This master's thesis examines the three German translations of J. D. Salinger's novel <em>The Catcher in the Rye</em> (1951): <em>Der Mann im Roggen</em>, published in 1954 by Diana Verlag and translated by Irene Muehlon; <em>Der Fänger im Roggen</em>, published in 1962 and translated by Annemarie and Heinrich Böll, and <em>Der Fänger im Roggen</em>, published in 2003 and translated by Eike Schönfeld (both published by Kiepenheuer & Witsch). In recourse to polysystem theory, it is shown how translational differences can be explained through the translations' cultural and literary contexts. <br /><br /> First, polysystem theory's most important terms are explained in regard to the research objectives. In doing so, the existing research on German translations of Salinger is summarized. Second, with the help of an analysis by Irene Hinrichsen, the latest translation is compared to its predecessors in regard to language and stylistics. This analysis demonstrates that, unlike the earlier translations, Schönfeld's version retains nearly all of the American original's stylistic particularities and extreme content. <br /><br /> Then, building on the result of the linguistic-stylistic analysis, the societal and literary contexts of the three translations are summarized in order to find possible explanations for the translational differences. It becomes clear that the alleviative tendencies of the two earlier translations are very much in tune with the cautious approach to morality of the West Germany of the 1950s. In contrast, the latest translation was produced in a liberal, youthful environment that reflects a more tolerant German society. Therefore, it makes sense to trace the differences between the three translations back to their differing contexts.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009. / Includes abstract. Title from first page of PDF file (viewed March 18, 2010). Includes bibliographical references. Issued in print and online. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [100]-114). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [100]-114). Also available on the Internet.

The need to curb increased pollution of environmental resources caused by excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer application and N fertilizer use inefficiencies in wheat (Triticum aestivum) production systems warrants an inexpensive, sustainable, environmentally sound solution, the root system. Wheat germplasm containing the short arm of rye chromosome 1 (1RS) has recently been found to have larger root system sizes in pot experiments in addition to previously documented higher yields and resistance to leaf, stem and yellow rust. These 1RS lines could therefore be useful in wheat breeding efforts targeting superior root system traits for yield improvements as well as environmental and economic benefits. This dissertation evaluated field root biomass production of Pavon 76 and its wheat-rye (1RS) translocations, effects of root biomass on nitrogen use efficiency, and the temporal variation in their root morphological traits and early growth vigor. The translocation 1RS.1BL had 9 and 23 % higher total root biomass than Pavon 76 at jointing and physiological maturity respectively. Root N uptake peaked at the jointing, where it comprised 22-34% of the total plant N uptake and was lowest at physiological maturity for all genotypes. The inclusion of root N uptake reduced the N utilization efficiency and N harvest index by 6-14 and 7-15% respectively, indicating that the use of only the above ground plant parts over estimates these parameters. In pot experiments, the translocation 1RS .1AL had 12 and 39% higher root biomass than Pavon 76 at anthesis and maturity respectively. 1RS.1BL had 38% higher root mass and 16% longer roots than Pavon76 at physiological maturity. This suggests the existence of differences among the genotypes in below ground partitioning of assimilates at peak nutrient demand (anthesis) for grain filling, and also in rates of root decay and senescence. The lack of differences in root morphological traits among genotypes at early growth stages (6-46 days after sowing) indicates that there are minimal differences in early root growth vigor. The 1RS translocations could therefore expand the wheat breeder's tool box in selections for superior root traits for improved NUE without adverse effects on grain yield.

