This essay focuses on the alienation experienced by Rusty-James in S.E. Hinton’s Rumble Fish (1975). It more specifically centers on the causes of his alienation and how the alienation is illustrated in the novel. The analysis shows that the alienation Rusty-James experiences is caused partly by socioeconomic factors; for example his lack of hope for the future is closely connected to the fact that he belongs to a low socioeconomic class. In addition, there are also psychological factors, for example a childhood trauma. The alienation and its causes are mainly illustrated through the symbolism of the featured Siamese fighting fish and how Rusty-James’ relationships are depicted.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Systems Engineering / Malgorzata J. Rys / Centerline rumble strips (CLRS) are effective in preventing cross-over crashes and are promoted in the United States (U.S.) as a low-cost safety measure. However, there may be negative issues and/or concerns that question their use under certain road conditions. This dissertation is the result of studying these issues and concerns to provide guidance to policy makers on future installations of CLRS, based on current good practices and on the results of specific investigations of exterior noise, safety effectiveness, economics, and drivers’ behavior, including their interaction with shoulders and shoulder rumble strips (SRS). From a survey conducted, good practices in the U.S. were summarized. From a before-and-after study of CLRS safety effectiveness, results showed that total correctable crashes were reduced by 29.21%. Crashes involving fatalities and injuries were reduced by 34.05%. Cross-over crashes were reduced by 67.19%, and run-off-the-road crashes were reduced by 19.19%. Both Naïve and Empirical Bayes methods were applied and showed statistically similar results. There was no statistical difference between football shaped and rectangular shaped CLRS. From the external noise study performed, it was found that external noise depends on vehicle speed, type of vehicle, and distance. Both football and rectangular CLRS substantially increased the levels of external noise at distances up to 45 m (150 ft). Therefore, before installing CLRS, the distance from houses or businesses should be considered. A distance of 60 m (200 ft) was recommended as the limit of the potential exterior noise problem area. From a study of drivers’ behavior, the analyzed configurations of rumble strips and shoulder width levels affected vehicular lateral position and speed levels, although speed deviations were not practically significant. The study of safety performance function models provided technical and economical recommendations for installation of CLRS. Overall, this study recommends the installation of CLRS on rural, two-lane, undivided rural roads in Kansas. Both patterns, rectangular and football, currently installed in Kansas have provided crash reductions, which have been reflected in economic benefits for society. Shoulder width and traffic volume should be considered as crash predictors for enhancement of the benefits. Guidelines were recommended for future better applications of CLRS.

The research in this thesis was conducted to investigate the initial stage of passing maneuvers on a rural, two-lane, two-way (RTLTW) highway with centerline rumble strips (CRSs). Four measures of effectiveness were used: (1) number and type of erratic movements by a passing vehicle, (2) number of and time between centerline encroachments of a passing vehicle, (3) gap distance of a passing vehicle, and (4) centerline crossing time. Data were collected for a before-and-after analysis at one site, in Comanche County, Texas. The test section was on US 67 from Comanche, Texas to the county line south of Dublin, Texas. The posted speed limit for this RTLTW highway was 70 mph during the day. CRSs were installed along approximately 15 miles of US 67. Only one test design for CRSs was installed. The design specification was for a CRS to be milled to a 0.5-inch depth, 7-inch length, and 16-inch width. This specification was developed from current state practices throughout the United States. CRSs were installed continuously through passing and no-passing zones, and they were spaced at 24 inches on-centers. Pavement markings were striped over the CRSs. Data were collected using an innovative data collection system developed by the author through the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI). This system was mounted to a four-door sedan, and it consisted of four concealed cameras that recorded the entire passing maneuver around the data collection vehicle. Data were collected at three different speeds during the daytime. The speeds were 55, 60, and 65 mph (15, 10, and 5 mph, respectively, under the posted speed limit). Based on the assessment of the four MOEs, the overall finding of this thesis was that driver performance during the initial phase of passing maneuvers was not negatively impacted after the installation of CRSs on US 67. The caveat is that differences in the weather conditions may have influenced the results. The weather was dry with clear skies at the study site during data collection prior to the installation of CRSs; however, the weather consisted of intermittent rain during the data collection after the installation of CRSs.

