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中國氣候變遷對經濟成長影響之研究 / The impacts of climate change on China’s economic growth許怡君 Unknown Date (has links)
隨著高度的經濟發展,對於溫室氣體的排放逐年遞增,進一步造成了溫室效應以及全球暖化的現象。而全球暖化造成的影響除了極地冰原融化,海平面上升,淹沒較低窪的沿海陸地,衝擊低地國及多數國家沿海精華區。也造成全球氣候變遷,導致不正常暴雨、乾旱現象以及沙漠化現象擴大,對於生態體系、水土資源、經濟成長與生命安全等都會造成傷害。
文獻上對於經濟成長造成的碳排放量增加,導致溫室效應的研究比比皆是,但是對於全球暖化導致的氣候變遷,對於經濟成長的影響卻是寥寥可數。尤其中國作為世界最大、經濟成長最快的發展中國家,氣候變遷是否會影響其經濟發展,是本研究相當感興趣的議題。因此,本研究將利用1994-2009年中國各主要城市氣候的追蹤資料,搭配雙因子固定效果模型的估計,希望透過本研究,瞭解並分析中國經濟的發展歷程、現況與未來發展趨勢;分析中國氣候變遷對經濟成長的影響,並提出具體的因應對策。
結果顯示,氣候變遷變數的確會影響中國各省市的經濟成長,表示氣溫越高,對於經濟成長有顯著的負面影響,而且氣溫的穩定性的確會影響經濟成長,符合本研究的假設。接著考慮氣候變遷對於農業產值比重高的地區是否有較大的影響時,發現在農業比重高的地區,降雨量的穩定性會影響經濟成長,也就是說降雨量越不穩定,越不利於經濟成長。若將中國各省市區分為沿海與非沿海地區,也大致得到上述結果。而本研究所得到的結論,證明了氣候變遷對於經濟成長有顯著負面的影響,未來將會是中國追求高度經濟成長所面臨的嚴峻考驗。
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中國大陸各省市地區房地產指數之影響因素江一玲 Unknown Date (has links)
本文係針對中國大陸各省市地區2000年至2007年之房地產指數進行分析,利用雙因子固定效果模型(two factor fixed effects model)探討中國大陸各省市地區房地產指數之重要影響變數,以及這些變數對於房地產指數影響程度之強弱。本文首先將文獻之檢閱做整理介紹,先概述至今國內外討論房地產價格指數文章之重要觀點,了解這些文章作者的研究時間與空間範圍、所使用分析方法、各學者之論點及其變數設定,希望在最後能與本研究之結論相互比較,觀察文獻與本研究之間是否具有一致性。
由於本論文重視各地區變數之影響,故本研究將使用具地域性之各省市數據資料作為變數,經由資料蒐集,將合適之變數(能夠量化及具有地域性之數據)納入研究考量,參閱文獻資料加上能夠取得之數據資料為考量,本文將討論下列變數:各省市地區居民收入、各省市地區居民消費水平、各省市地區城市建設面積、各省市地區固定資產投資指數、各省市地區交通情況、各地區外資投入金額、各省市地區人口數量、各省市地區人口縝密度、各省市地區衛生機構數以及各省市地區進出口總額等十個變數,對於中國大陸各省市地區房地產指數之關係,觀察其影響程度,了解各地區差異,期能提高對各地房地產價格波動之預測與預警水準,並為政府施政提供方向,當政府需要實施宏觀調控,將能夠較為明確的掌握調控之基本要素。
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中國大陸各地區吸引國際觀光客旅遊之決定因素徐嘉伶 Unknown Date (has links)
本文採雙因子固定效果模型(Two-Factor Fixed-Effects Model),利用中
華人民共和國國家統計局1998 年至2007 年資料,排除台港澳等旅客,研
究中國大陸各省市地區國外入境遊客人次,探討影響各地區入境遊客人次
之決定因素,以及其影響程度。實證模型採用之解釋變數分別為各地區交
通便利性、星級飯店旅館數、人均可支配所得、外資投入總額、製造業比
重、人均醫療機構數、園林與綠地面積、鄰近地區旅遊到訪人數、前兩年
旅遊到訪人數、人均貿易額、平均降水量、降水量變異數以及各地區特質
效果以及時間效果。而被解釋變數為中國大陸各省市地區接待國外入境遊
客人次,經由迴歸分析發現影響中國大陸各地區吸引外國遊客之決定因素
有、星級飯店旅館數、外資投入總額、人均醫療機構數、園林與綠地面積、
前兩年旅遊到訪人數、人均貿易額、平均降水量。並分析中國大陸各地區
之旅遊觀光產業之發展方向,最後則是對觀光產業發展進行政策建議。 / This article is aimed at the factors why visitors visit those regions in
mainland China. This study will firstly review literatures about the demand of
tourism. By viewing all the discussions, we tried to find out the most likely
factors, and the two-factor fixed-effects model was used to analyze these
various factors. Data for this analysis was provided by the National Bureau of
Statistics People's Republic of China from 1998 to 2007.
