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Efeitos de regimes de sobreclareamento associados a produtos clareadores caseiros sobre o conteúdo mineral e a rugosidade do esmalte dentário humano / Overbleaching effects on mineral content and roughness of human enamelMarianna Sorozini Ferreira de Miranda 09 December 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O clareamento dental se tornou um dos tratamentos estéticos mais realizados nos consultórios odontológicos, devido à simplicidade técnica e popularização através da mídia. Consiste na utilização de géis à base de peróxido de carbamida, peróxido de hidrogénio e, em uma menor escala, de perborato de sódio, com intuito de oxidar moléculas responsáveis pela pigmentação da estrutura dentária. Apesar da grande quantidade de estudos sobre o tema, não se sabe os efeitos do uso excessivo desses agentes sobre a estrutura dentária. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos sobre a rugosidade superficial e conteúdo mineral do esmalte dental humano submetido a regimes de sobreclareamento associados ao uso de géis clareadores caseiros: peróxido de carbamida 10% (Opalescence PF Regular 10%, Ultradent do Brasil Produtos Odontológicos Ltda., Indaiatuba, São Paulo), peróxido de hidrogênio 9,5% (DayWhite 9,5%, Discus, LLC Culver City, EUA), bem como tiras clareadoras (Oral-B WhiteStrips, Anderson Packaging, Rockford, Estados Unidos). Quatro fragmentos de esmalte obtidos a partir de cinco dentes foram submetidos a um diferente tratamento: Grupo I - armazenamento em saliva artificial por oito semanas; Grupo 2 oito semanas de tratamento com gel de peróxido de carbamida 10% por 6 horas diárias; Grupo 3 oito semanas de tratamento com gel de peróxido de hidrogênio 9,5% com duas aplicações diárias de 30 minutos; Grupo 4 oito semanas de tratamento com tiras clareadoras duas aplicações diárias de 30 minutos. A alteração no conteúdo mineral foi avaliada semanalmente em seis pontos de cada fragmento devidamente identificados através de um sistema de coordenadas (X, Y e Z) utilizando-se a técnica de fluorescência de raios X (Artax 200). Alterações na rugosidade superficial das amostras também foram avaliadas através de um rugosímetro 3D (FormTalysurf 60, Taylor Leicester, Reino Unido). Apenas o grupo 3 apresentou diferenças estatísticas significativas com relação aos níveis de rugosidade (p<0,05), porém não consideradas como clinicamente significativos. Para os demais tratamentos e intervalos propostos, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p>0,05). Desse modo, não houve alterações compatíveis com um processo de desmineralização ou aumento real da rugosidade da superfície. Nas condições desse estudo in vitro os géis clareadores caseiros foram considerados seguros. São necessários novos estudos in situ e in vitro que analisem os efeitos de regimes de sobreclareamento quando em condições de somatório de desafios intra-orais. / Tooth bleaching has become one of the most performed cosmetic treatments in dental offices because of the technical simplicity and popularization through media. It is based in the use of gels containing carbamide peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium perborate to oxidize molecules responsible for pigmentation of the tooth structure. Despite the large amount of studies of the topic, the effects of overuse of these agents on tooth structure are not established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on the surface roughness and mineral content of the enamel submitted to overbleaching protocols associated with the use of home bleaching gels: 10 % carbamide peroxide (Opalescence PF 10 % Regular, Ultradent Dental Products of Brazil Ltd., Indaiatuba, São Paulo), hydrogen peroxide 9.5% (DayWhite 9.5%, Discus, LLC Culver City, EUA), as well as bleaching strips (Oral- B Whitestrips, Anderson Packaging, Rockford, USA). Four enamel fragments obtained from five teeth were subjected to different treatments: Group I - storage in artificial saliva for eight weeks; Group 2 eight-week exposure to 10% carbamide peroxide gel for 6 hours daily; Group 3 eight-week exposure to 9,5% hydrogen peroxide gel - two 30-minute application, Group 4 eight-week exposure to bleaching strips - twice daily for 30 minutes. The change in mineral content was assessed weekly with the analysis of six points in each fragment properly identified by a coordinate system (X, Y and Z) using the technique of X-ray fluorescence (Artax 200). Changes in surface roughness of the samples were also evaluated using a 3D perfilometer (FormTalysurf 60, Taylor Leicester, UK). Only group 3 showed statistically significant differences for roughness (p <0.05), but this is not considered as clinically important. For other proposed treatments and intervals, there were no statistically significant differences for any of the treatments tested in any of the proposed ranges (p > 0,05). There was no sign of demineralization process. Under these in vitro conditions, home bleaching gels were considered safe. Further in situ and in vivo studies are necessary to examine the effects of overbleaching protocols with all other intra-oral challenges.
