The covid-19 pandemic confronted the world with one of the biggest challenges of the future: global health security. Analyzing the pandemic through the lens of securitization theory can create a deeper understanding of the connection between global health and international politics. This thesis underlines the deeply political character of (de)securitization and the impact that new types of security threats can have on the international system. It analyzes the effects of (de)securitization on the behavior of states towards each other and argues for a more comprehensive and cooperative approach to the threats of the future. This can be achieved by incorporating the concept of risk into the framework of securitization as well as by broadening the political understanding of the process.

As long as European Union has existed, as long there has been discussion of how long will the union stay as a whole. The differences between the member states are visible and because of this common policies are hard to achieve. European Union has done a lot in trying to create a harmonized immigration policies, yet there have been challenges. The refugee crisis that started in 2015 was something that EU as well as its member states were not prepared for. Different policies were done and cooperation was created, yet many member states turned against the EU and decided not to follow its rules. There was a fear that was a lot affected by the securitization of the immigrants. Key words: securitization, European Union, immigration, refugee crisis 2015, realism,

The thesis proposes the analytical review on how the Baltic States, namely, Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia perceive Russia as a threat to their national security by addressing and evaluating the main changes in their security policies. To analyze the changes and differences in their perception, the securitization theory is applied. Following the most recent changes in the security environment in Europe, starting from the Ukraine crisis and annexation of Crimea in 2014, supplementary theoretic concept such as security dilemma is used for better understanding of the challenges that the Baltic States/NATO - Russia relations face. The main goal of this thesis is to provide a detailed overview of how Russian interference in Ukraine's domestic affairs, created a sense of anxiety in the Eastern Europe and affected security sectors of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. Keywords: the Baltic States, Russia, Ukraine Crisis, Securitization theory, Security Dilemma, NATO

Many scientists have described the anthropogenic climate changes as one of the most pervasive threat of our time that will form this and future generations. Despite that is the climate change is still controversial and missing from the American security agenda. The purpose of this study is to empirically analyse the American environmental discourse under the administration of Donald Trump and the omission of climate changes in the security agenda. To be able to explain the absence of the climate changes in the American security agenda, the environmental discourse will be analysed and the theoretical framework of Copenhagen’s school of securitization will be used to define the current description of the environment, the climate threats, and the global warming. By using a qualitative text analysis, consisting of a discourse analysis, lectures, debates, and documents from the Trump administration are examined, to be able to understand how the discourse is constructed and thus how the omission of the climate changes from the security agenda can be understood by using the securitization theory. The study indicates that the approach taken by the Trump administration on the American environmental discourse is produced can prevent the climate changes, the global warming, and the environment to be securitized, which in its turn can contribute to understanding of why it has not been brought up in the American security agenda. In the analysis it can be concluded that the Trump administration have moved towards a morepoliticized discourse, but also towards a depoliticized discourse.

Shadow banking in the view of legal regulation Abstract This diploma thesis deals with shadow banking in the view of legal regulation focusing on the Czech territory. Although the shadow banking sector amounts almost to the same extent as the traditional banking, its legal regulation is barely discussed in the Czech Republic. So this work aims at stimulation of that kind of debate. Shadow banking contributes to more effective redistribution of the financial means between investors and debtors. Nevertheless, due to its nature it involves significant systemic risks, which played a crucial role during the spread of the mortgage crisis in 2007-08. Therefore this area has to be regulated. In the first part the thesis explains the term shadow banking including the entities and activities, which are able to be classified within this sector, and the risks, which it carries. In the second part the work deals with the current legal regulation of this area and points to the advantages and the deficiencies. Finally, in the third part it provides with the proposals regarding the deficiencies. Particularly the thesis proceeds from study and research of the documents published by the supervision bodies of the financial stability area and from the applicable provisions relevant to the shadow banking. Concerning this I am...

