A numerical investigation was conducted to evaluate the geotechnical safety and slope stability of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfills, considering the effects of geosynthetic reinforcements, biodegradation of the waste, and associated changes in material properties, and extreme wind force simulating hurricane conditions. Three different landfill slopes, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 having the height of 122m and width of 2134m, were analyzed using Limit Equilibrium Method (SLOPE/W) and Finite Element Modeling (ANSYS). Techniques developed in this study were used to analyze a case history involving a geogrid reinforced mixed landfill expansion located in Austria. It was found that few years after construction of the landfill, there is a significant decrease in the FS due to biodegradation. Extreme wind loading was also found to cause a substantial loss in the FS. The geosynthetic reinforcement increased the slope stability and approximately compensated for the damaging effects of biodegradation and wind loading. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Os objetivos desta pesquisa incluem: (i) estudar as características de compactação dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU); (ii) avaliar os mecanismos de compressão dos RSU e o efeito de sobrecarga (aterro experimental) em maciço sanitário existente; (iii) desenvolver programa computacional para previsão de recalques em aterros sanitários. Um aterro experimental com cerca de 24.400 \'M POT.3\' de RSU e altura de até 4 m, distribuído em área aproximada de 8.400 \'M POT.2\', foi construído em São Paulo para estudar os procedimentos de compactação de aterros sanitários. Ensaios in situ de grande dimensão foram executados para avaliar o peso específico do resíduo, após a compactação, em diferentes posições e camadas do experimento. Ensaios de umidade e composição dos resíduos foram realizados, assim como o levantamento das espessuras das camadas para cada etapa construtiva. O aterro experimental foi construído sobre aterro existente, criando a oportunidade para estudar a compressão do resíduo novo e antigo. Rigoroso programa de monitoração de recalques foi implantado, de forma que as deformações do aterro experimental pudessem ser isoladas das do aterro existente. Marcos superficiais foram posicionados interna e externamente à área do experimento, e placas de recalque instaladas na base do aterro experimental. O período de monitoramento envolveu cerca de 3 anos de medidas. A pesquisa resultou em: (i) novos subsídios e relações para a compactação dos RSU, incluindo as influências do equipamento de compactação, número de passadas, espessura das camadas, plano de compactação e teor de umidade, mostrando ser este último o parâmetro de maior impacto no processo de compactação; (ii) dados de peso específico e de sua relação com a profundidade, assim como do efeito da compactação na compressibilidade dos RSU e na geração de líquidos percolados em aterros sanitários; (iii) avaliação do desempenho de modelos de compressibilidade existentes na literatura; (iv) desenvolvimento de modelo compósito para compressibilidade dos RSU, considerando a compressão mecânica primária e secundária e a parcela devido a biodegradação dos resíduos; (v) desenvolvimento do programa MSWSET usando o modelo compósito para cálculo dos recalques de aterros como função do tempo. O modelo e programa desenvolvidos apresentaram elevado desempenho, constituindo importante ferramenta para previsão de recalques de aterros sanitários. / The objectives of this research were to: (i) study the compaction characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW); (ii) evaluate the compression mechanisms of MSW and its response to a surcharge (waste test fill) over an existing landfill; (iii) develop a computer program for landfill settlement predictions. A waste test fill with a volume of about 24,400 \'M POT.3\' and a height up to 4 m, distributed over an area of approximately 8,400 \'M POT.2\', was constructed in Sao Paulo, to study compaction procedures for sanitary landfills. Large in situ tests were performed to evaluate the unit weight of waste immediately after compaction at several locations for each lift. Water content measurements and composition determinations were carried out, as well as thickness measurements of the waste layers after each construction (compaction) phase. The test fill was constructed over an existing landfill. Thus, the test fill provided opportunities to study the compression of the new and the old waste. A rigorous program of deformation monitoring was implemented in order to separate compression of the test fill from settlement of the underlying landfill. Benchmarks were located inside and outside of the experimental area, and settlement plates were installed at the bottom of the test fill. The monitoring period encompasses around 3 years of measurements. The research provided: (i) new guidelines and relationships for compaction of municipal solid waste, including the influences of compaction equipment, number of passes, lift thickness, water content, and compaction plane. The water content has presented larger response on the compaction process than the other variables; (ii) quantitative data regarding unit weight, the influence of depth on unit weight, water content, compressibility of MSW, and leachate generation; (iii) assessment of the performance of existing MSW compressibility models described in the literature; (iv) development of a composite model of MSW compressibility that considers primary compression, secondary mechanical compression, and compression from biodegradation; (v) development of the computer program MSWSET using the composite model of MSW compressibility to calculate landfill settlement as a function of time. The developed model and program has presented a high performance, being a powerful tool for landfill settlement prediction.

