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Historically sea fish were thought to be an inexhaustible resource, in 1882 Thomas Huxley recognised that it was possible to extirpate some fisheries such as the UK oyster and salmon fishery, but he thought "in relation to our present modes of fishing" sea fish were so abundant that they were inexhaustible. Fishing causes impacts other than overfishing, such as bycatch of non-target and vulnerable species discarding and damage to habitats and ecological communities. Fishing intensity has been increasing since the industrial revolution through which technological advances have given fishing vessels the ability to go further and for longer. This has resulted in the need for an ecosystem focused method of management for fisheries, known as ecosystem based fisheries management (EBFM). EBFM requires the development of indicators which represent the ecosystem with which thresholds can be set against fishing pressure. This was investigated for "Sea-pen and burrowing mud megafaunal communities", which have been identified by OSPAR as a threatened or declining habitat in the North Sea and Celtic Seas. Baited cameras were used to monitor mobile megafauna communities across a gradient of fishing intensity to determine which species are sensitive to fishing pressure and could be used in metrics to monitor recovery in areas proposed for protection. Trawling had a negative effect on species richness of mobile megafauna, Munida rugosa, Cancer pagurus and Liocarcinus depurator, but no effect was found on deep burrowing species (Nephrops norvegicus and Goneplax rhomboides). This study identified species that demonstrated different trends with trawl intensity, the trends are related to the ability to burrow and the species mobility. This gives support to the use of biological traits as indicators to detect changes of communities to fishing pressure. In addition to the development of indicators EBFM supports the use of spatial closures as a tool for fisheries management. This method of management is widely used yet remains controversial, often due to the lack of clear objectives and monitoring. Evidence is growing in support of their use but results are often seen after an extended period of long-term monitoring. Clear objectives for each spatial area closure are essential to be able to set relevant targets and reference points, this allows for robust monitoring and improves the ability to effectively manage the area. Although the use of experimental design and statistical analysis to monitor the effects of area closures throughout the world is increasing, there is still a lack of standardisation and the use of theoretically robust survey designs The use of the Before-After, Control-Impact (BACI) design has been identified as the most robust method to monitor areas closed to fishing Few studies have been conducted using this method due to the difficulty in obtaining sufficient temporal and spatial data prior to the implementation of the area closure. There can also be difficulty in identifying suitable reference sites; monitoring begins after closures have already been established or there are limited funds to allow intense temporal and spatial replication. Area closures are particularly beneficial for species which have key life history stages that congregate, such as for spawning. Although the use of area closures are now common place in the UK, this management approach remains controversial due to the frequent lack of clear objectives, monitoring and impact studies. Providing evidence is therefore vitally important to support decision-making for future area closures and to evaluate whether existing closures are achieving their objectives. This was addressed by evaluating an existing seasonal area closure for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the Firth of Clyde off the Scottish West Coast. The study uses standardised scientific trawl data and a beyond-BACI approach to compare population trends of the Clyde spawning aggregations with two other sub-populations of the same stock. There was no evidence of local recovery in terms of abundance, biomass or reduced mortality in the Clyde more than a decade after the closure was established. Considering the severely depleted state the Clyde sub-population was in when the closure was implemented it appears that the measure was too little and too late. The advantage of EBFM and using an area closure is when there is uncertainty with regard to the effects of fishing on environment and fish stocks, for example if the sensitivity of a habitat to fishing disturbance is unknown or there is not enough data to accurately assess a stocks biomass. This is applicable for deep-sea in the north east Atlantic where since the onset of deep-sea fishing in the 1970s there has been a decline in the abundance of commercial fish species. Management measures were introduced in 2003 which set Total Allowable Catch (TAC) and restricted days at sea, but this still did not allow for the recovery in biomass of commercial species. Also the fishery has high levels of bycatch, including vulnerable deep-sea sharks, which are estimated to have declined by up to 90%. There has