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Application du prototypage rapide à l'aide au diagnostic en chirurgie traumatologique et orthopédique / Rapid prototyping helping diagnosis in orthopaedic and trauma surgery.Debarre, Étienne 07 December 2011 (has links)
Les technologies d’imagerie médicale permettent de visualiser pathologies et traumatismes. Cependant, même si cette imagerie permet des vues perspectives dynamiques, elle reste du domaine du 3D virtuel puisque sur un écran 2D. Une réplique présente dès lors un avantage certain : elle rend palpable la notion d'échelle et de volume et apparents des détails cachés ou ambigus et ainsi améliore ou facilite le diagnostic et la solution chirurgicale.Le prototypage rapide permet la fabrication d'une réplique à partir d'un fichier CAO issu des données d'imagerie, mais ce procédé n'est pour l'instant appliqué qu'à des cas très spécifiques. Nos travaux montrent qu'il peut l'être avec profit en orthopédie et traumatologie à des cas chirurgicaux certes complexes mais courants, et passer du laboratoire de recherche à l'établissement hospitalier.Une méthodologie est définie visant à passer des données DICOM3 à une réplique en ABS par prototypage rapide par dépôt de fil fondu via une reconstruction 3D numérique à l'aide de logiciels dédiés. Une étude de capabilité, transposable à tout procédé, quantifie la réponse et la fidélité de la machine et les paramètres optimaux. Trois applications (à partir de la tomographie RX) sont présentées à travers trois cas cliniques (ostéotomie, arthroplastie, trochléoplastie).Les exemples montrent que le procédé s'avère pertinent (et économiquement raisonnable) dès qu’il est question de géométrie complexe, de matérialisation du relief et d’appréciation d’un volume osseux. La représentation objective de l’échelle des volumes en constitue le point fort et l'intérêt est indéniable dans nombre de domaines de la chirurgie orthopédique et traumatologique. / The medical imaging technologies allow the visualization of diseases and injuries. However, even if dynamic perspective ones, these views remain a virtual 3D visualization because on a 2D screen. Real replicas have therefore a definite advantage: they can make palpable the notion of scale and volume and apparent hidden or ambiguous details and thus enhance or facilitate the diagnosis and the surgical solution.The rapid prototyping allows to achieve a replica from a CAD file issued from imaging data but this process is now only applied to specific cases. Our work shows that it can be applied with profit for complex but usual orthopaedic and trauma surgery cases. It can be so transfered from the research laboratory to the hospital.A methodology is defined to manufacture an ABS replica through rapid prototyping by fused deposition modelling from DICOM3 data and digital 3D reconstructions using dedicated software. The study of the capability, transferable to any process, quantifies the response and the accuracy of the machine and the optimal parameters. Three applications (from CT-scan) are presented through three clinical cases (osteotomy, arthroplasty and trochleoplasty) . The examples show that the method is appropriate (and economically reasonable) when it comes to complex geometry or assessment of bone volume. The objective representation of the volumes is the strength of the method and the interest is undeniable in many areas of orthopaedic surgery and traumatology.
