Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-10-30T14:05:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Renan Nunes Costa - 2014.pdf: 650263 bytes, checksum: 0a242695b84bbbe8d03ab17bd0c2d681 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-10-30T14:30:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Renan Nunes Costa - 2014.pdf: 650263 bytes, checksum: 0a242695b84bbbe8d03ab17bd0c2d681 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-30T14:30:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Renan Nunes Costa - 2014.pdf: 650263 bytes, checksum: 0a242695b84bbbe8d03ab17bd0c2d681 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / There is a consensus among researchers in the world that the declining number of amphibian species and the increasing frequency of abnormalities in individual attributes of anurans are associated with habitat reduction and environmental contamination. With advance of agriculture crops, also increased the use of agrochemicals defensives, and the fragility of Brazilian laws for aquatic environmental protection burst the level of environmental stress significantly. Organisms can show biological responses related to these environmental modifications, that can be used to assess the environmental impact of agricultural practices. This biological response can be particularly useful, especially when we are able to correlate the biological response in morphological and/or physiological attributes with environmental impacts. The fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is a tool based on observation of deviations in the homeostasis of bilateral traits throughout the organism development and can be used for biomonitoring protocols. The FA can clarify which type of stressor is acting on a population. In this context, the present study assesses how the FA in anurans larvae can elucidate the impact of stressful factors. In the first chapter, our objective was to test experimentally if exposure to glyphosate dosages (Roundup® Original herbicide) affect the survival and increase the development deviations in the Physalaemus cuvieri larvae. In acute exposure, the survival rate was decreased at higher levels of contamination and the LC50 observed was considered to moderately toxic. In the chronic exposure, resulting from contamination, individuals showed higher levels of FA in relation to control larvae. In the second chapter, based on field sampling, our objective was to assess if reduction of physical habitat integrity, expressed by land use and reduction of marginal vegetation near to water bodies, reflected in higher levels in fluctuating asymmetry in P. cuvieri and Scinax fuscomarginatus larvae. In this case, with increased level of impact on the surrounding matrix, the larvae of both species showed increased of FA levels. In S. fuscomarginatus, the FA levels were also higher in environments with lower percentage of edge vegetation. In summary, it’s observed that increasing environmental stress, either through contamination by glyphosate or increased anthropogenic modification of the margins of water bodies, reflects in the higher development deviations on the frog’s larvae. The affected structures can be associated with sensory capabilities of the species, in which the increased frequency of these deviations can reduce individual fitness and influence the population homeostasis over time, directly contributing to species declines. / Há um consenso entre os pesquisadores do mundo de que a redução do número de espécies de anfíbios e o aumento da frequência de anormalidades nos atributos individuais estão associados à redução e à contaminação de hábitats. Com o avanço dos cultivos agrícolas, o aumento da aplicação de produtos químicos e a fragilidade das leis de proteção de ambientes aquáticos, os níveis de estresse ambiental aumentam significativamente. Dessa forma, as respostas biológicas podem favorecer as avaliações de impacto ambiental, principalmente em espécies que apresentam plasticidade em seus atributos comportamentais, morfológicos e/ou fisiológicos, como as larvas de anuros. A assimetria flutuante (AF) é uma ferramenta que se baseia na observação de desvios na homeostase do desenvolvimento de caracteres bilaterais e pode favorecer o biomonitoramento, esclarecendo qual tipo de fator estressante está agindo sobre uma população. Neste contexto, o presente estudo avalia como a assimetria flutuante em larvas de anuros pode elucidar o impacto de fatores estressantes. No primeiro capítulo, o objetivo foi testar, experimentalmente, se a exposição a doses de glifosato (herbicida Roundup® Original) afetam a sobrevivência e aumentam os desvios no desenvolvimento de larvas da espécie Physalaemus cuvieri. Na exposição aguda, a taxa de sobrevivência foi reduzida em níveis maiores de contaminação e o LC50 observado foi considerado moderadamente tóxico. Na exposição crônica, decorrente da contaminação, os indivíduos apresentaram maiores