The classical approach to strategy defines strategy as a process of planned calculation and analysis to design long-term advantages. The Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) model argues that firms perform and develop strategies based on market structures. These approaches have been seen as the “norm” but are today criticised as outdated since they do not fully suit new emerging markets. The aim of the study is to investigate whether these approaches need modifications for emerging markets and if unique factors need to be emphasized when developing sale strategies for the Chinese market.  The empirical findings are based on two Scandinavian firms with long experience in China. A qualitative exploratory research design is conducted trough the study. As a conclusion a guideline of vital factors for the Chinese market is provided: market knowledge, political and social system, relationships and branding. The knowledge of these factors can help other companies to master the complex environment of the Chinese market.

2015年臺灣超過1,300萬人次出國，並由3,000多家旅行社服務，臺灣旅遊業競爭相當激烈。資訊科技與網際網路興起，促使電子商務模式日臻成熟，線上旅遊產品通路（OTA）也順勢發展。並且，全球廉價航空公司興起，航空公司因競爭激烈，利潤降低而欲向下游整合，自行創立旅行社直接服務消費者，都使得傳統旅行社面臨被去中間化的威脅。 因此，本論文透過SCP模型分析臺灣傳統旅行社的發展階段和政策的影響，以及市場結構、企業行為與市場績效，用以解釋目前旅遊產業的環境及所面臨的困境。接續針對專家學者、消費者及通路商進行專家問卷訪談，得到團體旅遊創新商業模式，用以檢視個案旅行社積極引進資訊科技改善作業效率，結合資訊科技與旅遊產業經營知識的整合運用，串接整個旅行產業內外部的價值鏈，達到旅客需求傳遞一致及服務不中斷，讓自身得以產生中間價值，是否符合團體旅遊產業鏈再中間化之成效。最後針對個案公司給予相關建議。 / In 2015, over 13 million people in Taiwan traveled abroad and they were serviced by more than 3,000 travel agencies, showing how fierce competition is in the travel industry. At the same time, the rise of both the information technology and the Internet has led to the maturation of the E-Commerce model, followed by the development of online travel agencies. Moreover, the rise of low-cost airlines has prompted traditional airlines to start their own travel agencies and directly serve their customers, in order to compensate for the loss in profits due to increased competition. All factors mentioned above indicate the threats faced by traditional travel agencies nowadays. Therefore, this dissertation is aimed at understanding the current travel industry in Taiwan as well as challenges it faces by using the SCP model to analyze the following: phases involved in the development of traditional travel agencies, influence of governmental policies on the travel industry, market structure, corporate behavior and market performance. Furthermore, this dissertation will introduce an innovative business model for group traveling, obtained after interviewing experts, scholars, business customers and distributors. The model is then used to check whether effective reintermediation of the group traveling industry will occur by reviewing a specific case company, which has actively introduced IT to improve its operating efficiency, combined it with knowledge in management of the traveling field, and connected the value chain within and without the whole travel industry,. These actions have contributed to consistent transmission of travelers’ needs and uninterrupted service, which then increased the value of the case company itself as a middle man. Finally, this dissertation proposes several recommendations for the case company.