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Multi-scale study of the degradation of railway ballast / Étude multi-échelle de la dégradation du ballast ferroviaireDeiros Quintanilla, Ivan 02 May 2018 (has links)
Pour voies ferrées à grandes vitesses (LGV, Lignes à Grande Vitesse), la durabilité des performances du ballast de chemin de fer n’est pas aussi importante qu’attendu. Le comportement mécanique de cette couche granulaire mince dépend fortement de la forme, la taille et la minéralogie des grains. Sur les LGV, les grains s’usent plus vite qu’attendu, essentiellement à cause de l’accumulation des opérations de maintenance appelées bourrage. Une conséquence à cela est un renouvellement complet du ballast avec une fréquence largement supérieure à ce qui était initialement prévu à la création de ces lignes.Soumis à des contraintes dynamiques combinées (trafic ferroviaire et des opérations de bourrage), les grains de ballast se dégradent par fragmentation et par attrition aux contacts. Les conséquences directes de cette dégradation progressive sont l’évolution de la taille et de la forme des grains. La courbe granulométrique est alors translatée vers les petits éléments, avec une présence notable de particules très fines résultant de l’usure des grains. De plus, l’angularité des grains est progressivement diminuée. Au-delà d’un certain temps, le cumul de dégradation se traduit par une chute des performances mécaniques du ballast. Le ballast ne remplit plus efficacement ses fonctions. La résistance latérale de la voie est réduite, limitant ainsi la répartition des contraintes sur la plateforme et l’ancrage des traverses. La présence excessive de fines rend le bourrage inefficace et diminue la perméabilité de la voie. Par conséquent, pour trouver des solutions optimales pour prolonger la durée de vie du ballast, il est nécessaire d’abord de bien comprendre les origines et mécanismes menant à l’usure des grains, pour finalement construire un modèle prédictif de dégradation.La dégradation des interfaces au contact génère de particules fines. La quantité de fines produite, laquelle dépend des conditions de chargement, est classiquement prédite par l’équation d’Archard. Ce modèle part du principe que le volume d’usure généré est proportionnel à la force normale et au déplacement relatif entre les surfaces en contact. La simulation numérique par éléments discrets (NSCD) d’une portion de voie de chemin de fer soumis à un chargement cyclique est un outil nécessaire pour réaliser la transition entre l’échelle de la voie et l’échelle du contact, fournissant les informations sur le ballast en tant que couche granulaire, depuis son comportement global jusqu’aux forces de contact et les déplacements relatifs entre les grains. Les contacts montrant un grand potentiel de génération de fines (selon le modèle d’Archard) sont identifiés et reproduits expérimentalement avec des essais de cisaillement entre deux grains. Parallèlement, l’essai d’attrition Micro-Deval est utilisé pour relier les résultats numériques et expérimentaux, et ainsi valider le modèle d’Archard, et pour suivre l’évolution de la forme des grains avec l’aide des scans d’un échantillon de grains par tomographie RX à différents états d’usure. Les deux campagnes d’essais montrent la faiblesse des aspérités les plus aiguisées, dont spécialement celles sur les arêtes et sommets.Un modèle prédictif d’usure en deux phases est donc proposé. La première phase décrit une usure rapide due aux fortes contraintes normales à l’interface de contact, et la deuxième phase décrit un taux d’usure plus modéré. Une contrainte seuil permet d’identifier clairement le passage d’une phase à une autre. Sur la base des déplacements relatifs intergranulaires observés dans la simulation numérique discrète, ce modèle est appliqué pour chaque contact dont l’histoire de chargement est variable. Une estimation de la courbe de génération de fines dans la voie est ainsi proposée. / After some years of high-speed lines in France (HSL), ballast has proven not to be resistant enough. The performance of ballast, as a thin layer of coarse grains, strongly depends on the shape, size and mineralogical nature of the grains composing it. However, in HSL, grains wear faster than expected due to the traffic of trains at high speeds and the accumulation of maintenance operations (tamping). Ballast replacement has therefore been required much before than its originally expected lifespan.Under the dynamic stresses imposed by the circulation of trains and tamping operations, ballast is gradually worn by fragmentation of grains and attrition at the contacts. The direct consequence of this degradation is the evolution of grain size and shape: the grading curve is shifted towards small and fine particles and the grains progressively lose their angularity. Eventually, the cumulated wear will no longer allow ballast to perform properly: the shear resistance of the layer is reduced limiting both the anchorage of sleepers and the distribution of loads to the platform. In addition, the presence in excess of fine particles renders tamping ineffective (fast evolution of track defaults) and reduces the permeability of the track. Thus, in