Orientador: Jorge Hamada / Banca: Ana Silvia Palcheco Peixoto / Banca: Vagner Roberto Elis / Resumo: A disposição de resíduos sólidos no solo gera frequentes preocupações ambientais, sociais e de saúde pública. Os aterros sanitários de pequeno porte são uma alternativa sugerida por órgãos ambientais no Estado de SP para que pequenos municípios possam destinar seus resíduos de forma ambientalmente segura, a custos reduzidos. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar, sob a análise de aspectos físicos e geofísicos, se este mecanismo possui capacidade em conter os líquidos percolados das colunas de resíduos, evitando riscos de contaminação no solo e águas subterrâneas. Para tanto, características físicas da área de influência do aterro foram determinadas com auxílio de mapas, assim como as características físicas foram determinadas através de ensaios padrão. O método da Eletrorresistividade foi empregado para caracterizar o solo em subsuperfície e estimar sua capacidade na atenuação de contaminantes. Os resultados mostraram o potencial de aplicação deste método, através da relação entre elevada carga iônica e baixa resistividade elétrica, definindo com clareza o limite das plumas de contaminantes. O chorume ocorre em grande parte das valas mais recentes, devido à etapa de decomposição. Valas antigas apresentaram tendência de aumento na resistividade, significando queda na geração de chorume, concomitante ao aumento do tempo de resistividade dos resíduos. Assim, a zona de influência dos resíduos limitou-se à 20 m da área de disposição no plano horizontal e até 8,5 em profundidade. As propriedades físico-químicas do solo argiloso local influenciaram o comportamento da pluma de contaminantes, visto a redução destas ao longo do tempo. Destacam-se o mineral de argila e a granulometria como os possíveis principais responsáveis pela atenuação natural dos contaminantes. Em alguns... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The disposal of solid waste in the soil often creates environmental, social and public health concerns. Small landfills are an alternative suggestion by environmental agencies in the State of São Paulo so small cities direct their waste in an environmentally safe manner, at costs. This research is aimed to evaluate, under the analysis of physical and geophysical concepts, if this mechanism has the capacity to contain lanchated liquid from the columns of waste, avoiding risks of contamination in soil and groundwater. Thus, physical characteristics of landfill catchment area were determined with the aid of maps, as well as the physical characteristics of the local soil were determined by standard assays. The Electrical Resistivity method was employed to characterize the subsoil and to estimate its ability to attenuate contaminants. The results showed the potential application of this method through the relationship between hhigh ionic charge and low resistivity, defining clearly the limits of contaminant plumes. Leachate occurs largely in the more recent dithes, due to the decomposition phase. Older ditches tended to increase in resistivity; it means decrease of leachate generation, as well the increase of waste time residence. Thus, the waste influence zone was limited to 10 m of the disposal area in the horizontal plane and up to 8.5 m in depth. The physicochemical properties of the clay soil spot have influenced the contaminants plume behavior, to reduce it along the time. Emphasizing this are the clay mineral and grain size held as possible primary accountable for natural attenuation of contaminants. At some ponts, it is estimated that the layer of unsaturated soil under the ditches be less that one meter, it does not comply the criteria for exemption of additional waterproofing, established in NBR 15.849:2010 Municipal solid waste... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Heraldo Luiz Giacheti / Banca: Giulliana Mondelli / Banca: Roger Augusto Rodrigues / Resumo: Para a avaliação da contaminação dos solos em áreas de disposição de resíduos sólidos é fundamental conhecer a permeabilidade desses solos, quantificada pela condutividade hidráulica (k). Pesquisas anteriores avaliaram a contaminação que ocorre no Aterro de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos de Bauru/SP, e sugerem valores de K para os solos que ocorrem no local. O objetivo desta pesquisa é dar continuidade aos estudos de investigação neste aterro, buscando encontrar valores representativos de K para os diferentes tipos de solos que ocorrem na área, empregando técnicas de ensaios em campo e laboratório. No laboratório foram realizados