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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Análise química e avaliação das atividades biológicas e comportamentais de extratos de frutas ricas em compostos fenólicos (mirtilo e amora-preta) / Chemical analysis and evaluation of the biological and behavioral activities of extracts of fruits rich in phenolic compounds (Blueberry and blackberry)

Ramirez, Maria Rosana January 2008 (has links)
O presente estudo teve como objetivos: determinar o teor dos polifenóis: flavonóides e antocianos totais presentes nos extratos de mirtilo (Vaccinium ashei) e amora preta (Rubus sp) por espectrofotometria; desenvolver e validar uma metodologia analítica para a caracterização dos extratos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), identificar, isolar e quantificar os principais compostos; avaliar a atividade anticolinesterásica, antioxidante frente à difenilpicrilhidrazol (DPPH) e anti-quimiotática in vitro; realizar a dosagem de aminas biogênicas no cérebro, investigar as possíveis atividades antinociceptiva, antiinflamatória, antiepiléptica, cognitiva e neuroprotetora do extrato de Vaccinium ashei, e o efeito neuroprotetor de um composto isolado a partir de Rubus: a cianidina, em vários modelos experimentais in vivo, em ratos e camundongos. Os perfis cromatográficos apresentaram compostos comuns às duas amostras; onde foram identificados 4 flavonóides, sendo hiperosídeo, quercitrina e isoquercitrina comuns a ambos extratos, e a rutina confirmada apenas em Rubus. Cinco antocianidinas foram identificadas em Vaccinium: delfinidina, cianidina, petunidina, peonidina e malvidina, e a cianidina em Rubus. Os resultados demonstraram, diferenças nas quantidades totais de polifenóis, flavonóides e antocianos. Todos os extratos, apresentaram atividade seqüestradora do radical DPPH in vitro. A atividade antiquimiotática in vitro foi comprovada para a fração flavonoídica. Os ensaios biológicos realizados in vivo demonstraram que o extrato preparado a partir de uma mistura de diferentes cultivares de Vaccinium ashei apresentou efeitos antinociceptivos nos testes da formalina sub-plantar, contorções abdominais, placa quente e tail flick. Produziu também efeito neuroprotetor, avaliado pelo ensaio cometa e pelo método de TOSC. Também causou aumento da atividade locomotora, assim como exerceu um efeito ansiolítico em roedores adultos. Facilitou a memória de curta duração e a Memória de longa duração e produziu um aumento de 5-HT no estriado e hipocampo de ratos adultos. Foi observado também que a cianidina isolada exerceu atividade neuroprotetora conforme avaliado pelo método de TOSC em ratos adultos. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no modelo de epilepsia, entre o grupo tratado e o grupo controle, assim como não foram detectadas alterações no sistema dopaminérgico. Em síntese, os dados analisados em conjunto, permitem sugerir que o extrato de Vaccinium ashei e compostos isolados a partir de Rubus sp., como a cianidina, apresentam importante efeito neuroprotetivo, antinociceptivo e cognitivo, e nesta ação está envolvida a participação direta ou indireta dos receptores serotonérgico, acetilcolinérgicos, opióides e de citocinas pró-inflamatórias. Neste sentido, foram obtidos avanços significativos acerca dos mecanismos de ação de ambos gêneros o que torna o seu extrato e seus princípios ativos interessantes para o aproveitamento e desenvolvimento de novos alimentos funcionais e/ou nutracêuticos. / The objectives of this study were: comparing total phenolics, total anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity in appropriate berry samples from selected cultivars of the Vaccinium ashei and Rubus. A reliable HPLC procedure for determining the profile, quantifying and isolating of major compounds present in the extracts have been developed. The potential effects of the extracts were observed by chemotaxis assay, by acetilcholinesterasic inhibition, and their antioxidant properties evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in vitro. Otherwise, we examined the antinociceptive, antiinflammatory, cognitive, anti-epileptic and neuroprotective effects of the extract of Vaccinium ashei in several experimental models in vivo, as well as biogenic amine concentration, in specific brain regions in rats and mice. In addition, it was tested the efficacy of oral administration of cyanidin-3-glucoside extracted from Rubus sp. in lipid peroxidation in brain rats (TOSC). An HPLC method for the analysis of anthocyanidins and flavonoids in berries extracts have been developed. The data obtained show that various compounds are common in the fruits analyzed, and four flavonoids were identified: hyperoside, quercetrin and isoquercitrin occurring in both fruits, and rutin occurring only in Rubus. Five anthocyanidins were identified in Vaccinium: delphinidin, cyanidin, peonidin, petunidin, and malvidin, and in Rubus cyanidin 3-glucoside was the major anthocyanin. We found that the flavonoids fractions significantly have inhibited migration celullar and acetilcholynestarase, and both total extract and fractions exhibited strong antioxidant activity. The extract (a mixture from the different cultivars) significantly enhanced short and long-term memory in the inhibitory avoidance task, induced an increase in the number of crossings during open field habituation, and had an anxiolytic effect in the elevated plus-maze task. These processes are accompanied by alterations in serotonin (5-HT) in the striatum, and the hippocampus. Cyanidin 3-glucoside isolated significantly reduced lipid peroxidation in hippocampal tissue in rats. In conclusion, the data from the current study show that the Vaccinum extract produce an important neuroprotective, cognitive and antinociceptive effect, which could be related with a direct or indirect interaction with the serotonergic, cholinergic, opioids receptors and pro-inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, the extract don’t have protected the pentilenotetrazole-induced convulsions in mice, or influenced the memory retention in old rats when accessed in the step-down inhibitory avoidance, and showed no anxiolytic action in an elevated plus maze. The Vaccinium ashei extract did not alter locomotor activity, and the dopamine concentration in adult or old rats.
32