been a recent global debate as to whether there is a depth beyond which fisheries cannot be expected to operate in an economically and ecologically sustainable way. The European Union is currently considering new legislation to manage deep-sea fisheries, including the introduction of a depth limit to bottom trawling. However, there is little evidence to suggest an appropriate depth limit. This was addressed using long-term scientific deep-sea trawl data and calculating important ecological and economical indices. The non-linear trend and first derivatives of these indices were calculated with depth. The results suggest that between 600 and 800 m the commercial benefits derived from fishing start to be outweighed by potentially negative ecological consequences. In the marine environment uncertainty is a great impediment for the sustainable management of resources, this thesis demonstrates that with long-term commitments to monitoring, clear objectives and the development of novel techniques to interrogate data, strong evidence can be established to support policy and decision-making.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-17T15:24:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-05-24. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-09-17T15:48:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000846074.pdf: 3890314 bytes, checksum: df88ab7c4eb07c7c4d59dc314f2c9515 (MD5) / O Vírus Sincicial Respiratório Humano (hRSV) é o maior causador de infecções respiratórias agudas (IRAs) em recém-nascidos e crianças no mundo inteiro. Seu genoma codifica 11 proteínas entre as quais as proteínas de superfície F, G e SH que são responsáveis pela entrada e instalação do vírus na célula do hospedeiro. Entre as proteínas de superfície, pouco se sabe sobre a função da proteína SH. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar a modelagem e caracterização da proteína SH e análizar o seu comportamento estrutural em diferentes meios: água e bicamada fosfolipídica. O modelo da proteína SH foi gerado pelo servidor I-Tasser, e suas características funcionais e estruturais analisados pelo PredictProtein e PsiPred. Simulações de Dinâmica Molecular foram realizadas para análise da hidrofobicidade da região central da proteína, do seu comportamento em membrana lipídica e possível formação de oligômeros. Os resultados da predição do modelo da proteína SH resultou em uma estrutura linear com uma alfa-hélice compreendida entre os aminoácido 20-42 e as análises realizadas pelo PsiPred indicaram essa região como sendo uma região transmembrânica. As simulações de Dinâmica Molecular mostraram que, quando em solução, a proteína muda sua conformação linear para globular confirmando a hidrofobicidade do domínio central. A presença da proteína SH sozinha ou das cinco estruturas na bicamada resultou num decréscimo considerável da área por lipídeo, conferindo as cadeias menor mobilidade e um maior alinhamento. As simulações do pentâmero mostraram a passagem de moléculas de água pelo poro em ambiente onde os resíduos de histidinas H22 e H51 apresentaram-se na forma protonada, indicando a dependência desta atividade com o pH do meio. Com base nessas análises foi possível propor uma estrutura terciária e quaternária da proteína SH e, com as análises da formação pentamérica da... / The human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract illnesses in children and elderly people worldwide. Its genome encodes 11 proteins including the surface protein F, G and SH which are responsible for entry and distribution of virus in the host cell. Among the protein surface, little is known about the function of protein SH. Knowing their structure and function is fundamental to a better understanding of its mechanism. The aim of this study was modeling and caracterization of the RSV SH protein and analysis of structural behavior in different environment : water and phopholipid bilayer for understanding and evaluating the formation of its pentameric structure. The SH protein model was generated by I-TASSER server, and its funcional and structural caracterisct was analyzed by PredictProtein and PsiPred. Molecular Dynimics Simulation were performed for analysis of hidrophobicit of protein central region, studies of the protein behavior on the membrane and pentamer formation. The SH protein model prediction resulted in a linear model with a helix-alpha between amino acid 20-42 and the anlysis performed by PsiPred indicated this region as transmembrane region. Molecular Dynamics Simulation showed that, when in solution,the proteína changes its linear conformations for globular conformation confirming the hydrophobicity of the central domain. The presence of the Sh protein itself or of the pentamer in bilayer resulted in a considerable decrease of the area per lipid, giving the chains less mobility and greater alignment. The pentamer simulation showed passage of water molecules through the pore in an environment where histidine residues H22 and H51 are protonated, indicating the dependence of this activity with the pH of the medium. Based on this analysis, it was proposed the structure tertiary and quaternary of the SH protein and, with the analysis of the ...