Several likely factors were taken into consideration as independent variables:
the convenience of local traffic, the number of hotels, per capita disposable
income, the total amount of foreign investment, the manufacturing sector, the
per capita number of medical institutions, gardens and green area, the number
of tourist visits around, The number of tourist visiting the first two years, the
per capita volume of trade, the average rainfall, rainfall variation and the
characteristics effects, and time effects. We used the numbers of foreign
visitors of each region of China as dependent variables.
The results showed that the factors which would significantly attract foreign
tourists were the number of hotels, the total amount of foreign investment, per
capita number of medical institutions, gardens and green area, the first two
years the number of visiting tourists, the per capita volume of trade, and the
average rainfall.
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中國大陸恩格爾係數的變動因素分析 / Better life,or not? The analysis of Engel's oefficient in Mainland China蔡孟達, Tsai, Meng-Ta Unknown Date (has links)
自2002年中共十六大訂定的2020年「全面建設小康社會」之後,恩格爾係數在中國大陸社會經濟領域的地位就大為升高,儼然成為確定生活水平最常用的標準,各地區、省市無不爭相報導本地生活水平已到了「小康」或者「富裕」階段。隨著恩格爾係數受到人民以及地方政府、媒體關注程度提高,更多的質疑也伴隨而來。本碩士論文的研究目的有二:第一,尋找影響中國大陸城鄉恩格爾係數起伏的因素;第二,這些因素影響程度的多少。
就實證結果而言,食品價格指數、依賴比與城鎮恩格爾係數成正向關係;實質收入、物價指數、耐用品消費支出、房地產價格指數、醫療、衣著、教育消費支出與恩格爾係數成負向關係。農村居民方面,實質收入、食品價格指數、房地產價格指數與恩格爾係數成正向關係;物價指數、依賴比、耐用品、醫療、教育、衣著支出與恩格爾係數成負向關係。
由於影響城鄉恩格爾係數的因素各不相同,如果要優化城鎮的消費結構、提高人民生活水平,則應從耐用品消費、教育等支出項目著手,收入已經不是影響城鎮居民恩格爾係數的重要因素;而要提升農村的消費結構及生活水平,則應更注意提高農民收入、注意食品價格指數的起伏,這比成天宣稱恩格爾係數降到多低、達到甚麼階段,更能幫助提升人民的生活水平。然目前中國大陸仍以恩格爾係數最為影響人民生活水平唯一指標,如果沒有輔以其他指標,這對於評價人民生活質量,將有如以管窺豹,無法窺得全貌。 / The importance of Engel's coefficient in Mainland China, has been put on the table since 2002. After the The Sixteenth National Congress of the CPC , ‘Build a Well-off Society in an All-Round Way’has become the main goal in socio-economic area in Mainland China. The position in the area would greatly increase, becoming the most commonly used criteria for determining standard. City are all competing to coverage of local standard of living has come to a "well-off" or "off" stage. As the Engel's coefficient by the people, as well as local governments, higher levels of media attention, more questions are followed. The purposes of this paper are: looking for the factors in Mainland China of urban and rural Engel’s coefficient ups and downs; and how much impact these factors.
The empirical result shows: FCPI, dependent ratio, have positive effects on Engel’s Coefficient in the urban; and real income, CPI, PIRE, household facilities, medicine, clothing, education expenditure, have the negative effect. In rural area, real income, FCPI, PIRE, have the positive effect on Engel’s Coefficient; and CPI, dependent ratio, household facilities, medicine, clothing, education expenditure, have the negative effect.