ensaios de condutividade hidráulica em permeâmetros de parede rígida e flexível a carga variável e constante em amostras indeformadas. Em campo, foram conduzidos ensaios de recuperação em poços de monitoramento (Slug Test), zona saturada, e ensaios de condutividade com o permeâmetro de Guelph na zona não saturada. Quatro tipos de solos são encontrados na região do aterro, coluvião, aluvião e residual de arenito. No laboratório, utilizando permeâmetros de parede rígida, foi possível encontrar valores médios de K para o colúvio e o alúvio, sendo estes, respectivamente, k=2,6x10-6, 2,0x10-5 m/s. Paro o solo residual e para o arenito utilizou-se de permeâmetros de parede flexível para a realização dos ensaios, com saturação por contra pressão, obtendo-se os valores de k=1,2x10-7 e 3,3x10-8 m/s, respectivamente. No campo para o solo residual encontraram-se valores de K de 3,7x10-7 m/s na zona saturada e de 3,4x10-7 e 1,3x10-7 m/s para a zona não saturada. No solo coluvionar obteve-se um valor de K de 5,3x10 na zona não saturada. No aluvião encontrou-se grande variação de K com a profundidade, obtendo-se um valor médio para a zona saturada d 7,9x10-7 m/s. Já, para... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the assessment of soil contamination caused by solid waste disposal sites it is essential to investigate the soils permeability, quantified by the hydraulic conductivity (k). Previous research has assessed the contamination that occurs in the Brazil/SP Municipal Solid Waste disposal site, and suggested K values for the soils that occur at this site. The objective of this research is to continue the investigation studeies at the site, aiming to find representative K values for all the different soil types that occur in the area, using both laboratory and in situ testing techniques. Laboratory hydraulic conductivity tests were performed in rigid and flexibe wall permeameters by variable and constant head on undisturbed soil samples. Slug Tests in monitoring wells (saturated zone) and hidraulic conductivity tests with the Guelph permameter (unsaturated zone) were carried out in situ. Four types of soils are found in the site: colluvium, alluvium, sandstone and residual sandstone. The average K values for the colluviam and alluvium determined in the rigid wall permeameter were qual to 2.6x10-6 and equal to 2.0x10-5 m/s, respectively. The flexibe wall permeameter was used to carry out lab tests in the residual soil and sandstore, using backpressure saturation, obtaining the K values equal to 1.2 x 10-7 and equal to 3.3x10-8 m/s, respectively. A K value of 3.7x10-7 m/s for the residual soil was determined in situ in the saturated zone and K values of 3.4x10-7 and 1.3x10-7 m/s were determined in the unsaturated zone. For the colluvium soil, a K value of 5.3x10-6 m/s in the unsatured zone was determined. The K values varied with depth in the Alluvium, and the average valeu for the saturated zone was 7.9x10-7 m/s. It was not possible to carry out in situ tests in the residual soil. The representative K value were equal to 5.3x10-6, 1.1x10-4 and 1.2x10-7... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A series of resonant column and torsional shear (RCTS) and large scale resonant column (LSRC) tests were performed to investigate the dynamic properties (shear modulus and material damping ratio) of municipal solid waste (MSW). the MSW materials were recovered from the Tri-Cities landfill adjacent to the San Francisco Bay in California. A total of 30 specimens 2.8-in. (71.1-mm) and 6.0-in. (152.4-mm) of old, fresh, and mixed MSW were reconstituted in accordance with established sample preparation procedures. Ten of specimens were small-diameter (2.8-in. (71.1-mm)) RCTS specimen and 20 specimens were larger (6.0-in. (152.4-mm)) LSRC specimens. Dynamic laboratory measurements were performed in the linear and nonlinear strain ranges. Test parameters affecting the dynamic properties in the linear range included: (1) duration of confinement, (2) isotropic total confining pressure, [sigma]o, (3) excitation frequency, f, and (4) specimen size. Other test parameters affecting dynamic properties in the nonlinear strain range were: (1) shearing strain amplitude, [gamma], (2) isotropic total confining pressure, (3) overconsolidation ratio, (4) number of loading cycles, and (5) excitation frequency. In addition, the effects on dynamic properties of MSW specimens of material parameters such as (1) waste composition, (2) water content, (3) unit weight of waste, and (4) particle size were evaluated. The total unit weights of old, fresh, and mixed MSW specimens were