This thesis aims to conduct a market analysis of the Swedish grocery retail market, with a primary focus on the current market competition and strategic choices. The market analysis is done in order to investigate whether insufficient competition is a contributing factor to the high food prices today. Furthermore, the essay aims to identify and evaluate the strategies used by market players. The market analysis has been conducted by using the Structure-Conduct-Performance model as a theoretical framework to map out and analyse the market's structure, strategy, and outcomes. Over the past year, the prices of groceries have increased drastically, resulting in significant media coverage of the market. The high prices, combined with the timeliness of the topic, justifies the choice of the essay’s subject. The methodology used in the essay is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The market structure is analysed for two different years, 2012 and 2021, in order to enable the evaluation of the firms’ strategic choices. In the thesis’ conclusion, it is stated that the Swedish grocery retail sector is an oligopoly market with high market concentration, where the three largest firms account for 90 percent of the market shares. The market structure is a result of the underlying demand and the barriers of entry identified in the thesis. The strategies processed in the thesis are vertical integration, customer bonus systems, mergers and acquisitions, and price strategies. The evaluated strategic choices of the companies are deemed effective for increasing their market power, while also inhibiting competition and making market entry difficult. Because of this, the market outcome is considered not to be fully functional from a welfare perspective. Furthermore this study allows the assumption to be made that the current competitive situation is a contributing factor to today's high food prices. / Uppsatsen syftar till att göra en marknadsanalys av svensk dagligvaruhandel, med stort fokus på den rådande konkurrenssituationen. Detta görs för att utreda huruvida bristfällig konkurrens är en bidragande orsak till dagens höga matpriser eller inte. Vidare syftar uppsatsen till att kartlägga samt utvärdera de strategier som marknadens aktörer använder sig av. Marknadsanalysen har genomförts med Structure-Conduct-Performance-modellen som teoretisk grund för att kartlägga samt analysera marknadens struktur, strategi och utfall. Priserna på dagligvaror har under det senaste året ökat drastiskt, vilket har resulterat i att marknaden har getts stort medialt utrymme. De höga priserna i kombination med ämnets aktualitet motiverar valet av uppsatsämne. Metodvalet i uppsatsen är en kombination av kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod. Marknadsstrukturen undersöks för två olika år, 2012 och 2021, med anledning att möjliggöra utvärdering av aktörernas strategival. I uppsatsens slutsats konstateras det att den svenska dagligvaruhandeln är en oligopolmarknad med hög marknadskoncentration där de tre största aktörerna står för 90 procent av andelarna på marknaden. Marknadsstrukturen är ett resultat av den grundläggande efterfrågan som finns, samt de etableringshinder som identifierats i uppsatsen. De strategier som behandlas i uppsatsen är vertikal integration, kundbonussystem, fusioner och förvärv samt prissättningsstrategi. Dessa strategival utvärderas som effektiva vad gäller utökandet av aktörernas marknadsmakt, samtidigt som de hämmar konkurrens och försvårar för nyetablering på marknaden. Detta leder till att marknadens utfall inte ses vara helt välfungerande utifrån ett välfärdsperspektiv. Efter genomförandet av denna studie görs dessutom antagandet att den rådande konkurrenssituationen är en bidragande orsak till dagens höga matpriser.

Den svenska marknaden för paketleveranser är en marknad i ständig expansion. Med e-handelns tillväxt har antalet varor som skickas från företag till privatpersoner ökat explosionsartat de senaste åren, samtidigt som konsumenternas preferenser ändrats. Ökningen har ställt helt nya krav på leveransföretagen, samtidigt som den inneburit möjligheter för nya företag att etablera sig på marknaden. Syftet med detta arbete är att analysera marknaden för paketleveranser till privatpersoner i Sverige. Vi riktar in oss på e-handlares prissättning på leveranser och konsumenters möjlighet att välja olika leveransalternativ. Analysen görs utifrån Structure-Conduct-Performance-modellen. Genomförandet består av tre olika metoder. Vi gör en kartläggning av leveransföretagen och deras olika leveransalternativ, en egen undersökning av pris och valfrihet samt en enkätundersökning till olika aktörer på marknaden. Vi drar den huvudsakliga slutsatsen att det råder informationsasymmetrier på marknaden som gör att e-handelsföretag har möjlighet att ta ut överpriser på leveranser gentemot sina konsumenter. Vi drar också slutsatsen att konsumenters valfrihet av leveransalternativ är begränsad – trots att antalet leveransföretag är större än någonsin. Vidare konstateras att det råder stark avtalsintegration på marknaden och att flera faktorer talar för att leveransföretagen såväl som e-handelsföretagen besitter marknadsmakt. På grund av detta identifierar vi en risk att konkurrensen och därmed valfriheten försämras på sikt.