Estudo do efeito de respostas de hipersensibilidade sobre a parede celular em cultura de células de amora-preta (Rubus fruticosus) / study of the effects of hypersensitive response on cell wall in blackberry-black cell culture (Rubus fruticosus)

Fernando Aparecido Mariano de Souza 23 February 2007 (has links)
Como os outros organismos, as plantas têm a habilidade de se defenderem através do reconhecimento de patógenos (resposta de hipersensibilidade - RH), causando a morte imediata das células no sítio primário da infecção, desta maneira oferecendo resistência ao seu crescimento. A RH é caracterizada pela necrose dos tecidos neste local, através de muitos sinais ainda não completamente elucidados, como a formação de radicais livres, incluindo o peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), e o reforço da parede celular. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer a relação entre esses sinais em cultura de células de amora-preta (Rubus fruticosus). As condições experimentais para a análise da parede celular, das espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) e do H2O2 foram padronizadas. O polissacarídeo ácido (ramnoglucuronogalactana, F-I), o ácido salicílico (AS), e o metil jasmonato (MeJA), bem estabelecidos efetores da resposta da defesa, foram usados como elicitores. A produção das EROs e do H2O2 foram ativadas por F-I e pelo AS, seguidos da liberação de fragmentos de dissacarídeos da parede celular, aparentemente devido a sua degradação. Por outro lado, uma produção pequena de EROs e de H2O2 foram observadas na presença de MeJA, assim como um aumento de fragmentos de massa molecular mais elevada, que podem funcionar como sinais para o reforço da parede celular, indução de enzimas e para a produção de outra moléculas de defesa. Quando da elicitação, concomitante, com dois elicitores, AS + MeJA, houve a inibição da produção de EROs causada pelo MeJA e foi mantida a liberação de compostos extracelulares de massa molecular mais elevada. / Like the other organisms, plants have the ability to self-defend through recognition of pathogens (hypersensitive response - HR), causing immediate cell death at the primary infection site, thus offering resistance to their grown. The HR is characterized by necrosis of tissues in this site via many signals still not completely elucidated, like formation of free radicals including H2O2 and reinforcement of cell wall. The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between these signals in blackberry-black cell culture (Rubus fruticosus). The experimental conditions for analysis of cell wall, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and H2O2, were established. Acid polysaccharide (rhamnoglucuronogalactan, F-I), salicylic acid (SA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), well established effectors of the defense response, were used as elicitors. ROS and H2O2 production was activated by F-I and SA, followed by release of fragments like disaccharides from the cell wall, apparently due to its degradation. By contrast, a small production of ROS and H2O2 was observed in presence of MeJA, as well as an increase of high molecular weight fragments, that may function as signals for reinforcement of cell wall, enzyme induction and production of others defense molecules. Together, the two elicitors SA and MeJA inhibited the ROS production, caused by MeJA, while sustaining release of the extra cellular compounds of high molecular weight.
33

Regulação hormonal da biossíntese de antocianinas em framboesas (Rubus idaeus) no período pós-colheita / Hormonal regulation on anthocyanin biossynthesis in raspberry (Rubus idaeus) on postharvest.