estimated during testing in the RCTS and LSRC devices. These estimated total unit weights in the laboratory were compared with those measured at other MSW landfills and were found to generally be less than the field measurements. At a given [sigma]o, Gmax decreases with decreasing weight percentage of soil-size (passing the 3/4-in. (19.1-mm) sieve) material. However, Dmin increases slightly with decreasing weight percentage of soil-size material. Another relationship was developed between estimated total unit weight, [gamma]t, and confining pressure, including weigh percentage of soil-size material. The Vs profiles of old, fresh, and mixed MSW specimens obtained in the laboratory tests were compared with those measured at other MSW landfills in situ. The 62 to 76% soil-size material groups are in good agreement with in-situ Vs profiles. The variation in normalized shear modulus and material damping ratio curves were patterned after the Darendeli model (2001) for different weight percentages of soilsize material. An empirical relationship between normalized shear modulus (G/Gmax) and modified material damping ratio (D-Dmin) was developed in the nonlinear strain range. As part of collaborative research project, nonlinear shear modulus reduction and material damping curves generated by The University of Texas at Austin (UT) and The University of California at Berkeley (UCB) were compared according to different weight percentages of soil-size material. Furthermore, nonlinear shear modulus reduction and material damping ratio curves generated by UT were also compared with ones previously proposed by other researchers.

No description available.

Most waste generated in South Africa is sent to landfills for disposal, and although it is confined in specific areas, it can potentially affect both above and below ground water resources, impacting environmental and public health. This is particularly relevant in a country where water supplies are limited and groundwater resources are prone to pollution. The primary objective of this study was to assess the performance of an upflow packed-bed bioreactor purposedesigned for the treatment of leachates produced by landfills in the Durban Metropolitan Area (DMA). The effect of parameters such as the nature of the biofilm support matrix, aeration rate and recycle rate on the efficacy of the system were investigated. Another major aim of the project was to develop a low maintenance technology that could, nonetheless, bioremediate leachate effectively at minimum cost. This aspect of process design is a crucial factor in areas where there is a shortage of both funds and skilled labour. The glass 132 l packed-bed upflow bioreactor was evaluated by measuring its efficiency in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) reduction and ammonia removal. The bioreactor could be configured as a batch-type system, which was useful for comparing operating conditions; or as a continuous cascade system, which was used to assess its overall performance. Different biofilm support matrices viz. various grades of pine bark, plastic bioballs and ceramic noodles were evaluated in 22 l batch-type reactors. Leachates from five landfill sites were remediated during the course of the study, and only the leachate from Shongweni landfill, which had a remarkably low BOD:COD ratio (0.05), was intractable and could not be successfully treated; even in flask trials designed to test strategies such as augmentation of microflora and biostimulation. The other leachates investigated were from the Umlazi, Marianhill, Bisarsar Road (all general sites) and Bul-Bul Drive (a semi-hazardous site) landfills, all of which were remediated to some degree. Originally, leachate from the Umlazi landfill site was used, but it became unavailable when the site closed enforcing the use of other leachates for the remainder of the investigation. Leachates from Marianhill, Bisarsar Road and Bul-Bul Drive were treated simultaneously in duplicate operating the six-chambered bioreactor in the batchtype configuration. The highest COD removal efficiency (49 %) was obtained in the chambers treating the Bul-Bul Drive leachate, which was therefore used for further investigations. This leachate had the highest BOD:COD ratio and was therefore expected to be the most suited to biological remediation. The bioreactor performed best when plastic bioballs were used as biofilm support matrix with a relatively low level of aeration, although the uncomposted form of pine bark was used initially as the support matrix because it is inexpensive and readily available in South Africa. However, although