In lane departure warning systems (LDWS) it is important that the auditory warning triggers a fast and appropriate reaction from the driver. The rumble strip noise is a suitable warning to alert the driver of an imminent lane departure. A short reaction time is important in lane departure scenarios, where a late response may have fatal consequences. For abstract sounds an increase in intensity can influence the perceived urgency level of the warning, which may also trigger a faster reaction from the listener. In this thesis, the effect of a rumble strip warning with looming (increasing) intensity was analyzed by letting test persons drive a driving simulator and measuring how quickly they reacted to the auditory warning. These results were compared with those for a rumble strip warning with a constant intensity, and two versions of an abstract warning; constant intensity and looming intensity. A survey regarding the perceived urgency, annoyance and acceptance of the warnings was also carried out. The results show no differences in reaction time between the four warning signals. This may be because the test persons expected the warnings, or because of their limited experience. The survey suggests that adding a looming intensity to the rumble strip warning results in a higher urgency, while keeping the annoyance low, which could be of importance to avoid unwanted reactions from the driver. / I varningssystem för personbilar används ofta ett system som signalerar ett stundande ofrivilligt lämnande av körfältet, s.k. lane departure warning systems (LDWS), genom att en varningssignal ljuder. Det är viktigt att en sådan akustisk varningssignal frammanar en snabb och lämplig reaktion från föraren. Ljudet av en bullerräffla är en lämplig varningssignal för detta ändamål. En kort reaktionstid är viktig när fordon är på väg att ofrivilligt lämna körfältet, då en långsam reaktion kan ha förödande konsekvenser. Studier på abstrakta akustiska varningssignaler har visat att en ökande intensitet kan få en varning att verka mer brådskande, vilket i sin tur kan leda till att lyssnaren reagerar snabbare. I denna rapport analyseras hur ett bullerräffleljuds ökande intensitet påverkar förarens reaktionstid. Analysen gjordes genom att mäta reaktionstiden hos testpersoner som körde en bilsimulator med fyra olika varningssignaler; en bullerräffleljudsvarning och en abstrakt varning, båda med konstant intensitet och ökande intensitet. Reaktionstiderna för de olika signalerna jämfördes, varpå en enkät utfärdades där testpersonerna uppgav hur brådskande och irriterande de uppfattade varningarna, samt till vilken grad de skulle acceptera varningarna i ett verkligt körscenario. Resultaten visar inga skillnader i reaktionstid mellan varningarna, vilket kan bero på att testpersonerna förutsåg när varningarna skulle komma, eller på grund av deras begränsade erfarenhet av bullerräffleljud. Enkätens utfall antyder att bullerräffleljudsvarningen med ökande intensitet är mer brådskande än versionen med konstant intensitet, men att irritationsnivån inte påverkas när intensiteten ökar, vilket kan vara viktigt för att inte framkalla oönskade reaktioner hos föraren.

Os ruídos, vibrações e asperezas de rodagem veicular (do acrônimo em inglês Road NVH), presentes de 20 Hz até 1000 Hz aproximadamente, originam-se das vibrações e propagações acústicas dos pneus ao interagir com as superfícies. Nestas fontes de ruído, ambas as vias de contribuições estruturais e aéreas, são relevantes para o refinamento veicular. Constantes são os esforços para estudar o veículo como um conjunto de caminhos de transferência entre a dinâmica dos pneus até o conforto dos passageiros. Sendo assim, o tratamento dos mecanismos que geram e propagam o ruído e vibração à cabine está avançando, graças aos testes e análises sistemáticas, fundamentadas na teoria de Análises dos Caminhos de Transferências de energia (TPA do inglês transfer path analysis). O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um estudo de um caso de Road NVH utilizando o TPA em veículo protótipo. Neste tema, é investigado o nível de ruído de rodagem em torno de 180 Hz, semelhante ao efeito de roncar (rumble, na expressão em inglês). Este ruído permanece presente no protótipo, em diversos tipos de pista e velocidades, porém em apenas um modelo de pneu (batizado de modelo \"A\"), entre os diversos testados. Das avaliações subjetivas prévias, defini-se que o foco das investigações são as contribuições estruturais da suspensão dianteira. Usando o TPA para demonstrar os caminhos críticos na formação do rumble, aplicou-se o método da matriz inversa para o calculo das forcas, considerando os seguintes pontos: buchas do braço de controle do A-Arm e de ligação da carroceria com a parte superior da suspensão dianteira (fig. 4.6 - tipo Mc Pherson). Foram obtidas experimentalmente as vibrações dos lados ativos e passivos destes pontos, nas condições de rolagem e as funções de