Laís Moro 29 August 2013 (has links)
Nos frutos, a cor é fundamental para a aceitabilidade inicial do consumidor, especialmente para os chamados \"pequenos frutos\" como morangos e framboesas, sendo um critério tradicional para a apreciação e seleção do estado de maturação. Em framboesas (Rubus idaeus), as pesquisas têm focado a síntese de antocianinas, os pigmentos mais abundantes nesta espécie. Seus precursores provem da via de biossíntese dos fenilpropanóides, porém os fatores que regulam a atividade dessa via metabólica ainda são pouco conhecidos. Sabe-se que alguns hormônios como o etileno, o ácido indol-3-acético (AIA), o ácido abscísico (ABA) e o metil-jasmonato (MJ) estão relacionados à inibição da síntese ou aumento no acúmulo destes flavonóides. Neste contexto, o objetivo do trabalho é avaliar o efeito destes fatores hormonais sobre a biossíntese de antocianinas em framboesas da cultivar (cv.) Autumn Bliss. Foram avaliados os efeitos dos hormônios sobre as características físico-químicas e fisiológicas dos frutos (açúcares solúveis, ácidos orgânicos, respiração, síntese de etileno, cor), conteúdo de compostos fenólicos e flavonóides. Também foram quantificados os níveis de AIA livre, ABA e MJ e a expressão relativa das enzimas antocianidina sintase (ANS), dihidroflavonol redutase (DFR) e do fator de transcrição MYB10, regulador da transcrição de genes da via de biossíntese de antocianinas em framboesas. As alterações mais significativas foram observadas no tratamento com MJ, para o qual os frutos apresentaram acentuada produção de etileno (sem efeito sobre a respiração) e também na cor, mais acentuada nos frutos maduros deste grupo em comparação com os frutos do grupo controle. O MJ também induziu aumento nos níveis de expressão relativa de MYB, ANS e DFR, nos dois primeiros dias pós-colheita. Outro grupo que se destacou foi o tratado com AIA por apresentar inibição na síntese de antocianinas e compostos fenólicos, a qual foi correlacionada à inibição da transcrição do MYB e ANS. O ABA por sua vez, inibiu o acúmulo de transcritos da DFR, de forma correlata ao menor acúmulo de antocianinas. Exceto pelo ACC, que não produziu efeitos significativos em nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados, os resultados indicam que o metabolismo de antocianinas deve ser regulado por múltiplos sinais hormonais. / The color is fundamental for the fruits, for the initial acceptability of the consumers, is a factor that influence the appreciation and selection of the maturity stage, especially for berries, like strawberries and raspberries. In raspberries (Rubus idaeus), the research have focused on the anthocyanin biosynthesis, the pigments most frequent on this species. Their precursors came from the phenylpropanoid pathway but the factors that regulate this metabolic pathway remain unclear. There are evidences that some phytohormones as ethylene, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) are related to the inhibition or increase of these flavonoids on fruits. In this context, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of these phytohormones on the anthocyanin pathway in raspberries Autumn Bliss. It was evaluated the effects of these phytohormones in some physico-chemical and physiologic characteristics of these fruits (soluble sugars, organic acids, respiration, ethylene biosynthesis, color), phenolic compounds and flavonoid content. Also, it was quantified the auxin, ABA and MJ levels, and the relative transcript levels of anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and the transcriptional factor MYB10, a transcriptional regulator of the anthocyanin pathway in raspberries. The most significant alterations were observed on MJ treatment, in which the ethylene production in berries reach the highest levels (without effect on the respiration) and the most intense red color on ripe fruits in comparison with the control group. MJ also induced the increase on relative expression of MYB, ANS and DFR two days after harvest prior to the anthocyanin accumulation. Other noticeable effect was detected in the IAA group in which anthocyanin synthesis and phenolic compound content were inhibited and related to the inhibition of MYB and ANS transcription. ABA inhibited the DFR transcript accumulation, related to the delay in anthocyanins synthesis in relation to control group. Except by ACC, that did not have significant effects in any of the evaluated parameters, the results suggest that the anthocyanin metabolism might be regulate for multiple hormonal signs.
34