níveis de AF em relação às larvas do controle. No segundo capítulo, baseado em coletas de campo, o objetivo foi avaliar se a redução da integridade física dos hábitats, expressa pelo uso do solo nas proximidades e pela redução da vegetação marginal nos corpos d’água, refletem em maiores níveis de assimetria flutuante nas larvas de P. cuvieri e Scinax fuscomarginatus. Neste caso, com o aumento do nível de impacto na matriz circundante, as larvas de ambas as espécies apresentaram um aumento dos níveis de AF. Em S. fuscomarginatus, os níveis de AF também foram maiores em ambientes com menor porcentagem de vegetação nas bordas. Em suma, observa-se que o aumento do estresse ambiental, seja pela contaminação por glifosato ou pelo aumento da influência antrópica nas margens dos corpos d’água, reflete em maiores desvios no desenvolvimento das larvas de anuros. As estruturas afetadas podem estar associadas à capacidade sensorial das espécies, no qual o aumento da frequência destes desvios pode reduzir a aptidão individual e influenciar a homeostase da população ao longo do tempo, contribuindo diretamente com o declínio de espécies.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-02-06T14:01:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laís de Brito Rodrigues - 2016.pdf: 1513682 bytes, checksum: f083fb3e5a8cc62aa1d67ed3d78fbfe1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-02-06T14:01:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laís de Brito Rodrigues - 2016.pdf: 1513682 bytes, checksum: f083fb3e5a8cc62aa1d67ed3d78fbfe1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-06T14:01:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Laís de Brito Rodrigues - 2016.pdf: 1513682 bytes, checksum: f083fb3e5a8cc62aa1d67ed3d78fbfe1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Glyphosate-based herbicides are the most commonly used worldwide due to their effectiveness and they are relatively non-toxic to non-target species. Unlimited and uncontrolled use of such pesticides can lead to serious consequences in terms of human health and ecological balance. We evaluated the acute toxicity of active ingredient glyphosate (GLI) and two glyphosate-based formulations, Roundup Original (RUP) and Glyphosate AKB 480 (AKB) on different organisms: seeds of cucumber (Cucumis sativus), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), microcrustacean Artemia salina and zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stages. For germination endpoint, L. esculentum presented sensitivity (EC50 = 702.10 mg/L) for AKB and L. sativa for GLI exposure (EC50 = 612.30 mg/l) whereas the three substances induced significant toxic effect on root elongation of all tested species. GLI, RUP and AKB induced significant toxicity to A. salina and were classified as Category III according to Globally Harmonized Classification System (GHS) criteria. However, RUP (LC50-48h of 39.4 mg/L) was more toxic than GLI (LC50-48h of 65.24 mg/L) and AKB (LC50-48h of 104.20 mg/L). For embryo-larval toxicity test, RUP proved be more toxic than AKB for mortality endpoint (LC50-96h of 28.23 and 75.33 mg/L, respectively) and GLI (LC50 > 100 mg/L) while for hatching parameter, AKB (EC50-48h of 6.23 mg/L) was more toxic than RUP (EC50-48h of 8.29 mg/L) and GLI exposure did not affect the hatching process. We concluded that active ingredient (GLI), AKB and RUP glyphosate-based formulations are phytotoxic and induce toxic effects in non-target organisms like A. salina and zebrafish early life stage. In addition, our results shows the evaluation necessity of glyphosate-based formulations, once they present different toxic potentials on different organisms. / Herbicidas à base de glifosato são amplamente utilizados em todo o mundo devido à sua eficácia e pelo fato de serem relativamente não-tóxicos para espécies não-alvo. O uso indiscriminado desses praguicidas podem levar a consequências graves em termos de saúde humana e desequilíbrio de ecossistemas. O presente trabalho avaliou a toxicidade aguda do ingrediente ativo (GLI) e duas formulações à base de glifosato, Roundup Original (RUP) e Glifosato de AKB 480 (AKB), em diferentes organismos: sementes de pepino (Cucumis sativus), alface (Lactuca sativa) e tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum), microcrustáceo Artemia salina e fases iniciais de desenvolvimento de zebrafish (Danio rerio). Para o endpoint de germinação, L. esculentum mostrou-se sensível a exposição ao AKB com CE50 de 702,10 mg/L e L. sativa para a exposição ao GLI com CE50 de 612,30 mg/L. No entanto, as três substâncias induziram efeito tóxico significativo no alongamento da raiz de todas as espécies testadas. GLI, RUP e AKB induziram toxicidade significativa para A. salina e foram classificados na Categoria III de acordo com critérios do Sistema Globalmente Harmonizado de Classificação (GHS). No entanto, o RUP (CL50-48h de 39,4 mg/L) foi mais tóxico do que GLI (CL50-48h de 65,24 mg/L) e