonte única de volumoso. Nos experimentos I e II, 56 ovelhas da raça Santa Inês foram alimentadas com rações contendo 0, 7, 14 e 21% de GS na matéria seca total da ração. No experimento I, houve efeito quadrático (P<0,05) no consumo de matéria seca e produção de leite total. Contudo não houve alteração (P>0,05) na produção de leite corrigida para gordura ou para gordura e proteína, ou mesmo na eficiência alimentar. Os teores de gordura, proteína, lactose e sólidos totais do leite foram similares (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. Houve redução dos ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (C4-C10) e média (C11-C16), enquanto os de cadeia longa (C18) aumentaram linearmente (P<0,05). As proporções dos ácidos graxos C18:2 c9 t11 e o C18:2 t10 c12 aumentaram linearmente (P0,01) e o índice de aterogenicidade reduziu linearmente (P<0,05) com a inclusão crescente de GS na ração. A concentração (g/100g) dos ácidos graxos saturados, insaturados, monoinsaturados, poliinsaturados e a relação insaturados:saturados não foi alterada pelos tratamentos (P>0.05). Não houve diferença no desempenho das crias entre os tratamentos nas fases pré ou pós-desmame (P>0,05). No experimento II, os dias necessários para o retorno à atividade ovariana, a porcentagem de animais que ovularam, o ECC, as concentrações de AGNE e LDL foram semelhantes (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. Efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) foi observado nas concentrações de HDL e colesterol total, com a inclusão crescente de GS na ração das ovelhas em lactação. Houve efeito (P<0,05) do contraste GS vs. C para as concentrações de HDL e colesterol total, as quais foram maiores com a inclusão de GS. O efeito de semana (P<0,05) foi observado no CMS, AGNE, HDL, LDL e colesterol total, e houve interação tratamento x semana (P<0,05) nas concentrações de HDL e colesterol total. No experimento III 110 ovelhas secas e 64 borregas, ambas em gestação e da raça Santa Inês, foram alimentadas em grupos com rações contendo as relações de 30:70 e 40:60 de volumoso:concentrado (com base na matéria seca), os quais foram compostos por 30 e 40% de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar in natura, respectivamente, como fonte única de volumoso. Houve maiores consumos de MS, MO e GMD nas ovelhas alimentadas com a ração com 30% BC (P<0,05). Por outro lado, os consumos de PB, FDN e FDA não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. A utilização do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar in natura em até 40% na matéria seca supriu as exigências de manutenção e gestação e pode ser utilizado como fonte única de volumoso na ração total de ovelhas secas em gestação. A soja grão pode ser incluída em até 14% da matéria seca da ração total de ovelhas (40:60 de volumoso:concentrado) sem comprometer o desempenho das ovelhas em lactação. / The objectives of this trial were to evaluate blood parameters, productive and reproductive performance of lactating ewes fed increasing levels of soybean (GS), and nutrients intake and body weight variation in dry and gestating Santa Ines ewes fed in natura sugar cane bagasse (BC) levels as the sole roughage source. In experiments I and II 56 Santa Ines ewes were fed total mixed rations (TMR) composed of 0, 7, 14 and 21% of soybean (DM basis). In experiment I, dry matter intake and milk yield showed a quadratic effect (P<0.05). However, milk yield corrected for fat or for fat and protein and feed efficiency were not different (P>0.05). Milk fat, protein, lactose and total solids were similar (P>0.05) among treatments. Short (C4-C10) and medium (C11-C16) chain fatty acids were decreased while long chain (C18) fatty acids were increased linearlly (P<0.05). C18:2 c9 t11 and C18:2 t10 c12 (g/100g) increased linearly (P0,01) and the atherogenicity index decreased linearly (P<0.05) with increasing inclusion of ground soybean in the ration. Unsaturated:saturated ratio and saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids concentrations (g/100g) were similar among treatments (P>0.05). There was no difference (P>0.05) in lambs performance in pre or pos weaning period among treatments. In experiment II, BCS, NEFA and LDL concentrations were similar (P>0.05) among treatments. Days to return of the ovarian activity and ovulating animals percentage until the end of the trial were similar (P>0.05). Increasing linear (P<0.05) effect was observed in HDL and total cholesterol concentrations with the increasing GS inclusion in the ewes diet. There was effect (P<0.05) of the contrast GS vs. C for HDL and total cholesterol concentrations, which were higher with the inclusion of GS. Week