resposta vibracionais e acústica do ponto, no laboratório. Após a correlação do ruído interno calculado com o medido, concluiu-se que o rumble deste caso foi gerado pela baixa eficiência de isolação das vibrações radiais nas buchas anteriores e pela força lateral do pneu \"A\". Por fim, propostas de bucha e pneu são apresentadas em termos das novas forças e respostas acústicas transmitidas, para minimizar o rumble. / The road noise, vibration and harshness (Road NVH) present from 20 Hz to 1000 Hz approximately, begins from the tires vibration and acoustic propagation and their interactions with the road surfaces. In these noise sources, both structural-borne and air-borne noise contributions are relevant to vehicle refinement. The constant efforts to study the vehicle as a set of transfer paths from tires dynamic behavior to passenger comfort to the final passenger comfort perception. Thus the treatment of generation and propagation mechanisms, have being forward thanks to the systematic tests and proceedings based on the transfer path analysis theory (TPA). The purpose of this work is to present a case study of Road NVH, using TPA in prototype vehicle. On this theme, it is investigated a higher noise level around 180 Hz, on the rumble narrow band. This noise remains in the prototype during several types of tracks and speeds conditions, whenever only a tire model, named as sample A, is used, despites all tires tested. From the previous subjective evaluation, the focus of the investigation is defined to be structure-borne of the front suspension. Using TPA to demonstrate the critical paths to rumble, it was applied the matrix inversion method to force calculation, considering the follow points: A-Arm type lower control arm bushings and top mounts of front suspension (picture 4.6 - Mc Pherson type). The vibration in the active and passive side of these points during test conditions and the FRFs driving points and body sensitivity for a target microphone were obtained experimentally. After correlation between internal road noise calculated and the measured, it was concluded the Rumble of this case had been formed by low radial vibration isolation of the front bushings and due lateral forces of tire A. At last, the bushing and tire proposals are presented in terms of new transmitted forces and acoustical responses, to minimize the rumble.

Os ruídos, vibrações e asperezas de rodagem veicular (do acrônimo em inglês Road NVH), presentes de 20 Hz até 1000 Hz aproximadamente, originam-se das vibrações e propagações acústicas dos pneus ao interagir com as superfícies. Nestas fontes de ruído, ambas as vias de contribuições estruturais e aéreas, são relevantes para o refinamento veicular. Constantes são os esforços para estudar o veículo como um conjunto de caminhos de transferência entre a dinâmica dos pneus até o conforto dos passageiros. Sendo assim, o tratamento dos mecanismos que geram e propagam o ruído e vibração à cabine está avançando, graças aos testes e análises sistemáticas, fundamentadas na teoria de Análises dos Caminhos de Transferências de energia (TPA do inglês transfer path analysis). O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um estudo de um caso de Road NVH utilizando o TPA em veículo protótipo. Neste tema, é investigado o nível de ruído de rodagem em torno de 180 Hz, semelhante ao efeito de roncar (rumble, na expressão em inglês). Este ruído permanece presente no protótipo, em diversos tipos de pista e velocidades, porém em apenas um modelo de pneu (batizado de modelo \"A\"), entre os diversos testados. Das avaliações subjetivas prévias, defini-se que o foco das investigações são as contribuições estruturais da suspensão dianteira. Usando o TPA para demonstrar os caminhos críticos na formação do rumble, aplicou-se o método da matriz inversa para o calculo das forcas, considerando os seguintes pontos: buchas do braço de controle do A-Arm e de ligação da carroceria com a parte superior da suspensão dianteira (fig. 4.6 - tipo Mc Pherson). Foram obtidas experimentalmente as vibrações dos lados ativos e passivos destes pontos, nas condições de rolagem e as funções de resposta vibracionais e acústica do ponto, no laboratório. Após a correlação do ruído interno calculado com o medido, concluiu-se que o rumble deste caso foi gerado pela baixa eficiência de isolação das vibrações radiais nas buchas anteriores e pela força lateral do pneu \"A\". Por fim, propostas de bucha e pneu são apresentadas em termos das novas forças e respostas acústicas transmitidas, para minimizar o rumble. / The road noise, vibration and harshness (Road NVH) present from 20 Hz to 1000 Hz approximately, begins from the tires vibration and acoustic propagation and their interactions with the road surfaces. In these noise sources, both structural-borne and air-borne noise contributions are relevant to vehicle refinement. The constant efforts to study the vehicle as a set of transfer paths from tires