AKB (CL50-48h de 104,20 mg/L). Para o teste de toxicidade com as fases iniciais de zebrafish, RUP (CL50-96h de 28,23 mg/L) provou ser mais tóxico para o parâmetro de mortalidade do que AKB (CL50-96h de 75,33 mg/L) e GLI (CL50 > 100 mg/L), enquanto que para o endpoint de eclosão, AKB (CE50-48h de 6,23 mg/L) mostrou-se mais tóxico do que o RUP (CE50-48h de 8,29 mg/L) e a exposição GLI não afetou a eclosão das larvas. Concluiu-se que, tanto o ingrediente ativo glifosato, quanto as formulações AKB e RUP foram fitotóxicos para as três espécies de sementes e induziram efeitos tóxicos em organismos não-alvo como A. salina e zebrafish. Além disso, nossos dados apontam para a necessidade de avaliação das diversas formulações a base de glifosato, uma vez que as mesmas apresentam diferentes potenciais tóxicos para diferentes organismos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:16:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao mestrado Thiago Rocha.pdf: 3202693 bytes, checksum: 0519000d8f7c06ef3d8a404097ad8a82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-29 / The mechanism of acute toxicity of the commercial formulation glyphosate, Roundup Transorb® (RDT), was investigated in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) gills using proteomic technologies associated with analyses of histopathological indexes (HI´s), followed by quantification of histopathological lesions of the gills. Additionally, the present study describes a protocol for the analysis of fish behavior using measurements of the Index of morphofunctional behavior (Imb) and Total (Itb). The results indicate that the acute toxicity of RDT may change P. reticulata behavior as a consequence of changes in the expression of proteins associated with cyto-histopathological lesions of the gills. RDT LC50,96h for guppy females was 7.54 ± 0.93 μL.L-1, indicating that the species is moderately sensitive to this herbicide. Acute exposure to RDT sublethal concentration of 3.8 μL.L-1 induced time-dependent histopathological lesions of the gills in different epithelial and muscle cell types. HI´s were related to increase in severity and frequency of histopathological lesions and suggest that RDT may cause regressive, circulatory, and progressive disorders in the guppy gills. Two-dimensional electrophoresis associated with mass spectrometry and biocomputing permitted to verify 48 spots of proteins/isoforms regulated by RDT, which are involved in different cell processes, such as energy metabolism, regulation and maintenance of cytoskeleton, metabolism of nucleic acids and proteins in response to stress. The study of behavior biomarkers (BM´s) indicates that Imb and Itb were viable in the analysis of P. reticulata behavioral changes induced by RDT. Furthermore, proteomic and histological changes in the gills of P. reticulata induced by RDT may be histopathological and proteomic BM´s to biomonitor water pollution caused by glyphosate-based herbicides. / O mecanismo de toxicidade aguda da formulação comercial de glifosato, Roundup Transorb® (RDT), foi investigado para as brânquias do guaru (Poecilia reticulata) por meio de tecnologias proteômicas associadas às análises dos índices histopatológicos (HI´s), seguido da quantificação das lesões histopatológicas branquiais. Além disso, o presente trabalho também descreve um protocolo para análise do comportamento de peixes utilizando mensurações dos Índices de Comportamento Morfofuncional (Icmf) e Total (Ict). Os resultados indicam que a toxicidade aguda do RDT pode alterar o comportamento de P. reticulata como reflexo das mudanças de expressão das proteínas associadas às lesões cito-histopatológicas branquiais. A CL50,96h do RDT para as fêmeas do guaru foi de 7,54 ± 0,93 μL.L-1, a qual indica que esta espécie é moderadamente sensível a esse herbicida. A exposição aguda à concentração subletal de 3,8 μL.L-1 de RDT induziu lesões histopatológicas branquiais de modo tempo dependente em diferentes tipos celulares epiteliais e muscular. Os HI´s foram relacionados com o aumento da severidade e da frequência das lesões histopatológicas e apontam que o RDT pode causar distúrbios regressivos, circulatórios e progressivos nas brânquias do guaru. A eletroforese bidimensional associada à espectrometria de massa e bioinformática permitiu verificar 48 spots de proteínas/isoformas reguladas pelo RDT, as quais estão envolvidas em distintos processos celulares, tais como metabolismo energético, regulação e manutenção do citoesqueleto, metabolismo de ácidos nucléicos e proteínas de resposta ao estresse. O estudo dos biomarcadores (BM´s) comportamentais indica que o Icmf e o Ict foram viáveis na análise das alterações comportamentais de P. reticulata induzidas pelo RDT. Ademais, as modificações proteômicas e histológicas nas brânquias de P. reticulata induzidas pelo RDT podem ser BM´s histopatológicos e proteômicos no biomonitoramento da poluição aquática por herbicidas baseados em glifosato.

Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-02-11T12:23:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Michelle Furquim Leão - 2007.pdf: 19618077 bytes, checksum: 185360e935aab77ea3553e7a7d1c4093 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-12T10:57:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Michelle Furquim Leão - 2007.pdf: 19618077 bytes, checksum: 185360e935aab77ea3553e7a7d1c4093 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-12T10:57:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Michelle Furquim Leão - 2007.pdf: 19618077 bytes, checksum: 185360e935aab77ea3553e7a7d1c4093 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The sharp toxicity of the herbicide original Roundup (Glifosato), one of the more acquaintances and maybe one of the more used dessecantes in direct planting in the farmings in the area Centro Oeste and in every country now, it was investigated through the effects detected in the fish Poecilia viviparous... / A toxicidade aguda do herbicida Roundup original (Glifosato), um dos mais conhecidos e talvez um dos mais utilizados dessecantes em plantio direto nas lavouras na região Centro Oeste e em todo país atualmente, foi investigada através dos efeitos detectados no peixe Poecilia vivípara...

Numerous causes have been implicated in contributing to amphibian population declines since the 1980's, with habitat modification, ultraviolet radiation (UV-B) and environmental contaminants (such as glyphosate-based herbicide) being among the most common. This study identifies the effects of a generic glyphosate-based herbicide (GLY- 4 Plus) on mortality, immune function, body condition, and morphological plasticity of larvae of the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) under conditions that reflect open and closed canopy light regimes. Larval salamander responses to glyphosate-based herbicide varied depending on UV-B conditions. In general, it appears that an open canopy (i.e. greater UV-B exposure) may confer fitness benefits. In the presence of herbicide, survival was higher in an open canopy UV-B regime and pooled open canopy survival was higher than that of closed canopy treatments. In the absence of herbicide, body condition and immune function were positively related with amount of UV-B. Finally, herbicide presence appeared to affect morphology under low UV-B conditions. UV-induced breakdown of surfactant or a complex interaction between temperature stratification and trophic relations is potentially responsible for the observed patterns in survival and body condition. However, the mechanistic underpinnings of improved immune function and morphological differences are less clear. As deforestation is likely to continue, amphibians may find themselves in ponds with increasingly open canopies. Combined with the knowledge that some amphibians can become locally adapted to UV exposure and develop pesticide tolerance, the probability of surviving exposure to this herbicide may be elevated in open canopy ponds. These results emphasize the complexity of natural systems and the importance of including multiple factors in experiments.

Concentrations of herbicides in our aquatic ecosystems increase more and more. Among these, the herbicide glyphosate is the most common one. This ecotoxicological study was performed in order to examine the toxic effect of the herbicide glyphosate on aquatic invertebrates. Odonata were selected as study organisms in order to serve as bio-indicators of environmental contamination. Two populations, each of two species (Erythromma najas and Libellula quadrimaculata) were collected from four different locations, to study inter-specific differences, as well as, differences among populations within a species, in response to herbicide exposure. The experiment was conducted for 15 days in a 2 x 4 factorial design with 4 replicates (n = 32). The most common brand of weed-killer ‘Roundup’ containing 7.2 gL-1 of glyphosate) was used as source of glyphosate. Glyphosate was applied at a concentration of 7.6 mgL-1 in the experiment equalling the high end of environmentally relevant concentrations of glyphosate present in contaminated shallow waters. Response variables measured were larval survival, growth and activity. The results showed that glyphosate exposure reduced the survival of the larvae, but the magnitude of the glyphosate effects depended on species identity of the larvae and varied also with population within species. This study clearly shows that herbicide effects on invertebrate fitness depends on species identity and may even vary within species from different populations, possibly due to evolved resistance of random genetic variations between populations or due to random genetic variation between populations.