effect (P<0.05) was observed in DMI, NEFA, HDL, LDL and total cholesterol, and interaction of treatment x week (P<0.05) was also detected in HDL and total cholesterol concentrations. In experiment III, 110 dry and gestating ewes and 64 gestating Santa Ines ewe lambs were fed in group a 30:70 or 40:60 (roughage:concentrate ratio), with the inclusion of 30 and 40% of sugar cane bagasse in the TMR dry matter, respectivelly. Dry and organic matter intake and average daily gain were higher (P<0.05) for the ewes fed 30% BC ration. However, CP, NDF and ADF intakes were similar (P>0.05) among treatments. In natura sugar cane bagasse inclusion up to 40% of the TMR dry matter as the sole roughage supplied the requirements of dry and gestating ewes. Raw soybean may be included in the ewesdiet (40:60 roughage:concentrate) up to 14% (DM basis) with no negative effect on performance and postpartum ovarian activity return.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da digestibilidade da fibra do milho sobre o consumo, ganho de peso e composição da carcaça de novilhas Nelore em crescimento, de modo a validar este índice como indicador da qualidade nutricional de híbridos de milho em programas de melhoramento genético e de seleção de híbridos para silagem. Foram plantados quatro híbridos de milho com diferente digestibilidade da fibra, IAC 8390, 30F90Y, 30S40Y e DKB 390Y, sendo a digestibilidade da FDN da dieta determinada após incubação de 30 horas. Os milhos foram colhidos aos 62, 82 e 104 dias crescimento, para determinar principalmente a digestibilidade da folha e do colmo dos híbridos, para determinar quais híbridos fariam parte da dieta experimental. Foram utilizadas quarenta e oito novilhas da raça Nelore com aproximadamente 250 kg, confinadas por 63 dias, em delineamento de bloco casualizados, em grupo de 3 novilhas por baia, de acordo com o peso vivo inicial. A cada 21 dias, os animais eram pesados, sendo a avaliação da carcaça feita no início do período A dieta experimental foi constituída de quatro rações, com relação volumoso/concentrado de 20:80 e 40:60, com volumoso de duas silagens de milho, 30F90Y, de alta digestibilidade da FDN e, 30S40Y, de baixa digestibilidade da FDN. Foi analisado o tamanho de partícula de amostras da dieta e das sobras/baia pela peneira Penn State Forage Particle. Houve diferença na digestibilidade da FDN dos híbridos na fração colmo, entre os dias de coleta, sendo que a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) reduziu após o período de florescimento dos híbridos e houve uma variação entre os híbridos, em cada coleta. A digestibilidade in vitro da fibra em detergente neutro (DIVFDN), também reduziu com a maturidade da planta, porém houve uma diferença entre os híbridos apenas na coleta aos 82 dias de crescimento. O híbrido 30F90Y foi superior aos demais ao analisar a DIVMS e DIVFDN. Houve diferença entre o tamanho de partículas da dieta oferecida e o tamanho de partícula que restou na sobras, sendo que houve efeito de seleção apenas para a dieta com 40% de concetrado. Houve interação milho*dieta tanto para consumo de matéria seca (CMS) quanto para consumo da fibra em detergente neutro (CFDN), sendo que o híbrido 30F90Y, de maior digestibilidade, teve consumo maior, inclusive na dieta com 20% de concentrado. Para desempenho, foi observado efeito da dieta no ganho médio diário (GMD), sendo maior o ganho de peso (GP) na dieta com a silagem do híbrido 30F90Y Já a conversão alimentar e a composição de carcaça não tiveram efeito de dieta, híbrido de milho ou interação dieta*milho. A utilização de híbridos com melhor digestibilidade da fibra, é uma indicador de híbr do destinado a nutrição animal, pois alterou o consumo, o ganho de peso, porém não alterou a conversão alimentar e composição de carcaça. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fiber digestibility on intake, weight gain and carcass of growing Nellore heifers, aiming to validate this rate as an indicator of nutritional quality on corn hybrids in programs of genetical improvement and selection of hybrids for silage. Four corn hybrids on different fiber digestibility were raised, IAC 8390, 30F90Y, 30S40Y and DKB 390Y, being the FDN digestibility determined on the diet after a 30-hour-incubation period. The harvest was at the 62, 82 and 104 growing days to mainly determine the leaf and stem digestibility in hybrids to identify which ones would be part of the experimental diet. Forty-eight Nellore heifers of approximately 250 kg BW were housed for 63 days, in randomized blocks, in groups of three heifers per pen, according to its initial body weight. Each 21 days the animals were weighed and the carcass evaluation was done in the