In response to changeful environment in twenty-first century, organizations are constantly reviewed to improve the operation of government efficiency; while there are still having examples of mismanagement been exposed by citizens or media, which have already disappointed people for such careless errors. It is better to impute this phenomenon on the concepts of leadership and management have been reached the turning point, which needs more effective leading ways and managing techniques to react, rather than blaming leaders for lacking of leadership ability. Han Feizi, which integrates principles of Legalism, has been noted for containing the most complete and significant politics ancient codes in China. The thoughts of Han Fei are famous for substantial effects and also useful tools to consolidate monarchal status and prosper country. Using humanity as bases, Han Fei generates his philosophy, which are using laws (ªk, Fǎ) to rule a country, power(¶Õ, Shì) to officiate laws, and techniques (³N, Shù) to strengthen power. These concepts are related to each other and indispensable for one another. Hence, Han Fei's philosophy has positive meaning for constructing an effective system toward leadership management, which may provide some views and methods for present managing problems in administrative organizations. This research aims at exploring leading efficiencies of directors' in administrative organizations through their cognitions for Han Fei's philosophy and relationships between self-perception and leading efficiency. This research utilizes Questionnaire survey methods and takes directors of administrative organizations in Taiwan as objects. 400 questionnaires are dispatched to the objects by handing in person, sending e-mails or posting, and 252 returned validly. The collected information are used to test and verify each hypothesis by information pretest, validity analysis, descriptive analysis, factor analysis, difference analysis and regression. According to the analyzed results, the seven aspects of Han Fei's philosophy, cognition of laws, cognition of techniques, cognition of power, self-perception of laws, self-perception of techniques, self-perception of power, and self-perception of rewards and punishment, all show highly positive affects toward leading efficiency. This outcome proofs the higher identification with Han Fei's philosophy, the higher leading efficiency. By Standardized Regression Coefficients, £] coefficients of aspects in Han Fei's philosophy are positive, which means these aspects make remarkable forecasts for leading efficiency. The results in this research provide not only suggestions in leadership management for directors in administrative organizations but also hints for follow-up researches in Han Fei's philosophy. Hope that this research could bring the leadership managements of directors' into full play and enhance the leading efficiencies of administrative organizations.

L’étude de la propagation des ondes élastiques dans des plaques présentant des défauts en surface ou en volumetrouve sa place dans divers domaines industriels (aéronautique, automobile, aérospatial,…) pour le contrôle de l’état de santé des matériaux. L’étude menée ici en ondes transversales horizontales (SH) porte plus particulièrement sur les effets de rugosité aux interfaces d’une structure tri-couche, deux plaques isotropes collées par une couche mince de colle (les interfaces entre la couche de colle et les deux plaques sont rendues rugueuses pour améliorer l’adhésion), les plaques n'étant pas obligatoirement de même nature. L’objectif à terme est de caractériser cette rugosité et par-delà d'analyserson influence sur la qualité de collage. Les rugosités peuvent être quelconques ; celles considérées ici sont soit périodiques, soit pseudo-aléatoires. Les approches retenues sont analytiques, numériques et expérimentales. L’approche analytique basée sur une formulation intégrale adaptée à la propagation en ondes SH est utilisée pour déterminer les champs de déplacements et de contraintes dans les deux plaques. L’étude numérique par éléments finis qui utilise le logiciel COMSOL donne les coefficients de transmission. L’étude expérimentale met en oeuvre des transducteurs piézoélectriques à ondes transversales pour l’émission, et un vibromètre laser en réception, l’objectif étant de générer et d’identifier les modes propagatifs dans les structures étudiées, et d’évaluer leur comportement selon le type de rugosité.Les résultats et comparaisons portent sur les champs (déplacement-contrainte) et les coefficients de transmission enprésence de rugosité, avec ou non accords de phase lorsque des périodicités apparaissent sur les profils de rugosité. / Analysing the elastic wave propagation in rough plates opens the way to several applications such as the health monitoringof materials in industrial sectors (aeronautics, automotive, aerospace,..). The study here in using shear horizontal waves(SH), focuses on the effects of roughness at the interfaces of a bi-layered structure which consists of two isotropic platesadhesively bonded using a thin layer of glue (the interfaces between the adhesive layer and the two plates are roughenedto improve adhesion), the plates being not necessarily of the same nature. The aim of this study is to characterize thisroughness and beyond to analyze its influence on the quality of bonding. The roughness may have any profile; thoseconsidered here are either periodic or pseudo-random. The approaches used are analytical, numerical and experimental. The analytical approach, based on the integral formulation developed for SH-wave propagation, is used to determine the fields of displacements and stresses in both plates. The numerical finite element analysis using the COMSOL software gives the transmission coefficients. In the experimental study, shear waves piezoelectric transducers are used for the emission and a laser vibrometer for the reception; the final aim being to generate and to identify the modes propagating in the studied structures, and to evaluate their behavior depending on the roughness. The displacement and stress perturbation maps, and transmission coefficients are presented in the presence of roughness, with or without phase-matching.