進入Web2.0時代後，社群網站產業成長快速，從各大入口網站、部落格網站及社群網站業者所投入的程度來看，社群網站的確是目前極具發展前景的網路新興產業。但觀察目前現有的社群網站研究文獻，大多仍局限於探討社群網站使用者的使用動機、行為等等，對於社群網站的產業環境、廠商策略、行為與績效，以及服務機制的使用、應用創新程度缺乏有力的分析。故本研究藉由SCP產業分析模型來分析社群網站的產業狀況，以『結構—行為—績效』的架構來分析社群網站的產業結構、市場行為與經濟績效之間的關係，佐以產業五力分析理論及產業生命週期理論研究社群產業現況，據以歸納出社群產業的現況及社群網站廠商經營策略的關鍵成功因素，並對未來的社群網站提供建議。 本研究採質化及量化的研究方式。質化部份為分別對台灣主要的四家社群網站（Facebook、無名小站、痞客邦、優勢網）做個別研究，訪談相關資深人員，得出目前產業的現況及各家廠商的關鍵成功因素。量化部份則藉由蒐集問卷樣本資料，分析社群網站使用者的動機與行為、以及他們對於上述四家社群網站功能的偏好。 本研究結果發現，(1) 社群網站的經營模式多為建立一個網路平台，以網站的功能吸引使用者加入並增加黏著度，並以高流量吸引廣告收入，故社群網站一般不會對使用者收費。(2) 社群網站產業沒有傳統上所謂的供應商，與同業間也非傳統的競爭關係。因為使用者可同時使用多個社群網站，社群網站間的使用者也很有可能重複，所以社群網站間並非零和的競爭關係。現今多為互相串連合作，使更多使用者加入與增加停留時間，擴大產業的影響力。(3) 社群網站產業呈現大者通吃的現象，同一類型的社群網站只有前一兩家能夠生存。(4) 社群網站產業的進入門檻低，但新進入者必須有足夠的差異性與創新性才能成功。而現存的社群網站也必須不斷創新服務、提供新功能，才能保有領先地位不被淘汰。(5) 社群網站未來將持續著重於建立使用者之間的人際網路，讓彼此的訊息往來更加簡便迅速。 最後，本研究希望據以歸納出社群產業的環境狀況及各家具代表性的社群網站廠商的關鍵成功因素，並針對未來的社群網站廠商提供建議。 關鍵字：社群網站、SCP產業分析模型、Web2.0、產業五力分析、產業生命週期、關鍵成功因素 / In the Web2.0 era, the growth rate of social networking industry is so fast. The social networking sites are so potential businesses from the investments of major portals, blogs and social networking sites. Almost the thesis are studied the users’ behaviors and motivation’s factors. It’s so lack to study about the industry’s environment, the strategies, conducts, performances of social networking site business. So, this thesis wants to analysis the social networking industry by SCP model. And it wants to analysis the relationship of industry structure, conducts, and performances, and to study the industry status by five competitive force model and industry life cycle theory. It wants to summarize the status of social networking industry, the key successful factors, and the suggestions for future new entrants. This thesis is studied by qualitative research and quantitative research. The qualitative research is that I had a discussion with the senior managers of four famous social networking sites. It discussed the status of the industry and the key successful factors. And the quantitative research is by collecting questionnaire, analysis of community motivation and behavior of website users and their social networking site for the function of the four sites. This study summarized that (1) social networking business model is to build up a networking platform’s functions to attract users to this site, to increased degree of adhesion to earn more high advertising revenue. It can’t charge any fees from users. (2) There is no supplier that like as the tradition business. And the competition is not like as the traditional business due to users can simultaneously access multiple social networking sites. Each user has some different social networking site’s accounts. (3) Just one or two largest sites can survive in similar business model. (4) The entry barrier is so low, but the new entrants must have a sufficient difference and innovation to succeed. (5) the future of social networking sites will continue to focus on interpersonal networks between users, to let social information more easily and quickly. Keywords: social networking sites, SCP industry analysis model, Web2.0, five competitive forces analysis, industry life cycle, the key successful factors