order to search for optimized solutions for prolonging ballast lifespan, it is crucial to first understand the origins and mechanisms leading to ballast degradation when it is subjected to complex loading, for building a predictive model of ballast wear.The degradation of contact interfaces generates fine particles. The associated mass flux, which depends on the loading conditions, has been classically predicted by Archard equation. The model assumes that the generated volume of wear is proportional to the normal force and the relative displacement between the surfaces. Therefore, it is crucial to quantify the forces at the contact scale and the relative displacements between ballast grains in sliding contact. Discrete elements simulations by NSCD are used as a tool for performing a change in scale from the track scale to the contact scale, giving information of ballast as a granular layer, from its global behaviour down to the contact forces and relative displacements between grains. Contacts with a higher potential of generating fine particles (according to Archard model) are then identified and reproduced experimentally by two-grain shearing tests. In parallel, the Micro-Deval standard attrition test is used as a link between numerical and experimental results to validate Archard model, and to study the evolution of grain morphology by scanning a sample of grains using X-ray tomography at different stages of the test. Both experimental campaigns show the weakness of sharp asperities, especially on edges and vertexes.A model in two phases is proposed, accounting for a first phase of fast and aggressive degradation due to the high stress at the contact interface and a more stable second phase with a lower wear rate. A critical stress is identified as a threshold between phases. This model is then applied at each individual contact on the numerical simulations, resulting in a first approach of the production curve of fine particles within the track.
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Ruční dálkový ovladač pro robot Perseus / Operator's station for Perseus mobile robotSabó, Marek January 2019 (has links)
This thesis deals with the design and implementation of application for control of mobile robot. In the introductory section is discussed used platform GEARS-SMP, the principle of functionality of protocol for servo motors control, format M-JPEG and standard H.264. Further work is dedicated to analysis of designing user interface in robotic applications, available options for control devices and hardware used in remote controller. The following part focuses on the design of robotic application, especially on graphic user interface and virtual head-up display and follow-up implementation of created application in Raspberry Pi. In the end, thesis describes implemented software solution and compares resulting application with the created design.
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Möglichkeiten der Nutzung thermal-infraroter Wellenlängen zur fernerkundlichen Erfassung/Quantifizierung von Bodenparametern in semiariden Agrarregionen / eine vergleichende Studie der spektralen Bereiche des LWIR und des VNIR-SWIR auf der Basis von LabormessungenEisele, Andreas 24 February 2014 (has links)
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Möglichkeiten einer Nutzung thermal-infraroter Wellenlängen zur fernerkundlichen Erfassung/Quantifizierung von Bodenparametern vorgestellt. Die Studie basiert auf Bodenproben des Untersuchungsgebietes Mullewa, welches sich in einer semiariden Agrarregion im West-Australischen Weizengürtel befindet. Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit steht die Bewertung des langwelligen Infrarots (LWIR), innerhalb des atmosphärischen Fensters zwischen 8 und 14 Mikrometer, bezüglich seines spektralen Potentials für die quantitative Ableitung des Ton- und Sandgehaltes sowie des Gehaltes an organischem Kohlenstoff (SOC). Zur Abschätzung der Effizienz wurden die Ergebnisse des LWIR einer Quantifizierung aus dem herkömmlich gebrauchten solar-reflektiven Wellenlängenbereichs zwischen 0,4 und 2,5 Mikrometer (VNIR-SWIR) gegenübergestellt. Mit verschiedenen Methoden der Laborspektroskopie wurden Bodenproben aus dem Untersuchungsgebiet im thermalen (Emissions-FTIR-Spektroskopie und direktional-hemisphärische Reflexions- (DHR) Spektroskopie)und im solar-reflektiven (Diffuse Reflexions-Spektroskopie) Wellenlängenbereich eingemessen und anschließend auf ihren Informationsgehalt hin untersucht. Die quantitative Modellierung der pedologischen Parameter aus den gemessenen spektralen Signaturen wurde mithilfe einer multivariaten Regressionsanalyse (Partial Least Squares Regression – PLSR) realisiert. Diese Grundlagenstudie konnte zeigen, dass die spektralen Voraussetzungen im LWIR für ein mögliches Monitoring der Bodenparameter mit thermalen Fernerkundungsdaten gegeben sind. Die Arbeit demonstriert darüber hinaus, dass für die Erfassung/Quantifizierung der Textur-Parameter (Sand- und Tongehalt) der relevante spektrale Informationsgehalt im LWIR deutlich höher ist als im VNIR-SWIR. / This study embraces the feasibility of using the thermal infrared wavelength region for future remote