To sum up, there are different factor to affect Engel’s Coefficient in urban and rural area. And Engel’s Coefficient is not the only indicate showing the level of people’s living. We should use more indicates to estimate living standard.
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台灣地區各縣市老人安養機構設立之影響因素 / Determinants of long-term care facilities in Taiwan陳靜怡, Chen, Ching Yi Unknown Date (has links)
本文係針對台灣地區各縣市1999至2008年之老人安養機構設立之床位數進行分析,利用雙因子固定效果模型(two-factor fixed effects model)探討台灣地區各縣市老人安養機構設立之重要影響變數,以及這些變數對於老人安養機構設立床位數影響程度之強弱。本文首先將文獻之檢閱做整理介紹,先概述至今國內外討論老人安養機構設立及使用之相關文章重要觀點,了解這些文章作者的研究時間與空間範圍、所使用分析方法、論點及其變數設定,在最後與本研究之結論相互比較,觀察文獻與本研究之間是否具有一致性。
由於本論文重視各地區變數之影響,故本研究使用具地域性之各縣市數據資料作為變數,經由資料蒐集,將合適之變數納入研究考量,參閱文獻資料,加上能夠取得之數據資料為考量。本文將討論下列變數:台灣地區實質薪資、各縣市老年人口數、各縣市人口密度、各縣市教育程度為大專及以上人口之比率、各縣市失業率、各縣市女性勞動參與率、各縣市15歲以上人口婚姻狀況有偶人數比率、各縣市出生率、各縣市外籍與大陸配偶人數、各縣市社福外籍勞工人數以及各縣市每萬老人接受居家服務人次等十一個變數。對於老人安養機構設立數之關係,觀察其影響程度,了解各地區差異,期能對政府提供具體的政策建議,並對未來各縣市公私立老人安養機構之設立提供參考。 / This study analyses the number of the beds established of the long-term care (LTC) facilities of each city and county in Taiwan between 1999 and 2008, using “two-factor fixed effects model” to explore some of the important influential variables of the long-term care facilities of each city and county, and the strength of the relation of these variables of the hospital beds. This article firstly introduces and reviews some articles and studies that are basically related, and overview the important points of view of the establishment of the long-term care facilities, to understand the analytical methods and the arguments of these articles and authors.
As the importance of this thesis, the effect of regional variables, the study uses cities and counties level variables. Through data collection, using the variables in the study that are considered appropriate. Refer to the literature, adding with data obtained for the considerations. This article will discuss the following variables: the real wage of Taiwan each year, the number of counties and cities in the elderly population, the population density, the population with tertiary education level, the unemployment rate, the female labor force participation rate, the population over the age 15 that have marital status, the proportion of birth rate, the number of foreign and mainland spouses, the number of the welfare of foreign workers per 10,000 of the elderly receiving home care people, totally 11 variables. To establish the relationship between the number of observed effect level of long-term care facilities of each city and county, to understand the regional differences, to provide the government on specific policy recommendations. In the future, we expect to provide the public and private sectors the reference establishment of nursing agencies of each city and county.
