O envolvimento de adolescentes com a prática de atos infracionais, no Brasil, ocupa espaço significativo no debate público. No entanto, tal debate carece de profundidade, pois pouco se relaciona ao conhecimento cientificamente produzido sobre o fenômeno. De acordo com a literatura acadêmica especializada no tema, um melhor conhecimento dos fatores associados à pratica de atos infracionais permitiria não só auxiliar na proposição de políticas públicas voltadas à prevenção deste problema, mas também no desenvolvimento de formas mais eficientes de intervenção, baseadas nas necessidades específicas apresentadas pelos adolescentes em conflito com a lei. Em meio aos diferentes fatores que devem ser pesquisados, no presente trabalho focalizam-se especificamente aqueles subentendidos sob o conceito de Normas e de Rotina, no referencial da Teoria da Regulação Social e Pessoal da Conduta, cujo autor principal é Marc Le Blanc. Divide-se assim o presente trabalho em dois estudos. O Estudo 1 trata de regulação normativa que opera por meio do mecanismo de socialização, e se refere à internalização, pelo adolescente, das normas sociais de conduta tidas como convencionais, o que promoveria um nível de constrangimento interno capaz de atuar como barreira ao envolvimento em atividades delituosas. Nesse sentido, maior adesão às normas, menos atitudes favoráveis ao comportamento divergente, mais atitudes de respeito a figuras de autoridade, maior percepção de risco de apreensão e menor utilização de técnicas de neutralização das barreiras psicológicas à emissão do comportamento indicariam um maior índice de constrangimento interno e, portanto, uma probabilidade reduzida de se engajar persistentemente em atividades divergentes/infracionais. O objetivo geral deste Estudo foi caracterizar a regulação da conduta em adolescentes pelas normas, no contexto sociocultural brasileiro. Utilizou-se o questionário de Normas proposto por Le Blanc, um questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica e a Entrevista de Delinquência Autorrevelada. Os dados foram coletados junto a 48 adolescentes Infratores e a 102 Escolares. Os resultados reforçam a importância do aspecto normativo para o melhor entendimento acerca dos fatores que explicam a conduta divergente em adolescentes. No Estudo 2 focalizou-se as atividades de rotina que podem se associar ao comportamento delituoso por meio do mecanismo de aprendizagem, na medida em que as diversas atividades nas quais o adolescente investe seu tempo constituem-se em contexto onde o comportamento divergente/infracional pode ser adquirido e reforçado. De acordo com a literatura, as atividades sem objetivos específicos, acompanhadas por pares de idade e que ocorrem na ausência de alguma figura de autoridade são aquelas que melhor explicam o comportamento delituoso de um adolescente. O objetivo geral deste Estudo foi caracterizar a regulação da conduta pela rotina em adolescentes, no contexto sociocultural brasileiro. Foram utilizados 3 instrumentos: o questionário de Rotina proposto por Le Blanc, um questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica e a Entrevista de Delinquência Autorrevelada. As análises foram feitas com base nas respostas de 102 adolescentes recrutados em escolas públicas. Os resultados comprovam a relevância das Atividades de Rotina como fator explicativo para o comportamento delituoso, com ênfase para os efeitos provocados pelos Pares, pela Família e pela frequentação de Lugares destinados aos adultos. Em síntese, ambos estudos reforçam a importância dos sistemas de regulação estudados