No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on September 26, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2018 / The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of small-scale fish farming sub-sector to rural income generation in Thulamela Municipality in Limpopo Province, South Africa.The study applied a qualitative method to collect data from individual respondents of same characteristics using the semi-structured interview involving 15 small scale fish farmers. The findings from the study revealed that in terms of gender, more men were participating in the fish farming sector than women. About 73 percent of the total participants were men as compared to 27 percent of women participating in fish farming. In terms of age, a large proportion of farmers were men and women within the age range of 41-50 years and above 50 years who participated more actively in fish farming than other age groups. The results revealed some challenges and constraints characterised by theft of fish by community members, fish-eating birds or predators, poor access to funding, expensive fish feed, unavailability of fish feed, shortage of land, lack of proper infrastructure, and insufficient water supply during the drought period. As part of recommendations, some interventions should be developed to address the constraints and challenges revealed in the study. Small-scale fish farmers should be assisted to have access to proper infrastructure, boreholes to supplement available water during the dry season, fish feed, the agricultural market, land and other resources for fish farming.

Thesis--Auburn University, 2008. / Abstract. Vita. Incudesbibliographic references (p.49-51).

In the face of high population growth and declining natural resource base, tackling rural poverty necessitates an increase in overall factor productivity or a rise in the market rate of return of assets possessed by the poor. Towards achieving these objectives, the role of spatial integration of markets and the efficiency with which these markets operate are considerably important, as these factors shape the structure of incentives and the level of opportunities open to the rural poor. As a result, factors that hinder the spatial integration of markets and their efficient operation will have significant impact on rural poverty. In Ethiopia markets are often segmented mainly due to high transport cost associated with poor road infrastructure. The existing poor quality and low road density are expected to contribute to rural poverty through limiting the size of the market, increasing market risk (price volatility), widening the spatial prices gaps, reducing the market return to land and labour, inflating the profitability of new technologies and reducing the incentive to produce for market. This research endeavours to empirically substantiate if there is a robust link between farm income and the quality of road infrastructure farm households have access to as well as the pathways through which the effects of road on rural income are felt. The empirical result consistently showed that improving rural road access will have significant impact on rural income in general and the income of the poor in particular. The mechanisms by which road boosts rural income and reduce poverty are also found to work through narrowing down spatial price gaps, promoting technology adoption, boosting resource allocation efficiency and raising the market return to land and labour. The result also showed that the rural poor benefits from road induced income growth.

In the face of high population growth and declining natural resource base, tackling rural poverty necessitates an increase in overall factor productivity or a rise in the market rate of return of assets possessed by the poor. Towards achieving these objectives, the role of spatial integration of markets and the efficiency with which these markets operate are considerably important, as these factors shape the structure of incentives and the level of opportunities open to the rural poor. As a result, factors that hinder the spatial integration of markets and their efficient operation will have significant impact on rural poverty. In Ethiopia markets are often segmented mainly due to high transport cost associated with poor road infrastructure. The existing poor quality and low road density are expected to contribute to rural poverty through limiting the size of the market, increasing market risk (price volatility), widening the spatial prices gaps, reducing the market return to land and labour, inflating the profitability of new technologies and reducing the incentive to produce for market. This research endeavours to empirically substantiate if there is a robust link between farm income and the quality of road infrastructure farm households have access to as well as the pathways through which the effects of road on rural income are felt. The empirical result consistently showed that improving rural road access will have significant impact on rural income in general and the income of the poor in particular. The mechanisms by which road boosts rural income and reduce poverty are also found to work through narrowing down spatial price gaps, promoting technology adoption, boosting resource allocation efficiency and raising the market return to land and labour. The result also showed that the rural poor benefits from road induced income growth.

The purpose of this paper is to study China’s income inequality under rapid economic growth.Does the relationship between economic growth and income inequality in China follow theKuznets hypothesis? What is the main cause and trend of China’s income inequality? We usedata which covers the period 1980-2005 to analyze the overall inequality, and data coveringthe period 1980-2002 to analyze the inequality inside rural and urban areas. The derivedresults doubt the validity of Kuznets hypothesis on explaining the relationship betweeneconomic growth and income inequality in China. Also we derive the trend of China’sincreased income inequality and find that the urban-rural income disparity is the main causeof China’s income inequality.

No description available.

1994年財政分權以後，中國大陸城鄉收入差距經歷了一段縮小又擴大的變化，許多學者開始將研究焦點放在財政分權對於城鄉收入差距的影響層面。為了瞭解財政分權對於城鄉收入差距到底造成何種影響，本研究目的有以下三點：一、為探討財政分權對於城鄉收入差距是否造成影響，二、為瞭解制度因素、地方政府財政支出對於城鄉收入差距是否造成影響，三、有鑑於財政上絕對財政中央集權與財政地方分權可能是造成城鄉收入差距擴大的兩個極端，不同於過去的相關研究，本研究認為財政分權與城鄉收入差距間，可能存在非線性的關係，因此在本研究中變數中加入財政分權平方項，對於這樣的假設進行檢測。 本研究針對中國大陸1995至2008年29個省市地區資料，以雙因子固定效果模型進行研究。根據實證結果顯示，在財政自主分權指標對於城鄉收入差距的影響層面，在財政自主小於臨界水準時，隨著財政自主逐漸提高，將會縮小城鄉收入差距；但其負向效果將隨著財政自主提高後逐漸減弱，到達某個臨界水準後，財政自主對於城鄉收入差距的影響將由負轉正。意即中國大陸地方政府財政自主分權指標與城鄉收入差距間呈現非線性的關係，而是呈現類似正U型的曲線。在其他影響城鄉收入差距的變數方面上，本研究發現二元經濟結構係數、財政支出分權指標對於城鄉收入差距有正向的影響，而科技技術財政支出對於城鄉收入差距有負向的影響。透過本研究之結果，可以解釋財政分權對於城鄉收入差距影響結論不一致的說法，進而瞭解縮小地區性城鄉收入差距的最適財政分權程度。 / This purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in mainland China’s regional urban-rural income differential and its determinants during the period of 1995 to 2008. This study uses provincial-level data to analyze whether or not fiscal decentralization provides a positive effect for urban-rural income differential.In order to examine the role of fiscal decentralization in China's regional urban-rural income differential, this study establishes two empirical models with the square term of fiscal decentralization as an independent variable. After we estimate the two-way fixed-effects model of the urban-rural income differential equation, the empirical result shows the financial autonomy of local governments in China and regional urban-rural income differential relationship is nonlinear, but the show is U-shaped curve.