Master-Arbeit Univ. St. Gallen, 2006.

This thesis aims to describe and compare how the securitization of the Arctic is represented in mainstream media of Norway and Canada. As two Arctic nations part of the likeminded group in international relations it is interesting to see how national media frames respective nations’ Arctic interests and strategy. Based on securitization and framing theory this thesis identifies themes and trends surrounding the Arctic by using three different security concepts: economic security, traditional security and environmental security. The data for study will be in total 189 full-text articles from both nations’ mainstream media, where search terms relating to a security grammar will be used. A qualitative content analysis will be employed on articles from Norwegian media, specifically Aftenposten, and Canadian media, The Globe and Mail. The analysis will show that both Norwegian and Canadian mainstream media thematically framed the securitization of the Arctic predominantly through the same security concepts. Yet there were differences in relation to attitudes towards Arctic securitization where Canadian media showed a more assertive disposition towards other nations involvement. Norwegian media, on the other hand was more inclined towards regional cooperation.

Comment appréhender le sens socio-politique de l'officialisation de la catégorie d'inspiration démographique « immigré » dans le cadre du lancement de la politique d'intégration au début des années 1990 ? Telle est question à laquelle cette thèse s'efforce de répondre au travers d'une sociologie foucaldienne de la quantification de l'immigration en tant que population. Ce travail en vient ainsi notamment à formuler l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'enrôlement du savoir démographique participe, dans le cadre du travail de réorganisation de la production des statistiques publiques en matière d'immigration entrepris entre 1990 et 1997 au sein du groupe « Statistiques » attaché au HCI (Haut Conseil à l'intégration), à la formalisation statistique d'une représentation cognitive de l'immigration en tant que séries d'agrégats totalisés et temporalisés d'individus par et dans leur mobilité juridico-légale. Replaçant notamment le processus de mise en catégorie de l'« immigré » en vis-à-vis de l'élaboration d'une méthode comptable de mesure des flux annuels d'immigrations et des tentatives de pré-formater l'exploitation d'AGDREF (Application nationale pour la gestion des dossiers des ressortissants étrangers en France du ministère de l'Intérieur), cette recherche suppose et propose de substituer à l'analyse du processus socio-historique d'objectivation du critère de l'« origine », celle des logiques dispositives de sécurisation (statistique) des flux. / What is the socio-political meaning of the category of “immigrant” that the French integration policy officialised in 1990? The thesis uses a foucaldian sociology of quantification of immigration as a population to answer this question. The mobilization of a demographic knowledge, in the context of the reform of immigration statistics by the “Statistic” Group of the HIC between 1990 and 1997, leads to the formalization of a cognitive representation of immigration, as series of totalized and temporalized aggregates of individuals, from and in their juridical and legal mobility. In particular, we compare the process of categorization of the “immigrant” to a calculative method measurement of annuals flows of immigrations, as well as to the attempts to format the processing of AGDREF. This allows to switch from the analysis of socio-historical processes that objectivates the “origin” criteria, to an analysis in terms of (statistical) securitization of flows.

No começo da década de 1990, os produtores rurais encontravam-se endividados e não teriam conseguido pagar seus financiamentos se não tivesse havido a renegociação desses débitos, denominada securitização de dívidas rurais. O Banco do Brasil sofreu impactos negativos nos seus resultados ocasionados pela inadimplência dos produtores, principalmente por ser a instituição mais importante em termos de crédito rural. Após um longo processo de negociações, foi aprovada a Lei n. 9.138, de 1995, que deu início ao processo de securitização das dívidas. A partir da interpretação das leis sobre a securitização e da análise dos dados contidos no relatório de informação do Banco do Brasil, fez-se uma análise detalhada sobre o comportamento econômico-financeiro dessa instituição e constatou-se que a securitização foi essencial para o Banco reverter seus prejuízos em lucros. / At the beginning of the 1990s, rural producers were indebted and would not have been able to pay their financing if there had not been the renegotiation of those loans, called securitization of rural debts. The Bank of Brazil suffered negative impacts on its balance sheet caused by the default of the producers, mainly for being the most important institution in terms of rural credit. After a long negotiation process, the 9,138 Law of 1995 was approved, initiating the process of securitization of debts. Based on the interpretation of the laws about securitization and on the analysis of the data from the information report of the Bank of Brazil, a detailed analysis was made on the economic and financial behavior of that institution and it was concluded that the securitization was essential for the bank to reverse its losses into profits.