dynamic behavior to passenger comfort to the final passenger comfort perception. Thus the treatment of generation and propagation mechanisms, have being forward thanks to the systematic tests and proceedings based on the transfer path analysis theory (TPA). The purpose of this work is to present a case study of Road NVH, using TPA in prototype vehicle. On this theme, it is investigated a higher noise level around 180 Hz, on the rumble narrow band. This noise remains in the prototype during several types of tracks and speeds conditions, whenever only a tire model, named as sample A, is used, despites all tires tested. From the previous subjective evaluation, the focus of the investigation is defined to be structure-borne of the front suspension. Using TPA to demonstrate the critical paths to rumble, it was applied the matrix inversion method to force calculation, considering the follow points: A-Arm type lower control arm bushings and top mounts of front suspension (picture 4.6 - Mc Pherson type). The vibration in the active and passive side of these points during test conditions and the FRFs driving points and body sensitivity for a target microphone were obtained experimentally. After correlation between internal road noise calculated and the measured, it was concluded the Rumble of this case had been formed by low radial vibration isolation of the front bushings and due lateral forces of tire A. At last, the bushing and tire proposals are presented in terms of new transmitted forces and acoustical responses, to minimize the rumble.

Orientador: Cesar Apareciddo Nunes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T09:28:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pessoa_MaraPeixoto_D.pdf: 1570794 bytes, checksum: c3da327c90f0cc13682a038d31053c0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida junto à Área Temática (3), História, Filosofia e Educação, no Grupo de Pesquisa em Filosofia e Educação Paidéia, na linha de Pesquisa Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia. Buscou analisar a gestão dos Projetos Públicos em Educação à Distância, com o uso das novas tecnologias, no estado do Paraná, durante o período de 1995-2005. O critério de escolha desses programas deve ¿ se, particularmente, por terem sido os únicos a funcionar no referido estado, oportunizando a formação de professor em EAD através de Universidades públicas: Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa e Universidade Federal do Paraná onde analisamos na perspectiva de Greville Rumble*. Apresentamos ainda a proposta consorciada pela Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Desta forma, abordamos uma análise histórica, institucional e educacional dessas experiências mostrando os marcos históricos e as matrizes filosóficas em que se pautaram. Objetivou também apontar uma perspectiva emancipatória nessa modalidade de ensino, tendo a consciência do processo embrionário nessa área. Utilizamos o método histórico-compreensivo e optamos por uma abordagem qualitativa, considerando o contexto, pois é ele que possibilita que as categorias não se isolem em estruturas puras, mas se mesclem da realidade em movimento. Sendo assim, foram apresentadas as categorias da contradição e da totalidade. A análise foi tanto documental como dos questionários aplicados na comunidade acadêmica da UEPG e da UFPR. Pretendeu-se fazer a crítica das políticas educacionais que engendram as finalidades e interesses da EAD. Ao invés de uma oferta educacional reguladora, pautada em critérios quantitativos e operacionais propomos a EAD emancipatória, determinada como política educacional complementar, tecnicamente competente e politicamente esclarecida. A presente pesquisa quer situar a EAD no Paraná frente a essa encruzilhada! / Abstract: This research was developed into this History, Philosophy and Education area, within the Research Group of Philosophy and Paidéia Education, a research in Education, Science and Technology. It searched for analyzing the Public Management Projects on Distance Education (DE) with the use of new technologies in northern Paraná State from 1995 to 2005. The criteria for choosing such programs was due, particularly, to the fact of they are the only ones to effectively work in that state, by allowing the teacher education through DE within public universities: Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG) and Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR). The projects were analysed under Greville Rumble¿s* perspectives. It is also presented the proposal consortium by the Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM). Furthermore, it is dealt a historical, institutional and educational analysis of those experiences by showing the historical trends as well as the philosophical matrixes they were based upon. It intended, also, to put forward an emancipator perspective within such a teaching modality with the awareness of the embryonic process in the