sensing applications to detect/quantify soil parameters. The research is based on soil samples from the semiarid agricultural area of Mullewa, located within the wheat belt of Western Australia. The main focus of this study is to assess the potential of the longwave infrared (LWIR), within the atmospheric window between 8 and 14 micrometer, to predict the content of sand, clay and organic carbon (SOC) in soils. The results are compared with predictions made with the traditionally used solar-reflective wavelength region (visible, VIS: 0.4 - 0.7 micrometer; near infrared, NIR: 0.7 - 1.1 micrometer; shortwave infrared, SWIR: 1.1 - 2.5 micrometer). Using laboratory spectroscopy, the Mullewa soil samples were measured, both in the thermal infrared (emission FTIR spectroscopy and directional hemispherical reflection (DHR) spectroscopy) and in the solar-reflective (diffuse reflection spectroscopy) wavelength region. This data was analyzed to determine the relevant content of information for the soil parameters. Multivariate regression analyses (partial least squares regression - PLSR) were used to quantitatively model the soil parameters from the spectral signatures. This basic research demonstrated that the spectral requirements in the LWIR are met for monitoring these soil parameters with thermal remote sensing instruments. Furthermore the study found that the relevant spectral information for the detection/quantification of the sand- and the clay content (textural parameters) is explicitly higher in the LWIR than in the VNIR-SWIR.
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Mapeamento de aquíferos sedimentares e fraturados na Bacia do Paraná por meio da técnica de caminhamento TDEM, usando Tx-fixo e Rx-móvel / Mapping of crystalline and sedimentary aquifers in Paraná basin using TEM fixed-loop.Campaña, Julian David Realpe 03 September 2015 (has links)
Nesta pesquisa foi utilizado o método eletromagnético no domínio do tempo (TDEM) em apoio à exploração de águas subterrâneas, visando o mapeamento de aquíferos sedimentar e cristalino na bacia sedimentar do Paraná. Os dados foram adquiridos por meio da técnica de caminhamento TDEM usando o loop transmissor (Tx) fixo e a bobina receptora (Rx) 3D móvel, também conhecida como técnica fixed-loop. A análise dos dados do campo magnético secundário proveniente de medidas com a bobina Rx 3D teve como objetivo principal entender como estes campos se dissipam em subsuperfície e relacioná-los com os sedimentos e com as estruturas presentes dentro da camada de basaltos da Formação Serra Geral na bacia do Paraná. A interpretação de estruturas com geometrias variadas na subsuperfície foi feita por meio de inversões individuais dos dados da componente-z (Bz) e os modelos geoelétricos na forma de perfis foram obtidos por meio de um processo de interpolação lateral. As componentes individuais forneceram informações adicionais sobre o comportamento do campo magnético induzido e sua dissipação na subsuperfície. Resultados de medidas da resistividade elétrica por meio da técnica de caminhamento elétrico foram correlacionados com os perfis TDEM com a finalidade de fazer uma interpretação integrada, aliada com informações litológicas de poços disponíveis na região de estudos, e com isso dar mais confiabilidade na interpretação. Os resultados são promissores e contribuíram para o mapeamento do aquífero sedimentar raso (Formação Adamantina) e do aquífero cristalino caracterizado pela presença de zonas de fraturas nos basaltos da Formação Serra Geral que podem estar preenchidas com água. Os resultados terão aplicações diretas em estudos hidrogeológicos na região de Termas de Ibirá, Estado de São Paulo. / In this research, the time domain electromagnetic method (TDEM) was used for groundwater exploration aiming to map the sedimentary and crystalline aquifers in the Paraná Basin. The TDEM acquisition data was made through fixed transmitter loop technique (Tx) and a mobile 3D-coil receiver (Rx). The data analysis of the secondary magnetic field from measurements with 3D Rx coil aimed to understand how these fields dissipate in the subsurface and relate them to the sediments and the structures present within the basalt layer of the Serra Geral Formation in the Parana basin. The interpretation of varied subsurface geometries and structures was made through individual inversions of the z-component data (Bz) and the geoelectric models obtained by a process of lateral interpolation. The individual components provided additional information on the induced magnetic field behavior and its dissipation in the subsurface. Results of resistivity measurements by electric tomography technique were correlated with the TDEM profiles in order to make an integrated interpretation, together with lithological information from available wells in the study area. The results are promising and contributed to the mapping of shallow sedimentary aquifer (Adamantina Training) and the crystalline aquifer characterized by the presence of fractures in the basalt layer in the Serra Geral formation that can be filled with water. This research will have direct applications in hydrogeological studies in the area of Ibirá, state of São Paulo.