Efecto antibacteriano y antifúngico comparativo de los extractos acuosos del Zea mays L. (maíz morado), Rubus glaucus (mora andina); Opuntia soherensii (ayrampo) y diseño de un gel de limpieza cutánea

Soto Huamaní, Hersh Marco Polo January 2014 (has links)
El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la actividad antimicrobiana de los extractos de los frutos de Zea Mays L. (maíz morado), Rubus glaucus (mora) y Opuntia soherensii (ayrampo); y el diseñar un gel de limpieza cutánea a base de los extractos que contenga mejores resultados de inhibición de crecimiento bacteriano y fúngico. Los frutos del Zea Mays L. y Rubus glaucus fueron recolectados en el departamento de Lima, provincias de Canta y Huarochirí respectivamente; y los del Opuntia soherensii (ayrampo) fueron recolectados en el departamento de Ayacucho, provincia de Paucar del Sara Sara. El trabajo se desarrolló en dos etapas: obtención, caracterización y determinación de la actividad antimicrobiana de los extractos y el diseño, formulación, elaboración, caracterización, determinación de la actividad antimicrobiana de un gel de limpieza cutánea. Finalmente, se evaluó el sinergismo de la actividad antibacteriana de los extractos del Opuntia soherensii (ayrampo) y del Rubus glaucus (mora) incorporados en el gel base. Los extractos fueron sometidos a un screening fitoquímico identificándose la presencia de compuestos fenólicos, taninos, flavonoides, azúcares reductores. Asimismo, se determinó su actividad antibacteriana y antifúngica por el método de difusión en agar. Los extractos de los frutos se obtuvieron por dos tipos de extracción (una acuosa y la otra alcohólica). Los extractos obtenidos por extracción alcohólica de los frutos del Rubus glaucus (mora) y Opuntia soherensii (ayrampo) demostraron mejor actividad. La formulación del gel se realizó en base a la estabilidad y consistencia del producto. La adición de los extractos al gel base dieron resultados positivos, determinándose su actividad antibacteriana y antifúngica por el método de difusión en agar. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con el gel donde se incorporó el extracto seco (obtenido por extracción alcohólica) del Opuntia soherensii (ayrampo).
35

Comparative Pollination Efficacies of Bees on Raspberry and the Management of <i>Osmia lignaria</i> for Late Blooming Crops

Andrikopoulos, Corey J. 01 August 2018 (has links)
Unlike other rosaceous fruit crops such as apple and cherry, commercial raspberry cultivars are largely self-fertile and can set fruit in the absence of pollinators. However, their floral morphology often prevents complete self-pollaintion. Incomplete pollination yields unmarketable small or crumbly fruits. Insect visitation is therefore essential to maximizing raspberry yield. Honey bees are typically used to pollinate commercial raspberry; however, escalating prices for hive rentals coupled with increasing acreage encourage evaluation of other manageable pollinators. Bumble bees (Bombus spp.) and several mason bees (Osmia spp.) are promising raspberry pollinators. Five bee species were evaluated and compared for their single-visit pollination efficacies on raspberry. From this a pollinator effectiveness index was created and an estimation of the minimum number of visits required to maximize fruit set was calculated. This estimation was then experimentally verified. Finally, in an attempt to synchronize their brief activity period with raspberry bloom, winter management options aimed at delaying the emergence of the mason bee, O. lignaria, were investigated. All five bee species proved excellent pollinators of raspberry. None of the alternative manageable species greatly outperformed honey bees. For this reason honey bees remain the most economical and practical option for open-field raspberry pollination. The adoption of alternative manageable bees could still be justified in other production systems, such as high-tunnel or greenhouse grown raspberry, which hamper honey bees’ ability to forage effectively. The pollinator effectiveness score for honey bees suggested that as few as two visits can achieve maximum fruit set. This estimate was confirmed through experimentation on three different red raspberry cultivars. For two of these cultivars, just one visit yielded drupelet counts similar to openly-pollinated flowers. This information can be used to help refine stocking density estimates for honey bees on raspberry. Wintering bees at 0° or -3° C rather than 4° C effectively delayed emergence of O. lignaria by more than a month without any impact on post-winter performance. These results suggest winter storage at near freezing temperatures is a viable management option for the use of O. lignaria with later-blooming crops.
36