satisfactory COD reduction (30 – 61 %) and ammonia removal (87 – 98 %) was achieved when the Umlazi leachate was treated, the possibility of compounds leaching out of the bark and affecting the quality of the treated leachate was a concern. Also, pine bark would be prone to mechanical degradation in a full scale operation. Of the other solid support matrices tested using the Bul-Bul leachate, COD removal efficiencies were superior with plastic bioballs (60 %) than with pine bark chips (29 %). The former therefore became the preferred biofilm support matrix. Aeration level did influence bioremediation of the Umlazi landfill leachate since those chambers aerated with an aquarium pump (0.05 – 0.1 litres air/litre leachate/min; 60 % COD removal) performed better than those aerated with a blower (0.6 -0.7 litres air/litre leachate/min; 42 % COD removal) and those that remained unaerated (44 % COD removal). Recycle rate did not significantly affect bioremediation, but the performance of the system was higher when operated in batch mode (up to 60 % influent COD removal), rather than in continuous flow-through (cascade) mode when only 37 % of the influent COD in the Bul-Bul leachate was removed. Under the latter conditions, most of the reduction occurred in the first four chambers and very little biodegradation occurred in the final two chambers. The cascade-mode will require some refinement to enhance the COD removal efficiencies achieved. However, it did eliminate 89 % of the BOD present in the raw leachate, producing a treated effluent with a consistent BOD:COD ratio of 0.05. The COD removal efficiencies achieved covered a wide range from a minimum of 23 % with Marianhill leachate to a maximum of 63 % with leachate from Bul-Bul Drive. These results are comparable with many of those reported by other authors treating landfill leachate. Up to 98 % of the ammonia was removed when the Umlazi leachate was treated. However, ammonia removal from the other leachates tested was erratic. Although the treated leachate from this system could not be released into the environment without further remediation, the reduction in concentration of pollutants would allow its return to the local water supply via a wastewater treatment plant. This was achieved without temperature and pH regulation or addition of extraneous nutrient sources. A cost-effective, low maintenance technology such as this one would be a useful tool for the treatment of effluents such as landfill leachate in countries like South Africa where although water conservation is urgently required, resources for highly sophisticated effluent remediation are often not readily available. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

The temporal fate of selected parameters, including redox potential; pH; phenol; nitrates; sulphates; copper and zinc, of a young synthetic acetogenic phase landfill leachate was assessed by perfusing a series of sequential soil (Hutton) microcosms (arrays) at two hydraulic loading rates (HLR). We chose HLRs that were representative of areas in South Africa with typically elevated rainfall (Pietermaritzburg – HLRh) and one with relatively low rainfall (Kimberley – HLRl). Preliminary phenol, copper, and zinc adsorption investigations on gamma radiation sterilized soil and unsterilized soil revealed superior adsorption rates for each compound in the unsterilized soil. This revealed the importance of the biological component of soil in phenol, copper, and zinc attenuation in soil. The results presented in this thesis suggest that the HLR of leachate into soil arrays contributes to significant differences in the fate of the landfill leachate parameters mentioned earlier. In addition, we assessed the temporal and spatial succession of bacterial community diversity in each of the soil arrays by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Prior to this, we compared two soil DNA isolation techniques, the modified method of Duarte et al. (1998) (Bead Beat) and the commercial Mo-Bio UltraClean™ Soil DNA isolation kit (Kit). The DNA isolated by the Kit method was significantly superior regarding purity and absence of DNA fragmentation. However, the Bead Beat method produced a significantly higher yield per reaction before further purification with Wizard™ Clean-Up columns produced DNA extracts of similar purity at the cost of a significant reduction in DNA yield. The Kit method was chosen for future DNA isolation and PCR-DGGE based on the quality of the PCR amplicons generated from the Kit isolated DNA. PCR-DGGE was further optimized by comparing the efficiency and sensitivity of a silver stain against ethidium bromide. Silver stain generated DGGE gels with greater number of bands (species richness – S) and stronger band signal intensities. Captured DGGE fingerprints generated data that were subjected to the Shannon-Weaver Index (H’) and the associated Shannon-Weaver Evenness Index (EH) to measure the change in spatial and temporal bacterial diversity. There was a significant shift in S and H’ for both HLRs but a significant change in EH was only observed for HLRh. Furthermore, a temporal comparison of S and H’ between both HLRs revealed significant differences throughout the investigation. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) revealed spatial distribution of bacterial community diversity with depth. Effects of phenol concentration, redox potential, and pH of the effluent leachate on bacterial community diversity was tentatively assessed by three-dimensional graphical representation on PlotIT 3.2 software. Bacterial community diversity showed a decrease with elevated pH and phenol concentration along with decreasing redox potentials for both HLRs. While this study reveals the spatial and temporal dynamics of bacterial community diversity in situ, it provides important evidence with respect to: (i) the effects of rainfall / leaching rates (HLR) on spatial and temporal bacterial community succession; (ii) the importance of the biological component in natural attenuation; (iii) the ability of soil, previously unexposed to landfill leachate, to initiate natural attenuation of phenol and other leachate constituents; (iv) the capacity of PCRDGGE to fingerprint successional changes in bacterial community diversity, (v) and the potential to clone and sequence selected members of bacterial associations for future reference in environmental remediation strategies. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-13T17:26:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CLÁUDIO LUIS DE ARAÚJO NETO – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2016.pdf: 21031066 bytes, checksum: 32162af2172e4ac7647d56edf4a788b9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T17:26:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CLÁUDIO LUIS DE ARAÚJO NETO – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2016.pdf: 21031066 bytes, checksum: 32162af2172e4ac7647d56edf4a788b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04 / Capes / Os aterros sanitários são obras de engenharia de alta complexidade, devido, principalmente, à natureza heterogênea do material, às variadas dimensões de suas partículas e à perda de massa sólida durante a biodegradação dos resíduos. Um dos indicadores que melhor expressa o comportamento dos resíduos ao longo do tempo, em aterros sanitários, é o recalque, que corresponde à redução da altura e volume da massa de resíduos. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de compreender o comportamento dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) para desenvolvimento e validação de modelos estatísticos que expressam as deformações de aterros sanitários. Foi realizada a caracterização dos RSU em termos gravimétricos, volumétricos, granulométricos e densimétricos. Construiu-se e instrumentou-se uma célula experimental de 3,5 m de altura preenchida com RSU da cidade de Campina Grande – PB para monitoramento da magnitude e velocidades dos recalques, assim como das deformações específicas ocorridas no maciço. Também, foram executados ensaios de compressão confinada dos RSU em uma prensa e do métrica automatizada com inibição da biodegradação, para obtenção das deformações mecânicas ocorridas no maciço sanitários. Com estas informações foi possível desenvolver modelos estatísticos para previsão de deformação específica de RSU ao longo do tempo e validá-los através de monitoramentos realizados por outros autores. Os resultados de caracterização dos resíduos indicaram que em termos gravimétricos, 46,5% dos RSU produzidos em Campina Grande – PB são materiais putrescíveis, passiveis a degradação ao longo do tempo. O alto percentual, em termos volumétricos, de recicláveis favoreceu os recalques mecânicos e retardou e/ou inibiu os biológicos. O comportamento dos recalques ao longo do tempo foi influenciado pelas características dos resíduos. A velocidade das deformações decresceu com o tempo, porém apresentou uma elevação durante a retroalimentação,o que era esperado devido ao acréscimo de carga. Os resultados dos ensaios de compressão confinada permitiram conhecer e entender melhor o comportamento mecânico dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. A partir das análises dos