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Mapeamento de aquíferos sedimentares e fraturados na Bacia do Paraná por meio da técnica de caminhamento TDEM, usando Tx-fixo e Rx-móvel / Mapping of crystalline and sedimentary aquifers in Paraná basin using TEM fixed-loop.Julian David Realpe Campaña 03 September 2015 (has links)
Nesta pesquisa foi utilizado o método eletromagnético no domínio do tempo (TDEM) em apoio à exploração de águas subterrâneas, visando o mapeamento de aquíferos sedimentar e cristalino na bacia sedimentar do Paraná. Os dados foram adquiridos por meio da técnica de caminhamento TDEM usando o loop transmissor (Tx) fixo e a bobina receptora (Rx) 3D móvel, também conhecida como técnica fixed-loop. A análise dos dados do campo magnético secundário proveniente de medidas com a bobina Rx 3D teve como objetivo principal entender como estes campos se dissipam em subsuperfície e relacioná-los com os sedimentos e com as estruturas presentes dentro da camada de basaltos da Formação Serra Geral na bacia do Paraná. A interpretação de estruturas com geometrias variadas na subsuperfície foi feita por meio de inversões individuais dos dados da componente-z (Bz) e os modelos geoelétricos na forma de perfis foram obtidos por meio de um processo de interpolação lateral. As componentes individuais forneceram informações adicionais sobre o comportamento do campo magnético induzido e sua dissipação na subsuperfície. Resultados de medidas da resistividade elétrica por meio da técnica de caminhamento elétrico foram correlacionados com os perfis TDEM com a finalidade de fazer uma interpretação integrada, aliada com informações litológicas de poços disponíveis na região de estudos, e com isso dar mais confiabilidade na interpretação. Os resultados são promissores e contribuíram para o mapeamento do aquífero sedimentar raso (Formação Adamantina) e do aquífero cristalino caracterizado pela presença de zonas de fraturas nos basaltos da Formação Serra Geral que podem estar preenchidas com água. Os resultados terão aplicações diretas em estudos hidrogeológicos na região de Termas de Ibirá, Estado de São Paulo. / In this research, the time domain electromagnetic method (TDEM) was used for groundwater exploration aiming to map the sedimentary and crystalline aquifers in the Paraná Basin. The TDEM acquisition data was made through fixed transmitter loop technique (Tx) and a mobile 3D-coil receiver (Rx). The data analysis of the secondary magnetic field from measurements with 3D Rx coil aimed to understand how these fields dissipate in the subsurface and relate them to the sediments and the structures present within the basalt layer of the Serra Geral Formation in the Parana basin. The interpretation of varied subsurface geometries and structures was made through individual inversions of the z-component data (Bz) and the geoelectric models obtained by a process of lateral interpolation. The individual components provided additional information on the induced magnetic field behavior and its dissipation in the subsurface. Results of resistivity measurements by electric tomography technique were correlated with the TDEM profiles in order to make an integrated interpretation, together with lithological information from available wells in the study area. The results are promising and contributed to the mapping of shallow sedimentary aquifer (Adamantina Training) and the crystalline aquifer characterized by the presence of fractures in the basalt layer in the Serra Geral formation that can be filled with water. This research will have direct applications in hydrogeological studies in the area of Ibirá, state of São Paulo.