The Effects of the Financial Crisis on the Regulation of Financial Markets with a Focus on Securitization Abstract The thesis investigates the influence of the financial crisis on financial markets regulation, with a focus on securitization. In its first part, it attempts to identify the causes of the financial crisis from years 2008 and 2009. It builds up the attention onto the regulatory tendencies of the 20th century from the Great Depression until the 2008 financial crisis. Then it focuses on the monetary policy of central banks, especially the FED in the USA and its influence on the mortgage market.The following part contains a brief description of the development of the US mortgage market and the start of mortgage loan securitization. The chapter of financial crisis also addresses the role of rating agencies in the securitization system and their impact on the creation of toxic assets. The main part of the thesis is dedicated to securitization, where it is analyzed its economic essence, legal definitions and process of securitization, which is further divided into traditional and synthetic securitization. In order to disucuss the synthetic securitization more in depth, one chapter is dedicated to credit derivatives. The securitization process is conluded with the release of ABS as a securitization...

This thesis examines the language of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement through the lens of security. It departs from the observation that the securitized rhetoric on climate change is not matched with the kind of policies such rhetoric would suggest is necessary. Previous research on the impact off raming climate change in security terms have either argued that the security discourse has been rejected and thus also policies such an understanding would entail – or that the paradoxical nature of climate change as a threat (to continue the way we live we most change the way we live) makes a securitized understanding not yield in extra-ordinary policies. I argue that neither of these explanations are sufficient to explain the lack of ‘extra-ordinary policies’ on climate change. Instead, I claim that the reason for the lack of extra ordinary policies regarding climate change is that despite some of its rhetoric about the threat of climate change, the intersubjective understanding between the United Nation and its members expressed in the multilateral environmental agreements is structured in a way not to push a securitized understanding of climate change. By structuring the threat of climate change as threat to human security and development, as well as emphasizing the need for a fairness based approach, the agreements limits what policies are possible.

This study investigates the political discourse in the Danish government’s ‘Ghetto Plan’ of 2018 in order to reveal a securitization dimension in relation to Danish ghettos and non-Western immigrants. There has not been conducted much academic research concerning the Danish ghetto initiatives, and studies on the ‘Danish Ghetto Plan’ of 2018 remain pretty absent. Most previous studies are primarily concentrated on investigating the role of the Danish ghetto initiatives in relation to broader political discourses. By conducting a critical discourse analysis on the Danish ‘Ghetto Plan’ while adopting Huysmans’ theoretical framework on the securitization of migration, this study reveals a securitizing dimension in which the Danish government has constructed the ghettos and non-Western immigrants as threats to the liberal norms and values of Danish society. Thus, this study attempts to provide an insight into how the Danish government is able to implement and justify discriminatory policies.

The Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014 was the start of the increasing tensions inthe Baltic sea. According to the Swedish government, the threats against the Nordic-Baltic countries have increased and this study will examine the Swedishgovernment’s security measures during the period of 2014 - 2020. Our methodselection is based on a qualitative text analysis. To review Sweden’s arrangements,we will analyse one proposition from a theoretical framework that is constituted ofthe Constructivism theory and the Securitization theory. The conclusion of the studyis that the Swedish government looks at the situation in the Baltic sea as amultidimensional security process. In order to protect the Swedish territory, thecountry must expand and strengthen both its national and international militarypower.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine if and how the Israeli right-wing party Likud and its prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu enforced their political ideas and discourse with focus on security from 2009 until today. Furthermore, it investigates if this has created a new Israeli identity as well as if it has affected the Palestinians possibilities of self-determination. The theory that is used is securitization, developed by Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver and Jaap de Wilde, or the so called Copenhagen School. Through describing, explaining and analyzing the research questions, the thesis shows that Likud since 2009 has a clear focus on the security issue. At the same time, a lot speaks for that the ideological question of national identity has moved towards a Jewish Israeli collective identity. This has in combination with other factors led to continued settlements and talks about annexation in the West Bank, i.e. Judea and Samaria, and in east Jerusalem. Through Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's discourse and the thoughts of many Israelis alike, the control of these areas are important for both security and ideological reasons. The results create an opportunity for discussion on the consequences for the Palestinian self-determination and possibilities for peace. When looking at the two state solution with the borders of 1967, the current situation is clearly a step back. This study further concludes that other obstacles to peace connected to the issue of identity are as important to discuss to understand the complexity of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.