This is a case study dissertation to research the socio-political conflict surrounding Gilles Eric Séralini’s et al (2012) research on the toxicity of Monsanto’s NK603 line of corn and the herbicide Roundup. The study analyzes this conflict as a system of interconnected and often conflicting interests, assumptions and ideologies about how knowledge is created and transformed from the research stage to the policy implementation stage. The goal of this study is to: 1.) analyze critical surface level and underlying factors that contribute to the conflict; 2.) analyze systemic processes between national and international researchers, private interests and government policymakers in developing and implementing research protocols, policies and regulations pertaining (but not limited) to Monsanto’s NK603 corn and Roundup; 3.) identify potential patterns of knowledge transformation from the research stage to policy implementation. The theoretical approach used in this study considers social construction, critical theory and Kuhn’s theory of scientific revolution. In utilizing case study methodology, this study incorporates internal analysis of Séralini’s case with a basic comparative analysis of DDT and lead policy processes and knowledge transformation, using mainly secondary data sources supplemented with primary interview material from two select researchers using purposive sampling. By conducting this research, it is hoped that this study reveals a better understanding of the complex interconnected systems that help create and transform food safety policies and the science that supports and/or transforms them.

No description available.

Potential long-term (~7months) sub-lethal impacts of soil-applied low levels of Roundup herbicide formulation were investigated in a greenhouse environment using the vegetative clones of succulent non-crop plant model, Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken. An eleven day LC50 (concentration that killed 50% of the plants) was found to be 6.25% (~1.25mg glyphosate/mL and 1.25mg pelargonic acid/mL combined), and complete mortality occurred at 12.5%, of the field application rate (i.e., ~20mg glyphosate/mL and 20mg pelargonic acid/mL as active ingredients). While sub-lethal Roundup (1-5%) exposures led to hormesis-characterized by a significant increase in biomass and vegetative reproduction, higher concentrations (≥6.25%) were toxic. A significant interaction between Roundup concentrations and leaf biomass was found to influence the F1 plantlets' biomass. Biomass asymmetry generally increased with increasing Roundup concentrations, indicating that plants were more stressed at higher Roundup treatments but within the low-dose regime (≤5% of the as-supplied formulation). While leaf apex region demonstrated higher reproduction with lower biomass increase, leaf basal area showed lower reproduction with greater biomass increase, in plantlets. The results suggest long-term exposures to drifted low levels of Roundup in soil may promote biomass and reproduction in B. pinnatum.

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, vectors for many human diseases, begin life as larvae developing in water, potentially exposed to runoff with herbicides and pesticides. This study serves as a novel investigation into the transstadial effects of exposure to Roundup on A. aegypti life history, immunity, and stress response and aims to account for these effects in an R0 model for vectorborne disease transmission. Prior work has shown that Roundup negatively affects mosquito life history. I hypothesized that larval exposure to the maximum sublethal dose of Roundup (7189µg/L) would negatively impact A. aegypti life history, immunity (candidate gene approach), and stress response (heat shock protein expression and fluctuating asymmetry). No significant differences were found for survival from the larval to adult stages, body size, size or shape fluctuating asymmetry, or sex ratio. However, the Roundup treatment group developed significantly slower for both time to pupation and to adult eclosion (both p < 0.0001). Adult immune gene expression showed no difference between groups, but the larval immune genes Dome (JAK-STAT pathway) and Spatzle (TOLL pathway) were downregulated in the Roundup treatment (p=0.0383 and p=0.0035, respectively), suggesting the larvae have reduced immunity. This study suggests that Roundup may have off-target effects on A. aegypti mosquitoes that are unaccounted for by current models, and these effects may potentially alter disease transmission to human hosts.