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Functional analysis of embryonic brain development in Tribolium castaneum / Funktionale Analyse zur embryonalen Gehirnentwicklung in Tribolium castaneumKoniszewski, Nikolaus 22 August 2011 (has links)
No description available.
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Reconstruction statistique 3D à partir d’un faible nombre de projections : application : coronarographie RX rotationnelle / 3D statistical reconstruction from a small number of projections. application : XR rotational coronarographyOukili, Ahmed 16 December 2015 (has links)
La problématique de cette thèse concerne la reconstruction statistique itérative 3D de l'arbre coronaire, à partir d'un nombre très réduit d'angiogrammes coronariens (5 images). Pendant un examen rotationnel d'angiographie RX, seules les projections correspondant à la même phase cardiaque sont sélectionnées afin de vérifier la condition de non variabilité spatio-temporelle de l'objet à reconstruire (reconstruction statique). Le nombre restreint de projections complique cette reconstruction, considérée alors comme un problème inverse mal posé. La résolution d'un tel problème nécessite une procédure de régularisation. Pour ce faire, nous avons opté pour le formalisme bayésien en considérant la reconstruction comme le champ aléatoire maximisant la probabilité a posteriori (MAP), composée d'un terme quadratique de vraisemblance (attache aux données) et un a priori de Gibbs (à priori markovien basé sur une interprétation partielle de l'objet à reconstruire). La maximisation MAP adoptant un algorithme d'optimisation numérique nous a permis d'introduire une contrainte de lissage avec préservation de contours des reconstructions en choisissant adéquatement les fonctions de potentiel associées à l'énergie à priori. Dans ce manuscrit, nous avons discuté en détail des trois principales composantes d'une reconstruction statistique MAP performante, à savoir (1) l'élaboration d'un modèle physique précis du processus d'acquisition, (2) l'adoption d'un modèle à priori approprié et (3) la définition d'un algorithme d'optimisation itératif efficace. Cette discussion nous a conduit à proposer deux algorithmes itératifs MAP, MAP-MNR et MAP-ARTUR-GC, que nous avons testés et évalués sur des données simulées réalistes (données patient issues d'une acquisition CT- 64 multi-barrettes). / The problematic of this thesis concerns the statistical iterative 3D reconstruction of coronary tree from a very few number of coronary angiograms (5 images). During RX rotational angiographic exam, only projections corresponding to the same cardiac phase are selected in order to check the condition of space and time non-variability of the object to reconstruct (static reconstruction). The limited number of projections complicates the reconstruction, considered then as an illness inverse problem. The answer to a similar problem needs a regularization process. To do so, we choose baysian formalism considering the reconstruction as a random field maximizing the posterior probability (MAP), composed by quadratic likelihood terms (attached to data) and Gibbs prior (prior markovian based on a partial interpretation of the object to reconstruct). The MAP maximizing allowed us using a numerical optimization algorithm, to introduce a smoothing constraint and preserve the edges on the reconstruction while choosing wisely the potential functions associated to prior energy. In this paper, we have discussed in details the three components of efficient statistical reconstruction MAP, which are : 1- the construction of precise physical model of acquisition process; 2- the selection of an appropriate prior model; and 3- the definition of an efficient iterative optimization algorithm. This discussion lead us to propose two iterative algorithms MAP, MAP-MNR and MAP-ARTUR-GC, which we have tested and evaluated on realistic simulated data (Patient data from 64-slice CT).