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臺灣各縣市平均地價對其生育率的影響 / The effect of average land price on fertility rate in Taiwan廖珮郁, Liao, Pei Yu Unknown Date (has links)
目前超低生育率現象,已對整體社會的走向、國家經濟的發展、生活思維的方式等都產生了相當大的影響。換言之,生育不僅是婦女本身的問題,它與國際社會的動態、經濟的全球化、企業的國際化、現代的子女教育、社會的性別教育、老年人的護理等都有著相當緊密的關係。因此,本研究的主要目的,在於探討臺灣各縣市房地產價格對生育率的影響,並瞭解臺灣生育率持續下降的癥結所在,找出可能影響生育率下降的主要因素加以分析。
本文利用臺灣23個縣市別的追蹤資料,涵蓋期間為2000年至2008年,採雙因子固定效果模型進行實證分析。估計結果發現,在控制其他變數不變之下,在生育率遞延二期時,臺灣各縣市平均地價對生育率為負影響,且在生育率遞延三期時更為顯著,兩者之間的資源排擠效果更為強大。而其他影響臺灣生育率的主要因素,如:各縣市農業人口比例、各縣市粗結婚率、與外國人結婚人數比例皆呈顯著正影響;臺灣各縣市平均地價、原住民人數比例及婦女勞動參與率皆呈顯著負影響。
依本研究結果顯示,房地產價格是影響臺灣生育率相當重要的因素,政府應需高度正視此問題並有所作為。建議未來政府在訂定國家發展政策時,除需研擬更多提升生育率的策略,如:降低父母生育子女的機會成本、改善學前幼托體系,以及加強減輕家庭育兒壓力的宣導工作等,並可增加控制「臺灣房地產價格」及避免房價炒作之策略,以促進國家永續發展及增強國際競爭力。 / The current low fertility rate has been a great impact on our entire social trend, the development of national economy, and the way we think. That is, fertility is not only women’s consideration, but also an issue connected closely to international society, economical globalization, internationalization of business, children education, sex education, and nursing care of the elders. As a result, the main purpose of this paper lies on the effect of average land price on fertility rate in Taiwan.
This article uses the panel data of the 23 counties and cities of Taiwan from 2000 to 2008, and does the evidence-based analysis by two-factor fixed-effects model. We found that the average land price has conspicuously positive effect on the fertility rate in Taiwan. While other main factors affect the fertility rate in Taiwan such as the proportion of farm-workers, crude marriage rate, and the proportion of marriage with the foreigners have conspicuously positive effects on it; on the other hand, female labor force participation and the proportion of aborigine have conspicuously negative effects on it.
According to our study, average land price is the most important factor which affects the fertility rate in Taiwan, and the government should face the problem and do something to it. When making policy, it is suggested the government may take into consideration of how to control the housing price in Taiwan and avoid housing price speculation.
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財政分權對中國大陸城鄉居民收入差距之影響 / The impact of fiscal decentralization on regional urban-rural income differential in China黃立凱 Unknown Date (has links)
1994年財政分權以後,中國大陸城鄉收入差距經歷了一段縮小又擴大的變化,許多學者開始將研究焦點放在財政分權對於城鄉收入差距的影響層面。為了瞭解財政分權對於城鄉收入差距到底造成何種影響,本研究目的有以下三點:一、為探討財政分權對於城鄉收入差距是否造成影響,二、為瞭解制度因素、地方政府財政支出對於城鄉收入差距是否造成影響,三、有鑑於財政上絕對財政中央集權與財政地方分權可能是造成城鄉收入差距擴大的兩個極端,不同於過去的相關研究,本研究認為財政分權與城鄉收入差距間,可能存在非線性的關係,因此在本研究中變數中加入財政分權平方項,對於這樣的假設進行檢測。
本研究針對中國大陸1995至2008年29個省市地區資料,以雙因子固定效果模型進行研究。根據實證結果顯示,在財政自主分權指標對於城鄉收入差距的影響層面,在財政自主小於臨界水準時,隨著財政自主逐漸提高,將會縮小城鄉收入差距;但其負向效果將隨著財政自主提高後逐漸減弱,到達某個臨界水準後,財政自主對於城鄉收入差距的影響將由負轉正。意即中國大陸地方政府財政自主分權指標與城鄉收入差距間呈現非線性的關係,而是呈現類似正U型的曲線。在其他影響城鄉收入差距的變數方面上,本研究發現二元經濟結構係數、財政支出分權指標對於城鄉收入差距有正向的影響,而科技技術財政支出對於城鄉收入差距有負向的影響。透過本研究之結果,可以解釋財政分權對於城鄉收入差距影響結論不一致的說法,進而瞭解縮小地區性城鄉收入差距的最適財政分權程度。 / This purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in mainland China’s regional urban-rural income differential and its determinants during the period of 1995 to 2008. This study uses provincial-level data to analyze whether or not fiscal decentralization provides a positive effect for urban-rural income differential.In order to examine the role of fiscal decentralization in China's regional urban-rural income differential, this study establishes two empirical models with the square term of fiscal decentralization as an independent variable. After we estimate the two-way fixed-effects model of the urban-rural income differential equation, the empirical result shows the financial autonomy of local governments in China and regional urban-rural income differential relationship is nonlinear, but the show is U-shaped curve.