e colocam em pauta a necessidade de outros trabalhos, que possam avançar nas questões apontadas dentro da Regulação pela Rotina e pelas Normas. / The involvement of adolescents with the practice of infractions in Brazil takes up significant space in the public debate. However, this debate lacks depth, because it\'s little related to scientifically produced knowledge about the phenomenon. According to the academic literature specialized in the subject, a better understanding of the factors associated with the practice of illegal acts would not only assist the public policy proposal aimed at preventing this problem, but also the development of more efficient ways of intervention, based on the specific needs presented by adjudicated boys. Among the various factors that should be investigated, in this work are focused specifically those implied in the concept of Norms and Routines in the framework of Personal and Social Control Behavior Theory, whose lead author is Marc Le Blanc. So this work is divided in two studies. Study 1 comes to normative regulation that works through the socialization mechanism, and refers to the internalization, made by the adolescent, of social norms of conduct taken as conventional, which would promote a level of internal constraint capable of acting as a barrier to involvement in infraction activities. Thus, greater adherence to norms, less favorable attitudes to deviant behavior, more attitudes of respect for authority figures, greater perception of sanction risks and less use of neutralization techniques of psychological barriers would indicate a greater level of internal constraint and therefore a reduced likelihood of engaging in divergent/infractional activities persistently. The aim of this study was to characterize the regulation of conduct in adolescents by the Norms in the Brazilian socio-cultural context. The instruments used were the Norm Questionnaire proposed by Le Blanc, a Socio Demographic Characterization Questionnaire and a Auto Report Delinquency Interview. Data were collected from 48 adjudicated boys and 102 school boys. The results reinforce the importance of normative system for better understanding of the factors that explain the divergent behavior in adolescents. The Study 2 focuses on the routine activities that may be associated with the delinquent behavior through the learning mechanism, as various activities in which adolescents investing their time are in the context where the divergent/infractional behavior can be acquired and strengthened. According to the literature, the activities without specific objectives accompanied by peers of age that occur in the absence of any authority figure are those that best explain the infractional conduct of a teenager man. The aim of this study was to characterize the regulation of conduct by the routine in adolescents in the Brazilian Sociocultural context. Three instruments were used: the Routine Questionnaire proposed by Le Blanc, a Socio Demographic Characterization Questionnaire and the Auto Report Delinquency Interview. Analyses were based on 102 adolescents responses recruited from public schools. The results show the relevance of Routine Activities as an explanatory factor for infractional behavior during the adolescence, with emphasis on the effects of the Peers, the Family and by Frequenting Places Intended for Adults. In short, both studies reinforce the importance of the studied regulation systems and put on the agenda the need for other work that can advance the issues raised within the regulation by the Routine and the Norms.