Distribución y condiciones ambientales asociadas a la invasión de Rubus ulmifolius schott (Zarzamora) en la Reserva Nacional Río Clarillo

Cifuentes Lepimán, Vanessa Natalia January 2018 (has links)
Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniera Forestal / Las invasiones biológicas generan diversas alteraciones, modificando la estructura y composición de especies en los ecosistemas afectados, además de promover las extinciones locales y generar daños económicos. Un claro ejemplo de ello es la invasión de Rubus ulmifolius en la Reserva Nacional Río Clarillo, la cual se presenta como la especie invasora más difícil de controlar dentro de la reserva. Este estudio tiene por objetivo identificar las condiciones biofísicas y vegetacionales asociadas a la invasión de R. ulmifolius en las zonas ribereñas de la Reserva Nacional Río Clarillo, para generar medidas de control priorizadas que permitan aminorar los efectos de la invasión de dicha especie. Para ello, se caracterizó la invasión de R. ulmifolius en la zona de uso intensivo de la Reserva Nacional Río Clarillo mediante la realización de una Carta de Ocupación de Tierras (COT) y el estudio de 50 parcelas circulares de 78 m2 cada una con la presencia de la especie invasora y 50 parcelas sin la presencia de R. ulmifolius. Se elaboró un modelo de regresión logístico binario que indica cuales son variables biofísicas y vegetacionales que influyen en la presencia de R. ulmifolius. Finalmente, se determinaron zonas prioritarias para el control de la especie, mediante el análisis de las zonas invadidas, conservación de especies nativas y a las necesidades de manejo público que requiere la Reserva.
37

Genetic Diversity in Native and Invasive <i>Rubus </i>(Rosaceae)

Wint, Ashley A 01 August 2008 (has links)
Invasive species are an increasing threat to biological diversity as well as a leading cause of recent species’ extinctions. Invasives spread quickly and efficiently, and the U.S spends millions of dollars annually in the control and eradication of these species. More information is necessary in order to predict which species may become invasive. Rubus (Rosaceae) was chosen for study because this genus includes various ploidy levels, reproductive modes, and species that are invasive as well as native. Three Rubus species were chosen to represent apomictic and tetraploid invasives (Rubus armeniacus), a sexual and diploid native species (R. occidentalis), and a sexual and diploid invasive species (R. phoenicolasius). Specimens were collected across the U.S. and two different genetic fingerprinting techniques were used; Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) and Randomly Amplified Fingerprints (RAF). Using three AFLP primers and two RAF primers, genetic similarity was determined and phylograms were constructed. Through statistical analysis and phylogram data it was determined that there might be slightly more genetic diversity in native R. occidentalis than in invasive R. phoenicolasius. Genetic diversity between apomictic and tetraploid Rubus armeniacus and the two sexual and diploid Rubus species were so similar that no distinction could be made, although the mean pairwise distances and mean number of alleles were significantly different. It was also found that geographic distance and genetic similarity do not appear to be related in these three Rubus species. During the course of this study it was also observed that the AFLP technique produced more alleles than the RAF technique, although this difference was not significant.
38

Avian seed dispersers of the invasive Rubus niveus (Rosaceae) in Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, Ecuador

Soria Carvajal, Monica Cecilia. January 2006 (has links)
Title from title page of PDF (University of Missouri--St. Louis, viewed March 10, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 26-31).
39

Late yellow rust (Pucciniastrum americanum (Farl.) Arth.) of Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)

Luffman, Margie January 1988 (has links)
No description available.
40

Characterization of the strawberry pathogen Gnomonia fragariae, and biocontrol possibilities /

Moročko, Inga, January 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

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