area. It was used the historical-comprehensive method within a qualitative approach by taking into account the context, since it supports the categories not to be isolated into pure structures but, instead, be knitted from the moving reality. Thus, the contradictory and totalitarian categories were presented. The analysis of both documental and applied questionnaire to teachers, managers and academic students from UFPR and UEPG was a critical one in order to reflect on the educational politics concerning to the objectives and interests of the Distance Education. Instead of a regulatory educational offering, supported by quantitative and operational criteria, it is proposed an emancipator DE, determined as a complementary educational politics, technically competent and politically revealed. The present research has, as its main challenge, the purpose to lie the Distance Education in Paraná into facing such a crossroads / Doutorado / Historia, Filosofia e Educação / Doutor em Educação

<p>The Road Administration wants to improve safety at a hazardous, rural road intersection near Åkersberga, Stockholm by changing the design of the intersection. The intersection today is a three-way connection with a small road connecting to a four-lane main road, much similar to a motorway with high speeds although with a speed limit of 90km/h. Drivers’ attention and velocity in different designs of the intersection are analysed in this thesis with data from two experiments, ordered by the Road Administration and conducted by the Swedish National Road and Research Institute (VTI). Four alternative designs of the intersection were tested using the VTI-simulator; a narrowing from two to one lane through the intersection, rumble strips, a wooden fence and trees at the road side, and a portal framing the intersection. In addition, the original intersection design, both with and without speed limit signs of 70km/h, were tested for comparisons. In the first of the two experiments, the four alternative intersection designs all had speed limit signs of 70km/h, and in the second experiment the alternative intersection designs were tested without the influence of the speed limit signs of 70km/h. Data used in the analyses are velocity data, lateral position, eye movements, brake data and subjective estimations.</p><p>Subjects were found to look at the critical areas of the intersection in time, independent of intersection design. Only small differences between the intersection designs were found, probably due to width of the main road being a larger design-influence than the measures tested. The results are in favour of the narrowing from two to one lane through the intersection, but traffic density and rhythm make a narrowing difficult to realise at the real intersection. Instead, rumble strips in addition to a speed limit of 70km/h can be recommended, although rumble strips are most likely to increase inattentive drivers’ readiness.</p>

Le moteur à allumage commandé fortement downsizé est une des solutions les plus prometteuses utilisée par les constructeurs automobiles pour augmenter le rendement et réduire les émissions de CO2. Cependant, les conditions thermodynamiques plus sévères rencontrées dans ces moteurs favorisent l’apparition de combustions anormales (cliquetis et rumble) qui sont difficiles à analyser expérimentalement vu les risques encourus par le moteur. La méthode Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) s’est imposée depuis plusieurs années pour l’étude des moteurs à piston dans l’industrie, mais elle n’est pas la plus appropriée pour étudier des phénomènes locaux et sporadiques comme les combustions anormales qui n’affectent pas le cycle moyen simulé en RANS. Grâce à l’utilisation d’un code compressible LES et au développement d’une version améliorée des modèles ECFM-LES (Extended Coherent Flame Model) et TKI (Tabulated Kinetics of Ignition) qui permet un découplage total entre les taux de réaction liés à la propagation de la flamme et à l’auto-inflammation, ces travaux mettent en évidence pour la première fois la capacité de la LES à décrire le phénomène de cliquetis dans une configuration réaliste d’un moteur à allumage commandé. Contrairement aux études précédentes [S. Fontanesi and S. Paltrinieri and A. D’Adamo and G. Cantore and C. Rutland, SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr., 2013-01-1082, pp. 98-118][G. Lecocq, S. Richard, J.