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Design and fabrication of a photonic integrated circuit comprising a semi-conductor optical amplifier and a high speed photodiode (SOA-UTC) for >100 Gbit/s applications / Etude d'un récepteur pré-amplifié de type PIC (Photonic Integrated Circuit) réalisé par intégration monolithique d'un amplificateur (SOA) optique à semi-conducteur et d'une photodiode (UTC) pour les liaisons courtes distances à 100 Gbit/s et au delàAnagnosti, Maria 13 November 2015 (has links)
Ce travail porte sur la conception, la fabrication et la caractérisation d’une photodiode très haut débit (UTC PD) et son intégration avec un préamplificateur optique à semi-conducteur (SOA) pour les liaisons optiques à courte distance à 100 Gbit/s en bandes C et O. Il porte également sur la conception d'un duplexeur (Tx / Rx) avec liaison montante en bande C et liaison descendante en bande O. L'intégration monolithique d’un SOA avec une photodiode haut débit sans filtre optique entre les deux présente des avantages majeurs parmi lesquels: - Augmentation de la distance de transmission. - Augmentation du nombre d'utilisateurs connectés. - Diminution des coûts globaux de fabrication incluant l’assemblage. La première partie de cette étude porte sur l'optimisation SOA pour un fonctionnement à forte puissance (Psat). Un faible facteur de bruit (NF) et une faible dépendance à la polarisation (PDL) sont requis pour les récepteurs préamplifiés. De plus, un fonctionnement du et opérer en régime linéaire est nécessaire pour les schémas de modulation complexes. Le SOA actuel possède un gain de 18 dB avec un facteur de bruit de 8 dB, une faible PDL (<2 dB), et une bonne puissance de saturation en entrée (-8 dBm). Grâce à l’optimisation de la structure verticale du SOA et de son couplage avec la fibre les performances attendues sont améliores : Psat >-5 dBm, NF <8 dB, PDL et gain similaire. D'autre part, les interconnexions électriques de la photodiode ont été optimisées ce qui a permis de démontrer des photodiodes avec une bande passante supérieure à 100 GHz. Les photodiodes présentent un fort coefficient de réponse (R) (0,6 A/W à 1,3 μm et 0,55 A/W à 1,55 μm) et une faible PDL <1 dB. Un fort courant de saturation de 14 mA à 100 GHz a aussi été démonté. Enfin, la caractérisation des SOA-UTC réalisés a montré simultanément une très forte responsivité (95 A/W), une faible dépendance à la polarisation PDL (<2 dB), un faible NF (8 dB) et une large bande passante à 3 dB (> 95 GHz), qui placent nos composants au meilleur niveau de l’état de l’art avec un produit gain-bande record de 6,1 THz. Les Mesures numériques à 64 Gbit/s montrent que notre récepteur atteint une sensibilité de -17 dBm pour un taux d'erreur de 10-9, et la sensibilité attendue à 100 Gbit/s est de -14 dBm / This work focuses on the design, fabrication and measurements of a uni-travelling carrier high speed photodiode (UTC PD) and its integration with a semiconductor optical preamplifier (SOA) for short reach 100 Gbit/s optical links, in O- and C- bands. This work also focuses on the design of a duplexer (Tx/Rx) with downstream in O-band and upstream in C-band. The SOA monolithic integration with a high speed PD without an optical filter in between yields major benefits among which: - Increase in the transmission distance. - Increase in the split ratio correlated to the number of connected users. - Decrease of the overall fabrication and assembling cost. The first part of this work is dedicated to optimizing the SOA for high power operation (Psat). The low noise figure (NF), and polarization dependence loss (PDL) are critical parameters for a preamplified receiver. Also complex modulation formats require linear gain regime of the SOA. The current SOA presents 18 dB gain with NF (8 dB), low PDL (<2 dB), and good input power saturation (-8 dBm). Thanks to further optimization of the SOA vertical structure and coupling with the optical fiber, the expected SOA performance is higher Psat >-5 dBm, NF <8 dB, similar PDL and gain. Secondly, the electrical interconnects of the photodiode is optimized to increase the photodiodes’ bandwidth, which allows to demonstrate photodiode with >100 GHz bandwidth. The PD presents high responsivity (R) (0,6 A/W at 1,3 μm and 0.55 A/W at 1,55 μm) and low PDL <1 dB. Also the saturation photocurrent is high (14 mA at 100 GHz). Finally, the SOA-UTC demonstrates high responsivity (95 A/W), low PDL (<2 dB), low NF (8 dB) and a wide 3 dB bandwidth (>95 GHz), which yields a record gain-bandwidth product of 6.1 THz. Large signal measurements at 64 Gbit/s show that our receiver reaches a low sensitivity of -17 dBm for a bit error rate of 10-9, and is expected to reach -14 dBm at 100 Gbit/s
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