beginning of the period. The experimental diet was composed of four rations at 20:80 and 40:60 of roughage/concentrate respectively, in which the corn silage was used the 30F90Y, the one with high digestibility in FDN, and the 30S40Y, of low digestibility in FDN. The particle size of samples collected from the diets and ortis of each pens were analyzed by the Penn State Forage Particle sieve. There was difference in the FDN digestibility for hybrids in the stem fraction among the collection days, being the dry matter digestibility in vitro (DIVMS) reduced after the hybrid blossom and there was a variancy among the hybrids, in each collection. The digestibility in vitro of fiber detergente neuter (DIVFDN), was also reduced according to tha plant maturity, however there was a difference among the hybrids only in the collection at the 82 day of growth. The hybrid 30F90Y was superior to the other when analyzed the DIVMS and DIVFDN. There was difference between the particle size on the diets and the particle size on the ortis, with a selection affect only for the diet at 40% concentrate. There was interaction on the corn*diet for the dry matter intake (CMS) and for the fiber detergent neuter intake (CFDN), beingt the hybrid 30F90Y of higher digestibility, intake, and also on the diet with 20% concentrate. For performance was observed the diet effect on the average in daily weight gain (GMD), in which the highest weight gain (GP) was obtained on the silage of the hybrid 30F90Y. The feed conversion and carcass had no diet effect, neither corn hybrid nor interaction diet*corn. The hybrids with higher fiber digestibility is an indicator for its usage in animal nutrition once they altered the intake and the weight gain, although it hasn\'t altered the feed conversion and the carcas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:45:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANTONIO PEREIRA DA SILVA FILHO.pdf: 5543335 bytes, checksum: 38b0b557823fb771378def7b2f30fbc7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-10 / It was studied in the presente work the sugarcane use as sustainable and economical alternative for us to feed her bovine confined. It was made a sising of the evolution of the intensive creation of bovine for meat production in the period from 1.990 to 2006, being studied their physical characteristics, geographical distribution and the use of foods. It was delineated the study experimentally with the draw of four rural properties in the State of Goiás, creators of bovine, for descriptive study. Of these, three used sugarcane pricked as bulky food, with addition of concentrate proteic and energy and mineral supply. The fourth property used corn silage as roughage, with addition of proteic concentrate and energy and mineral supply and it was used as treatment controls. It was made a comparative study being used spreadsheets and being evaluated weigth earnings, costs/again, amont of offered food and balance point of the it enraptures marketed. The sugarcane, used as roughage only to feed bovine confined, an alternative was shown economically viable and sustainable to the Center-west of Brasil. / Estudou-se no presente trabalho a utilização de cana-de-açúcar como alternativa sustentável e econômica para alimentarem-se bovinos confinados. Fez-se um levantamento da evolução da criação intensiva de bovinos para produção de carne no período de 1.990 a 2006, estudando-se suas características físicas, distribuição geográfica e a utilização de alimentos. Delineou-se experimentalmente o estudo com o sorteio de quatro propriedades rurais no Estado de Goiás, confinadores de bovinos, para estudo descritivo. Destas, três utilizaram cana-deaçúcar picada como alimento volumoso, com adição de concentrados protéicos e energéticos e suplementação mineral. A quarta propriedade utilizou silagem de milho como alimento volumoso, com adição de concentrados protéicos e energéticos e suplementação mineral e foi utilizada como tratamento controle. Fez-se um estudo comparativo utilizando-se planilhas e avaliando-se ganho de peso, custos/benefício, quantidade de alimento oferecido e ponto de equilíbrio da arroba comercializada. A cana-de-açúcar, utilizada como volumoso único para alimentarem-se bovinos confinados, mostrou-se uma alternativa economicamente viável e sustentável para o Centro-Oeste do Brasil.