Introduction: Crime victimization is a problem affecting both individuals and societies. Previous research has looked at the associations between victimization and other factors, and many countries employ self-reported victimization surveys to establish what the victimization patterns look like at different societal levels. Aims: By examining victimization proportions and patterns, this study aimed to further the understanding of what the crime victimization problem looks like in a medium-sized Swedish city. Method: 149 men and 146 women, for a total of 295 inhabitants of Sundsvall, answered self-reported victimization surveys based on the Swedish Crime Survey. The gathered data was subsequently quantified and analyzed. Results: In total, 11.9 % of the sample reported some type of victimization. Overall, men were more likely to be victimized than women, and crimes against persons were more common than crimes against property. Occupation and socio-economic status were significantly associated with victimization. More than half of the victimizations were not reported to the police, and victimization was significantly associated with a lower trust in the criminal justice system and the police. Conclusion: Medium-sized cities like Sundsvall seem to have considerably lower proportions of victimization than the counties, regions and nation as a whole. The rates of reporting and patterns of victimization found, however, are in accord with findings on other societal levels and could to some extent be explained through the principles of the routine activities/lifestyle theory. / <p>2017-06-01</p>

My dissertation sought to expand the study of victimization by examining non-linear relationships across victim, offender, and offense characteristics within a routine activities theory framework. Moreover, my goals were to assess victimization risk using a more realistic approach through the implementation of a situational perspective approach and conjunctive analysis. Conjunctive analysis is an analytical with both quantitative and qualitative properties, which allowed for interpretations that were detail oriented and summative. Utilizing data from the National Crime Victimization Survey, several victim (e.g., demographic factors), offender (e.g., victim-offender relationship), and offense (contextual factors) characteristics were analyzed. Conjunctive analysis was estimated for incidents by victimization type and by race/ethnicity. The results indicated the presence of main (linear) effects and interaction (non-linear) effects. Main effects by victimization type provided support for prior research on victimization risk, such as the majority of victims emerging as young, white, and male. Interaction effects revealed young and female victims were vulnerable to attacks from non-stranger offenders; whereas, older and male victims were prone to stranger attacks. When estimated by race and ethnicity, whites and blacks were also more likely to be attacked by someone with whom they were familiar; whereas, victims categorized as other were more likely to be attacked by strangers. Theoretical and policy implications were discussed.

Fear of crime is an issue that has long been a part of mainstream society through politics and media. However, research on the specific mechanisms of fear and the effects on behavior is sparse. After considering the victim-offender overlap consistently found within the literature, the present study was based on the theory posed within Schreck, Stewart, and Fisher (2006) in which those who are low in self-control may have altered perceptions of fear or risk of crime that might increase the likelihood that the individual will be in risky locations conducive to victimization. The current study also included a novel feature in which fear of crime is measured by two separate constructs, an emotional fear response to crime as well as a cognitive risk perception of crime as suggested in Rountree and Land (1996). This study will utilize data collected from 3,692 seventh-graders in Kentucky as part of the Rural Substance Abuse and Violence Project. It is believed that this study will help to better explain the process behind school victimization in particular, not only for intervention and prevention purposes for offending behavior, but to also prevent victimization.

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka sambandet mellan kriminalitet, viktimisering och exponering för kriminogena situationer. Självrapporterad data samlades in vid tre tillfällen från 525 Malmöungdomar, varav 320 uppfyllde studiens inkluderingskriterier. Resultaten visar att mycket tid spenderad oövervakad, mycket tid ägnad åt ostrukturerade aktiviteter, mycket tid i sällskap med vänner samt alkoholkonsumtion samvarierar med brottslighet och viktimisering i varierande utsträckning. Sambanden varierar dock i förhållande till de båda utfallsvariablerna och deltagarnas ålder. Livsstils-rutinaktivitetsteorin kan förklara resultaten men behöver i framtiden ta större hänsyn till ålder. Studiens två slutsatser är att (1) brottslighet och viktimisering bör betraktas som två olika men klart relaterade företeelser i förhållande till exponering för kriminogena situationer och att (2) ålder måste tas i beaktande i forskning om exponering för kriminogena situationer eftersom sambanden mellan exponering och de båda utfallsvariablerna varierar från tidiga till sena tonår. / This study aims to examine offending and victimization in relation to situational criminogenic exposure. Self-reported data was collected at three occasions from a sample of 525 adolescents in Malmö, of which 320 fulfilled the study’s inclusion criteria. The results show that spending a lot of time unsupervised, pursuing unstructured activities, spending a lot of time with peers, and alcohol use, are associated with offending and victimization to various extent. However, the associations vary according to outcome and in relation to the participants’ age. Lifestyle-Routine Activities Theory may explain the findings, but needs to consider age as an important factor in the future. The two conclusions from this study are that (1) offending and victimization should be treated as two different, yet related concepts in relation to situational criminogenic exposure, and that (2) it is important to add an age dimension to the study of situational criminogenic exposure because the associations between the exposure variables and the outcome variables vary from early to late adolescence.

This thesis explores how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted wildlife rangers with an emphasis on the influences of tourism rates. Two sets of data are used: one is a survey of rangers around the world and the other looks at global governmental tourism data. While coming from a routine activities perspective, the problem of decreased capable guardianship becomes apparent in the form of massively decreased tourism arrivals and troubling ranger perceptions. This data allows for the establishment of tourism trends and changes during COVID. The findings of this thesis link the downturn in tourism with impacts on formal and informal guardianship within protected areas. Recommendations and discussions include potential ways to preserve guardianship in future pandemic settings.

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