Limited water supplies are available to satisfy the increasing demands of crop production. It is therefore very important to conserve the water, which comes as rainfall, and water, which is used in irrigation. A proper irrigation water management system requires accurate, simple, automated, non-destructive method to schedule irrigations. Utilization of infrared thermometry to assess plant water stress provides a rapid, nondestructive, reliable estimate of plant water status which would be amenable to larger scale applications and would over-reach some of the sampling problems associated with point measurements. Several indices have been developed to time irrigation. The most useful is the crop water stress index (CWSI), which normalizes canopy to aIr temperature differential measurements, to atmospheric water vapour pressure deficit. A field experiment was conducted at Cedara, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, to determine the non-water-stressed baselines, and CWSI of cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) from 22 July to 26 September 2002, and aImual (Italian) ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) from October 8 to December 4, 2002, when the crops completely covered the soil. An accurate measurement of canopy to air temperature differential is crucial for the determination of CWSI using the empirical (Idso et al., 1981) and theoretical (Jackson et al., 1981) methods. Calibrations of infrared thermometers, a Vaisala CS500 air temperature and relative humidity sensor and thermocouples were performed, and the reliability of the measured weather data were analysed. The Everest and Apogee infrared thermometers require correction for temperatures less than 15 QC and greater than 35 QC. Although the calibration relationships were highly linearly significant the slopes and intercepts should be corrected for greater accuracy. Since the slopes of the thermocouples and Vaisala CS500 air temperature sensor were statistically different from 1, multipliers were used to correct the readings. The relative humidity sensor needs to be calibrated for RH values less than 25 % and greater than 75 %. The integrity of weather data showed that solar irradiance, net irradiance, wind speed and vapour pressure deficit were measured accurately. Calculated soil heat flux was underestimated and the calculated surface temperature was underestimated for most of the experimental period compared to measured canopy temperature. The CWSI was determined using the empirical and theoretical methods. An investigation was made to determine if the CWSI could be used to schedule irrigation in cereal rye and annual rye grass to prevent water stress. Both the empirical and theoretical methods require an estimate or measurement of the canopy to air temperature differential, the non-waterstressed baseline, and the non-transpiring canopy to air temperature differential. The upper (stressed) and lower (non- stressed) baselines were calculated to quantify and monitor crop water stress for cereal rye and annual ryegrass. The non-water-stressed baselines were described by the linear equations Te - Ta = 2.0404 - 2.0424 * VPD for cereal rye and Te - Ta = 2.7377 - 1.2524 * VP D for annual ryegrass. The theoretical CWSI was greater than the empirical CWSI for most of the experimental days for both cereal rye and annual ryegrass. Variability of empirical (CWSI)E and theoretical (CWSI)T values followed soil water content as would be expected. The CWSI values responded predictably to rainfall and irrigation. CWSI values of 0.24 for cereal rye and 0.29 for annual ryegrass were found from this study, which can be used for timing irrigations to alleviate water stress and avoid excess irrigation water. The non-water-stressed baseline can also be used alone if the aim of the irrigator is to obtain maximum yields. However the non-water-stressed baseline determined using the empirical method cannot be applied to another location and is only valid for clear sky conditions. And the non-water-stressed baseline determined using theoretical method requires computation of aerodynamic resistance and canopy resistances, as the knowledge of canopy resistance, however the values it can assume throughout the day is still scarce. The baseline was then determined using a new method by Alves and Pereira (2000), which overcomes these problems. This method evaluated the infrared surface temperature as a wet bulb temperature for cereal rye and annual ryegrass. From this study, it is concluded that the infrared surface temperature of fully irrigated cereal rye and annual ryegrass can be regarded as a surface wet bulb temperature. The value of infrared surface temperature can be computed from measured or estimated values of net irradiance, aerodynamic resistance and air temperature. The non-water-stressed baseline is a useful concept that can effectively guide the irrigator to obtain maximum yields and to schedule irrigation. Surface temperature can be used to monitor the crop water status at any time of the day even on cloudy days, which may greatly ease the task of the irrigator. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003

Some ill. mounted / Bibliography: leaves 145-160 / vii, 160, [58] leaves : ill. (some col.), maps ; 31 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Plant Pathology, 1985

Bibliography: leaves [129]-146 / v, 146, [50] leaves, [50] leaves of plates : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Agronomy, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, 1985

Bibliography: leaves [129]-146 / v, 146, [50] leaves, [50] leaves of plates : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Agronomy, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, 1985

Copper deficiency causes significant annual losses in grain yield due to poor grain set. Cereals such as wheat and barley are particularly susceptible to low copper soils whereas,crops such as rye and triticale are better able to grow and yield under such conditions of nutrient stress. The ability of rye and triticale, which carries a complete set of rye chromosomes, to tolerate low copper conditions has been attributed to a gene on rye chromosome 5R. Wheat-rye translocation lines have previously been produced carrying segments of the long arm of chromosome 5 of rye (5RL). Although these lines have expressed copper efficiency in University of Adelaide trials, until now they have been considered agronomically inferior and so have not been used as commercial cultivars. The physical size of rye segment of the 4BS.4BL-5RL translocation in a Chinese Spring background derived from the Cornell Wheat Selection 82a1-2-4-7 was measured using GISH (genomic in situ hybridization) and found to be 16% of the long arm. The size of this translocation was similar to GISH measurements of another 4BS.4BL-5RL translocation in Viking wheat background, although both these lines arose spontaneously and at different times. Molecular maps of both 4BS.4BL-5RL translocations in the two different wheat backgrounds were developed and used to screen for rare recombinants between wheat and rye in a background homozygous for the Sears' ph1b mutant. The maps revealed the approximate genetic location of the translocation breakpoint involved in these two 4BS.4BL-5RL translocations to be similar even though they are known to have arisen at different times and in different experimental populations. The similarity of these translocations suggests a unique property of the region at or near the translocation breakpoint that could be responsible for their similarity and spontaneous formation. After screening 703 critical seedlings for evidence of recombination between the 5RL segment and wheat homoeologues, no confirmed recombinants were identified. Lines containing the 4BS.4BL-5RL translocation were shown to yield equally as well as their recurrent parent under normal field conditions. In addition the presence of the 4BS.4BL-5RL had no adverse effects on a range of grain quality characteristics measured in these lines. A pot trial using lines derived from a cross between the CSHN translocation and the wheat cultivar Warigal (five backcrosses) revealed that they provided copper-efficiency even under the severest of deficiency conditions. While the results of this pot trial did not show the outstanding copper efficiency previously observed in these lines, the translocation did consistently out yield the recurrent parent under severe copper deficiency conditions. Finally, a reliable PCR marker was developed for the rapid identification of lines containing the distal portion of the 5RL chromosome. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Agriculture and Wine, 2004.