resultados, foi possível desenvolver novos modelos de previsão de deformações para maciços sanitários. E, finalmente, verificou-se que a aplicação dos novos modelos é satisfatória na simulação de deformações em maciços sanitários, porém faz-se necessário o incremento de outras condições de contorno. / Landfills are complex engineering constructions mainly due to the heterogeneous nature of the material, the various dimensions of its particles and the loss of solid mass during biodegradation. One of the best indicators that expresses the behavior of waste over time is the settlement. Waste settlement represents the geotechnical term that corresponds to the reduction in height and volume (deformation) of thewaste mass. This study was conducted in order to understand the behavior of Municipal SolidWaste (MSW) for the development and validation of statistical models for landfill deformations. The MSW were characterized in terms of gravimetric and volumetric composition, particle size distribution and density. An experimental cell with 3.5m of height was built, instrumented and filled with MSW from the city of Campina Grande – PB in order to monitor the waste settlement and specific deformations. Also, consolidation tests were performed by the means of an automated equipment, in which the MSW biodegradation was inhibited, so that mechanical deformations were obtained. Based on this information, statistical models were developed to predict the specific deformation of MSW over time. To prove their consistency, the results were compared with other author’s data. The waste characterization indicated that, in gravimetric terms, 46.5% of the MSW produced in Campina Grande - PB is composed of putrescible materials. The high percentage, in volumetric terms, of recyclable materials enabled the mechanical waste settlement and inhibited the biological ones. The behavior of settlement over time was influenced by the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the waste. In addition, the deformations velocity decreased with time, but it presented an increase during the refilling phase, which is expected since the loads were increased. The results of confined compression tests allowed knowing and understandingthe mechanical behavior of municipal solid waste under the influence of an applied load. From the analysis of the results, it was possible to develop new models to predict landfill deformations. Finally, it was verified that the application of new models to simulate landfill deformations is satisfactory. However, it is necessary the increment of other boundary conditions.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-24T11:49:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELA LIMA MACHADO DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2018.pdf: 1711823 bytes, checksum: c48feb8c7f2a334be9eb3ff6467dc92c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T11:49:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELA LIMA MACHADO DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGECA) 2018.pdf: 1711823 bytes, checksum: c48feb8c7f2a334be9eb3ff6467dc92c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-19 / Nos aterros sanitários, a camada de base usada para a impermeabilização deve garantir que não haja migração de poluentes para o meio ambiente, sendo denominada de liner. A avaliação dos mecanismos que regem o transporte de contaminantes nos materiais geológicos pode ser realizada em laboratório por meio de ensaios de equilíbrio em lote, que consiste em uma forma rápida de estimar a adsorção de cátions metálicos pelos solos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a adsorção de metais tóxicos em dois liners de solos compactados, com composições diferentes, utilizando os ensaios de equilíbrio em lote. Os solos estudados compreendem ao liner da base de uma célula experimental, que simula um aterro sanitário, e um liner da base de um aterro em escala real, localizado no município de Campina Grande-PB. O liner usada na célula experimental é composta por solo natural compactado, enquanto que no aterro sanitário, foi realizada a adição de bentonita ao solo local, sendo essa mistura, posteriormente, compactada. As amostras de solos do liner da célula experimental foram coletadas em uma jazida localizada no município de Boa Vista-PB, a qual encontra-se situado a 50 km do município de Campina Grande-PB. O solo do liner usado no aterro sanitário, foi coletado na área do próprio aterro, que se localiza em Catolé de Boa Vista, distrito de Campina Grande-PB. As amostras dos respectivos liners foram coletadas, armazenadas no Laboratório de