Elisabeth Abiri claimed that the political question regarding immigration to Sweden had been securitized during the 1990s and that national security, therefore, had been prioritized on the expense of human security and human rights. This thesis will examine whether or not her perspective is valid as an explanatory tool in the context of Swedish migration politics during the “migrant crisis” 2015-2016. Her perspective will be examined by cross-referencing it to the theory of political securitization by examining the propositions, proposed laws and measures, speeches and claims by members of the Swedish Government regarding this topic. I will also define national security so that this term may be applied as a tool for analysing the validity of Abiri’s claim in the aforementioned context. The perspectives of human security and human rights and human rights and migration will also be applied in order to test Abiri’s perspective’s validity. The results show that migration politics in Sweden has indeed been securitized and that this, in turn, has been the factor which allowed the Swedish government to, not only propose, but also adopt new laws and extraordinary measures that have turned the priority from migrant rights and security to national security. Keyword: Securitization, Migration, Migration Politics, Human Rights, Sweden Antal ord: 10623

This diploma thesis provides complex analysis of the current development of the U.S. subprime mortgage and credit crisis. The thesis examines the major issues that have contributed to the crisis and it follows with identifying likely consequences. In the end of the paper are discussed some recommendations to help avoid future crises.

For the last two decades Sweden has been one of the most important receiving countries for asylum seekers, hence regarding itself as a “humanitarian superpower”. Historically Sweden has had one of Europe’s most extensive migration policies and made its latest mark by 2015 by allowing the highest number of asylum seekers ever to the country. The media coverage and the public debate on the war refugee migration to Sweden has been comprehensive and thereby put the topic of migration in the centre of parliamentary discussions. The aim of this study was to examine if and how migration has been a subject of securitization in the parliamentary debates. The study was conducted by using a qualitative text analysis of parliament protocols from 2013–2015. The results show that during the period of study a number of parties have made securitising statements regarding migration, but that the subject of migration was securitized first in 2015 when the securitising problem formulation was adopted by a majority in the parliament. I have also concluded that there has been a slight change in the way in which migration is securitized. In 2013–2014 the majority of the parliament parties used the diffuse securitising technique when debating migration, while in 2015 there was a shift towards the exceptionalist securitising technique.

Securitization of Immigrant - and its Political Impacts on European Union Recent events that has changed the European Union's immigration policies - securitization of immigrants has a political effects beyond immigration policies Key Words: securitization, European Union, immigration, refugee crisis 2015, immigration policies Has securitization of immigrants affected on European Union's immigration policies? 1. Securitization theory 2. Securitization of immigrants 1. http://www.e-ir.info/2016/01/29/implications-of-the-securitisation-of-migration/ 2. media 3. How has securitization of immigrants affected on EU policies / what kind of changes EU has done on its policies 1. after 9/11 1. terrorism 2. what changed EU has done 2. refugee crisis 2015 1. what changes EU has done

Issues relating to individual legal certainty and security in Sweden, tensions between governmental actions to secure the collectives needs and violations of the individual’s privacy are explored. Due to the tensions between privacy and securitization, this will be achieved through the securitization framework of the Copenhagen school in international relations. A qualitative content analysis using archived files from the Swedish Data Inspection Board for the period of 2001 to 2014 is presented. Changes in discourses, diversions between the individual’s legal certainty and governmental action are noted. Needs for revision of old legal texts and rhetoric are highlighted.

The thesis will examine how the Australian government through its Prime Minister JohnHoward presented the asylum seekers on “MV Tampa” ship as a threat jeopardizing Australian security. Using the theory of securitization as a methodological framework and Critical Discourse Analysis as utilized by Fairclough’s Three-dimensional Framework transcripts of interviews by John Howard will be analyzed in order to expose the securitization process that framed the asylum seekers as an existential threat that needed extraordinary measures.