-B. Michel, L. Vervisch, Proc. Combust. Inst. 33 (2011) 3105-3114], une étude quantitative du cliquetis est réalisée grâce à des post-traitements spécifiques et similaires pour les résultats expérimentaux et numériques. La LES est capable de prédire la variabilité de la pression cylindre, la fréquence mais également l’angle moyen d’apparition de l’auto-inflammation sur un balayage d’avance à l’allumage. Une analyse 3D démontre également que le cliquetis se déclenche à différents endroits, mais principalement dans la moitié de la chambre sous les soupapes d’échappement. De plus, l’intensité du cliquetis est proportionnelle à la masse de gaz frais brûlée en auto-inflammation pour les faibles intensités, alors qu’une croissance beaucoup plus forte est observée pour les intensités les plus élevées. Ceci suggère que des facteurs supplémentaires interviennent comme la localisation du cliquetis ou les interactions entre l’acoustique interne et l’auto-inflammation. L’utilisation d’un code LES compressible permet une visualisation directe de ces interactions mettant en évidence que les faibles intensités sont liées à des auto-inflammations locales sans couplage alors qu’une transition de la déflagration vers la détonation est possible en moteur automobile et correspond aux intensités les plus fortes. / Highly boosted spark ignition engines are more and more attractive for car manufacturers in terms of efficiency and CO2 emissions reduction. However, thermodynamic conditions encountered in these engines promote the occurrence of abnormal combustions like knock or super-knock, which are experimentally difficult to analyze due to the risks of engine damages. The Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) method mainly used in industry for piston engines is not the most appropriate as knock does not always affect the mean cycle captured by RANS. Using an accurate LES compressible code and improved versions of ECFM-LES (Extended Coherent Flame Model) and TKI (Tabulated Kinetics of Ignition) models allowing a full uncoupling of flame propagation and auto-ignition reaction rates, this work demonstrates for the first time that LES is able to describe quantitatively knocking combustion in a realistic downsized SI engine configuration. Contrary to previous studies [S. Fontanesi and S. Paltrinieri and A. D’Adamo and G. Cantore and C. Rutland, SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr., 2013-01-1082, pp. 98-118][G. Lecocq, S. Richard, J.-B. Michel, L. Vervisch, Proc. Combust. Inst. 33 (2011) 3105-3114], a quantified knock analysis is conducted based on a specific post-processing of both numerical and experimental data. LES is able to predict the in-cylinder pressure variability, the knock occurrence frequency and the mean knock onset crank angle for several spark timings. A 3D analysis also demonstrates that knock occurs at random locations, mainly at the exhaust valves side. Knock intensity is found proportional to the fresh gases mass burned by auto-ignition at low knock intensities, while an exponential increase at the highest intensities suggests the influence of additional factors like the knock location in the cylinder or complex behavior of knocking combustion. A direct LES study of acoustic and autoignition interactions is then achieved. The LES visualizations allows showing that low knock intensities are only linked to local autoignition, but a deflagration to detonation transition occurs in such engine operating conditions and is responsible for the highest knock intensities.

The Road Administration wants to improve safety at a hazardous, rural road intersection near Åkersberga, Stockholm by changing the design of the intersection. The intersection today is a three-way connection with a small road connecting to a four-lane main road, much similar to a motorway with high speeds although with a speed limit of 90km/h. Drivers’ attention and velocity in different designs of the intersection are analysed in this thesis with data from two experiments, ordered by the Road Administration and conducted by the Swedish National Road and Research Institute (VTI). Four alternative designs of the intersection were tested using the VTI-simulator; a narrowing from two to one lane through the intersection, rumble strips, a wooden fence and trees at the road side, and a portal framing the intersection. In addition, the original intersection design, both with and without speed limit signs of 70km/h, were tested for comparisons. In the first of the two experiments, the four alternative intersection designs all had speed limit signs of 70km/h, and in the second experiment the alternative intersection designs were tested without the influence of the speed limit signs of 70km/h. Data used in the analyses are velocity data, lateral position, eye movements, brake data and subjective estimations. Subjects were found to look at the critical areas of the intersection in time, independent of intersection design. Only small differences between the intersection designs were found, probably due to width of the main road being a larger design-influence than the measures tested. The results are in favour of the narrowing from two to one lane through the intersection, but traffic density and rhythm make a narrowing difficult to realise at the real intersection. Instead, rumble strips in addition to a speed limit of 70km/h can be recommended, although rumble strips are most likely to increase inattentive drivers’ readiness.