Geotecnia Ambiental, do Departamento de Engenharia Civil da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, e preparadas para a caracterização geotécnica, físico-química e mineralógica. No ensaio de equilíbrio em lote foram utilizadas soluções com proporção solo-solução 1: 12,5 (4g de solo seco para 50 mL de solução). As isotermas experimentais obtidas foram ajustadas estatisticamente aos modelos físico-químicos de adsorção linear, de Langmuir e Freundlich. Os ajustes das curvas experimentais foram realizados pelo método interativo de Gauss-Newton. A ferramenta utilizada foi o software STATISTICA 8.0, utilizando modelos não-lineares e empregando o método dos mínimos quadrados, considerando como critério o maior coeficiente de determinação (R2). O modelo de Langmuir e de Freundlich se ajustaram melhor às isotermas do solo do liner da célula experimental, enquanto que a adsorção ocorrida no liner do aterro sanitário foi melhor ajustada ao modelo de Langmuir. Os diferentes solos estudados neste trabalho apresentaram propriedades adsortivas para todos os metais, o que o viabiliza para ser empregado em camadas de base de solo compactado para aterros sanitário, além de outras aplicações em geotecnia ambiental. Dentre os metais pesquisados, o chumbo se destacou por apresentar a maior adsorção em relação aos demais metais em ambos os solos. A caracterização geotécnica, físico-química e mineralógica, bem como o comportamento adsortivo dos solos, verificado por meio de ensaio de equilíbrio em lote, indica que os materiais estudados apresentam um relevante potencial para o uso em liners para aterros sanitários. / In sanitary landfills, the base layer used for waterproofing should ensure that there is no migration of pollutants into the environment and is called a liner. The evaluation of the mechanisms governing the transport of contaminants in the geological materials can be carried out in the laboratory by means of equilibrium tests in lot, which consists of a quick way of estimating the adsorption of metallic cations by the soils. The objective of this work was to evaluate the adsorption of toxic metals in two liners of compacted soils, with different compositions, using the equilibrium assays in lot. The studied soils comprise the base liner of an experimental cell, which simulates a sanitary landfill, and a liner from the base of a real-scale landfill, located in the municipality of Campina Grande-PB. The liner used in the experimental cell is composed of compacted natural soil, while in the sanitary landfill, the addition of bentonite was carried out to the local soil, and this mixture was later compacted. Soil samples from the liner of the experimental cell were collected in a field located in the municipality of Boa Vista-PB, which is located at 50 km from the city of Campina Grande-PB. The soil of the liner used in the sanitary landfill was collected in the landfill site, which is located in Catolé de Boa Vista, a district in Campina Grande-PB. The samples of the respective liners were collected, stored in the Laboratory of Environmental Geotechnics, from the Department of Civil Engineering in the Federal University of Campina Grande, and prepared for the geotechnical, physical-chemical and mineralogical characterization. In the equilibrium assay in lot, solutions with 1: 12,5 soil-solution ratio (4g of dry soil for 50 ml solution) were used. The experimental isotherms obtained were statistically adjusted to the physical-chemical models of linear adsorption, Langmuir and Freundlich. The adjustments of the experimental curves to the models were performed using the STATISTICA 8.0 software, applying the nonlinear regression of the least squares method, using the Gauss-Newton algorithm. Considering the R2 ≥ 0.7 criterion, the Langmuir and Freundlich model were better fitted to the liner soil isotherms of the experimental cell, while the adsorption occurred in the liner of the sanitary landfill was better fitted to the Langmuir model. The different soils studied in this work presented adsorptive properties for all metals, which makes it feasible to be used in compacted soil base layers for sanitary landfills, as well as other applications in environmental geotechnics. Among the metals studied, the Pb was distinguished by the higher adsorption in relation to the other metals in both soils. The geotechnical, physical-chemical and mineralogical characterization, as well as the adsorptive behavior of the soils, verified by means of a balance test in lot, indicates that the studied materials present a relevant potential for the use in liners for sanitary landfills.