Foi avaliado o efeito do processamento do milho (PRC) e de diferentes teores de fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro proveniente de forragem (FDNf) no desempenho de bovinos. Posteriormente, foi estudado o efeito do PRC e da inclusão de polpa cítrica (PCtr) em substituição ao milho. Foram utilizados em cada experimento 112 bovinos machos não castrados da raça Nelore, com peso inicial de 384,1 ± 29,5 kg e 378,3 ± 21,3 kg respectivamente. O delineamento foi o de blocos completos casualizados em esquema fatorial 2x4. No primeiro experimento os dois PRC foram grão úmido ensilado (GU) e grão seco moído fino (MM) e os teores de FDNf foram 3, 8, 13 e 18% na MS. No segundo experimento foram utilizados os mesmo PRC (GU ou MM) e quatro teores de PCtr (0, 7, 14 e 21% na MS). No primeiro experimento, verificou-se efeito quadrático de FDNf para ganho de peso (P=0,01), sendo o ganho ótimo com inclusão de 13,0% de FDNf. Houve interação de PRC e FDNf (P=0,05) para consumo de matéria seca (CMS) sendo que os maiores CMS foram obtidos com inclusões de 11,3 e 13,7% de FDNf para animais alimentados com MM e GU respectivamente. Em ambos os experimentos a eficiência alimentar (EA) foi melhor (P<0,01) para animais alimentados com GU em relação ao MM. Houve efeito quadrático de FDNf para peso de carcaça quente e fria (P=0,04), sendo as carcaças mais pesadas obtidas com 12,8% de FDNf na dieta. Foi observado efeito quadrático de FDNf para peso de gordura renal, pélvica e inguinal (P=0,04), sendo que a maior deposição ocorreu com inclusões de 12,5% de FDNf. Houve interação de PRC e FDNf para teor de amido fecal (AF; P<0,001). Animais alimentados com GU apresentaram teores médios de AF mais baixos (3% na MS) e independentes do teor de FDNf da dieta. Entretanto, animais recebendo dietas com MM apresentaram teores mais elevados de AF (13% na MS), que foi reduzido com o aumento do teor de FDNf. No segundo experimento, observou-se efeito de PRC (P<0,001) para CMS, que foi menor em animais alimentados com GU em relação aos MM. Houve efeito linear de PCtr no CMS (P<0,001), ocorrendo aumento no CMS com o aumento da inclusão de PCtr. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) de PRC e nem de PCtr para características de carcaça. O AF foi menor em animais alimentados com GU em relação ao MM (3,16 vs. 8,63% na MS, P<0,001). A exigência de FDNf para maior CMS foi dependente do método de PRC, sendo menor para o MM em relação ao GU (11,3 vs. 13,7% FDNf). A inclusão de aproximadamente 13% de FDNf parece ser adequada para maximizar o desempenho de bovinos Nelore em dietas contendo caroço de algodão. O GU melhora a EA e reduz as perdas fecais de amido. / The effect of corn processing (PRC) and different levels of neutral detergente fiber from forage (NDFf) on performance were evaluated in one experiment and the effects of PRC and different citrus pulp levels (PCtr) were evaluated in a second experiment. In each study 112 Nellore bulls were used with 384.1 ± 29.5 kg inicial body weight (iBW) for the first experiment and 378.3 ± 21.3 kg iBW for the second experiment. The animals were used in a randomized complete block design in a 2x4 factorial arrangement. The PRC methods evaluated were high moisture corn (HM) and finely ground corn (GC). The levels of NDFf evaluated were 3, 8, 13 e 18% in the DM. In the second trial the same two PRC (HM and GC) and four levels of PCtr were evaluated (0, 7, 14 and 21% in the DM). In the first experiment a quadratic effect of NDFf was observed (P=0.01) with peak gain at 13.0% of NDFf. There was an interaction between PRC and NDFf (P=0.05) for dry matter intake (DMI); peak DMI occurred with 11.3 and 13.7% NDFf for GC and HM respectively. In both experiments gain efficiency (GE) was better (P<0.01) for animals fed HM than GC. There was a quadratical effect of NDFf for hot and cold carcass weight (P=0.04), with maximum weights at 12.8% NDFf. A quadratical effect of NDFf for renal, pelvic and inguinal fat weight (P=0.04) was observed with the highest weights at 12.5% NDFf. There was an interaction between PRC and NDFf for fecal starch (FS; P<0.001). Animals fed HM diets presented no change in FS with different NDFf levels (3% in the DM). However, animals fed GC had higher average FS (13% in the DM), and there was a decrease in FS content with increasing NDFf percentage. In the second experiment, there was an effect of PRC (P<0.001) on DMI, with lower intakes for animals fed HM diets. There was a linear effect of PCtr (P<0.001) on DMI with increased intakes as a result of increasing PCtr in the diet. No effects were observed for PRC and PCtr for carcass traits. FS was lower in animals fed HM compared to GC (3.16 vs. 8.63% in the DM; P<0.001). The NDFf required to optimize DMI was dependent on method of PRC (maximum intake required 11.3 and 13.7% NDFf for GC and HM, respectively). The performance of Nellore bulls could be optimized with around 13% NDFf in diets with cottonseed. The high moisture corn improves gain efficiency and decreases starch fecal losses.