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台灣各縣市社會福利支出對其犯罪率之影響 / The impact of regional social welfare spending on crime rate in Taiwan林倖妤, Lin, Xing Yu Unknown Date (has links)
區域間由於發展背景與功能取向不同,以致各地區社會福利支出比例有所差異,對治安與生活品質亦造成不同的影響。社會福利制度是促進整體社會平等、維持人民生存的重要體制;犯罪人口的多寡,則是影響國家成長與進步的重要社會問題之一。本研究主要目的為探討台灣地區社會福利支出對總犯罪率、各年齡層(少年、青年與成年)及失業者犯罪人口率之影響程度,並進一步分析不同社會福利補助支出對總體犯罪率及上述不同群體的個別影響方向。研究範圍為1999-2009年台灣地區23個縣市別的追蹤資料(panel data),利用雙因子固定效果模型(two-way fixed-effect model)同時分析各縣市之個別特質與時間趨勢效果,可對討論議題提供精確的估計結果。研究結果顯示,台灣各縣市社會福利支出與總體犯罪率間不存有顯著關係。進一步分析五種社會福利補助支出,發現家庭生活扶助對於改善整體及各年齡層的犯罪問題皆具有良好效果;其他如就學生活補助、醫療補助與急難救助對部分族群之犯罪問題亦有正面幫助。唯失業給付對犯罪問題並無正面影響。因此建議可藉由調整社會福利支出的比例以降低犯罪問題的發生。 / As the mode of growth and orientation policy in various area are different, resulting in proportion of social welfare spending and influence on public security and quality of life are also different. This study aims to investigate the influence of social welfare spending as well as different social welfare assistance on the total crime rate and crime rate of population of specific age groups and unemployed in Taiwan.
Using the cross-regional panel data of 23 counties during the period 1999-2009 in Taiwan. The empirical results from two-way fixed-effect model found that there is no significant relationship between social welfare spending and crime rate. However, analyzing the further five social welfare assistances with regard to improve crime problem has been proved, especially living support assistance. Therefore, this study suggests that the criminal coping strategy is proposed to adjust proportion social welfare spending to reduce criminal problems.
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中國大陸財政地方分權對各省市地區房地產價格的影響 / The influence of fiscal decentralization on the real estate price in China林婷婷, Lin, Ting Ting Unknown Date (has links)
近年來,隨著中國大陸經濟快速的成長,中國大陸房地產市場也隨之蓬勃發展,然而,近期中國大陸房地產價格的節節高漲,產生了房地產過熱的警訊,而區域間房地產價格的差異與不均,也成為各地區經濟發展的重要阻礙。所以,如何合理的調控房地產價格,使房地產市場能穩定成長並與經濟發展相輔相成,成為中國大陸中央政府必須持續關注與適時妥善處理的問題。
本文運用1999年至2010年中國大陸31個省市地區商品房平均銷售價格和影響房價的經濟相關變數的追蹤資料,運用雙因子固定效果模型進行實證研究。研究結果發現:中國大陸各地區財政分權程度對各地區房地產價格為非線性的關係,呈現U型的曲線。意即,存在一個財政分權的臨界值可以使房價達到最小的情況。建議中央政府應透過調整各地區的財政分權程度,來避免因財政分權不均而產生財政資源不均問題,造成房地產價格的波動。並加強對地方政府的財政預算與財政收入的監督與管制,以抑止「土地財政」的行為。 / With the economic growth, the real estate market is booming in China recently. But the overheating real estate price and the difference of real estate price between region and region become the important impediment to regional economic development in China. Therefore, the central government how to control the real estate price is an immense problem.
By using the panel data of average selling price of commercialize buildings and the economic variables of 31cities in China between 1999 and 2010, the study uses two-way fixed effects model to investigate the effect of fiscal decentralization on the real estate price in China.
The empirical analysis’ result shows that the fiscal decentralization provides a non-linear effect on the real estate price, it presents the U-shaped curve. In other words, there are a degree of fiscal decentralization can make the real estate price to reach the minimum. According to results, we propose to take some policies. The central government should adjust the degree of fiscal decentralization in each region, in order to avoid the local government financial problem to lead to rise the real estate price.
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