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This thesis aims to examine internal and external parameters influencing Russian energy policy between 2000 and 2012. In this respect first energy policy of the Soviet Union and Russian Federation in 1990&rsquo / s are evaluated. In this framework it is assumed that old experiences and structures have influence on 2000&rsquo / s Russian Energy Policy. Russian energy profile is accepted not only a strength of Russia but also a source of limitation in Russian energy policy, it influences domestic and foreign energy policies of the country. Following the energy profile of Russia domestic energy policy of Russia is analyzed. In this respect, elite level perception on energy and use of hydrocarbon rents are important points taken into account. In addition to that, major Russian energy companies are analyzed, because they do not cross border drawn by Russian Administration. About Russian foreign energy policy, important actions and patterns about use of energy rent are evaluated / key countries for Russian energy resources are analyzed. In this respect, it is regarded that contrary to views of some scholars who consider Russian energy policy as the by product of Russian foreign policy, this thesis argues that Russian energy policy has been determined by the characteristics of Russian energy structure and domestic politics in addition to Russian foreign policy priorities. As a result issues like Russian economy, domestic developments in Russia, Russian foreign policy and international developments like emergence of new suppliers and markets, have influence on Russian energy policy and because of harmonization of energy and foreign policy, Russian energy policy carries realist features.

This thesis is focused on EU-Russia relations, the import of fossil fuels, especially oil and natural gas, which form the main items of trade between the EU and Russia. The work is divided into three chapters devoted to the energy deficit in the EU, the analysis of Russian gas and oil sector. The last chapter focuses on the analysis of the linkages and cooperation in the energy field. The aim is to determine the interdependence of the two units, the main differences and similarities that define the direction of cooperation and draw a trend and direction of EU-Russia relations in the energy sector to the future.

The invasion of Ukraine by Russia in February 2022 has greatly impacted the political environment, especially, around energy and gas imports from Russia. As a country previously highly dependent on Russian gas and the Nord Stream 2 project underway, Germany’s position is particularly interesting. While there is literature on the topic, it lacks the utilization of discourse analysis. To identify discursive changes in the use of language in the German government, official government speeches or statements from the early 2000s and after the Ukraine crisis in 2014 are being analysed. The happenings of 2014 are considered to be the first significant event in the energy relation between Germany and Russia. Both stylistic devices and narratives are being considered in the analysis. The findings show a lack of application of stylistic devices throughout the selected material, wherefore no discursive differentiation can be found. However, general narrative changes can be identified throughout the material and defined time periods, starting with optimism towards economic cooperation with Russia. After the Ukraine crisis, the narrative shifted to a more apprehensive one, while still advocating for the energy imports from Russia. With Russia no longer being a reliable supplier from 2022 on, the narrative finally shifts to negative. In the later material concrete approaches to diversification are also discussed contributing to a narrative that moves away from Russia as a single energy source.

This thesis seeks to analyze Russia&rsquo / s responses to globalization under Vladimir Putin in the fields of energy and foreign policy. This thesis argues that Russia under Vladimir Putin has redefined its process of globalization through a nationalistic perspective as its policies in the field of energy and foreign policy demonstrate. The thesis has seven chapters including introduction and conclusion chapters. The concept of globalization is explored in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 examines Russia&rsquo / s globalization under Boris Yeltsin and his energy and foreign policies. In Chapter 4, responses of Russian communist, nationalist and liberal intellectuals, to the globalization of Russia under Boris Yeltsin are evaluated. Chapter 5 explores the energy policy of Vladimir Putin while Chapter 6 discusses foreign policy of Russia under Vladimir Putin.

In this dissertation, the examination of energy sector development is presented. The purpose is to understand and highlight the importance of financing access for innovation activities, along with the business transparency necessary for firm value and the impact of corruption on capital investments in energy companies. Globally, long-term energy confidence is dependent on energy security and supply. Based on our empirical estimations, we expect there to be an increasing need for understanding financing innovations in the European energy industry. We expect more support for corporate governance integrity within Russia, as Russia is the main energy supplier for the European energy sector. It is expected that corruption will be a dominant issue for countries that are rich in natural resources. The main empirical findings and concluding comments are as follows:  The EU energy sector requires substantial financial support for promoting innovations, especially among ‘younger’ energy companies and those in the newest EU countries.  We expect to see increased discussion and long-term development of corporate governance integrity (transparency and disclosure, in particular) among Russian energy firms based on the long-term investment attractiveness of sustained energy production and supplies to countries that are energy dependent.  We conclude that investment activities in natural resource exploitation are directly linked with the presence of corruption, and that tightening up on corruption should facilitate FDI (foreign direct investment) in the primary industry and enable the effective use of received natural resource gains. To summarise, in this assessment, we empirically studied the EU, Russian and global energy industries, focusing on the issue of the development of energy within three key areas: the examination of financing for innovation, corporate governance integrity and corruption within primary FDI inflows.

本文的研究目的第一是釐清能源在國際關係領域的相關議題：能源安全、能源地緣政治與對外能源政策等子議題的異同，從概念演變到局勢發展，以及個別國家的政策與成效；第二點是耙梳、彙整冷戰結束後，俄羅斯與歐洲（包括歐洲各國與歐洲聯盟）奠基於能源資源貿易關係上面一層的互賴關係，以及潛在的不穩定與衝突因素，藉由理解這個雙邊關係的發展與其未來的可能性，得以提供可能的預測與參考價值。 首先第一章是緒論，目的是解釋本文的章節架構；在第二章解釋能源安全理論與俄羅斯能源產業發展狀況；在第三章則以俄羅斯的角度看待它與前共產陣營國家之間的互動關係。第四章的主要內容則是以歐盟的角度出發，檢視歐盟與外方伙伴的互動協商過程。第五章的總結則評估雙方在能源與對外政策立場上的各自立場作為本文的結束。國家與國營能源公司是本文中最基本且主要的行為者，藉由評估他們在未來的發展方向，以及回顧過往的政策（能源政策與對外政策）成效與互動過程做為總結。 本文研究發現，鋪設能源管線、購買基礎設施的產權、以及開放油氣探勘權限等商業行為，在國家與國際組織的層級上成為地緣政治的槓桿，其結果是歐洲與歐亞大陸的能源市場整合成為一體，並在能源地緣政治上產生兩極對立體系。