Une des finalités de la formation CAPA-SH option D1 en alternance, proposée dans le Val-de-Marne, est de favoriser une posture de praticien réflexif chez les futurs enseignants spécialisés.Une des modalités retenue pour y parvenir est de proposer à ces stagiaires un accompagnementpar des formateurs (professeurs de l’IUFM et conseillers pédagogiques) sur le terrain d’exercice,afin de permettre une analyse de la pratique professionnelle au sein d’une classe spécialisée.En dialectisant les approches systémique et clinique, cette recherche doctorale explore lesprincipes organisateurs en oeuvre au sein de cette relation d’accompagnement professionnel àpartir du repérage des postures des formateurs en lien avec les objectifs qu’ils visent. Cetteréflexion s’appuie sur une double origine de données : celles issues des retranscriptions desentretiens semi-directifs du chercheur auprès des stagiaires et des formateurs et cellescorrespondant aux retranscriptions de l’enregistrement des entretiens d’analyse de pratiquesprofessionnelles vécus pendant l’année de formation (2009/2010). / One of the aims of the CAPA-SH training (D2 option) alternately proposed in Val-de-Marne, is tofoster an attitude of reflective practitioner in future special education teachers. One of themethods adopted to achieve this is to offer these trainees an accompaniment by trainers on thetraining ground (professors of the IUFM and educational advisers). The purpose is to allow ananalysis of the professional practice within a specialized class.By integrating and combining systemic and clinical approaches, this doctoral researchinvestigates the organizing principles implemented within this professional relationship coaching,to identify postures trainers in connection with the objectives they aim.The analysis is based ontwo sources of data : - those from transcripts of semi-directive interviews that the researcher hasled with trainees and trainers ; - those corresponding to transcripts of analysis of professionalpractices experienced during the training year (2009/2010).

Les nanoparticules d'oxyde de fer sont utilisées dans plusieurs domaines notamment en Biomédecine comme agents théranostiques en Cancérologie et aussi comme agents de contraste en Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique. Avec l'augmentation de la production et de l'utilisation de ces NPs de fer, il y a une évidente augmentation de l'exposition humaine et environnementale à ces NPs, et qui peut présenter un risque. Le sujet de ma thèse porte sur l'étude de l’impact physiopathologique et de la toxicité des nanoparticules de fer (NPs de fer) en utilisant un modèle cellulaire de neuroblastome et un modèle d'étude animal, le rat Wistar. L’objectif des travaux de recherche de la partie in vitro est d’évaluer les effets cytotoxiques et génotoxiques ainsi que les effets sur l’expression des protéines cellulaires suite à l’exposition des cellules SH-SY5Y à des concentrations croissantes des NPs de fer. Nous avons montré que les NPs de fer induisent des perturbations cellulaires d’une manière dépendante de la taille et de la concentration. L'analyse protéomique suivie par l'annotation des gènes avec l’ontologie et l'analyse des voies de signalisation a mis en évidence les effets des NPs de fer sur le cytosquelette, l'apoptose et le développement du cancer. Les objectifs de nos travaux de recherche réalisés in vivo consistent à étudier les effets physiopathologiques des NPs de fer administrées par trois voies différentes, intraveineuse, intranasale et orale, à savoir leur impact sur le comportement émotionnel et cognitif ainsi que sur l’homéostasie des neurotransmetteurs et des éléments traces. Les résultats ont montré que les NPs de fer n’induisent pas de modification concernant l’anxiété, la locomotion, l’apprentissage et la mémoire chez le rat quelle que soit la voie d’administration. Cependant, ces NPs provoquent une perturbation des niveaux des catécholamines et des éléments traces au niveau cérébral. Les effets les plus marqués ont été observés suite à l’instillation intranasale des NPs et se manifestent par une diminution de taux du fer sérique, la thrombocytose et la présence des foyers inflammatoires au niveau hépatique. L’analyse comparative des trois voies d’administration a montré que la voie intraveineuse est la moins toxique. Enfin, l’étude protéomique des protéomes du cerveau, du foie et du poumon a permis d’évaluer la toxicité des NPs de fer au niveau protéique et moléculaire. Les résultats obtenus présentent un support important pour l’estimation et la compréhension des effets potentiellement adverses de ces NPs qui présentent une certaine toxicité non négligeable de point de vue moléculaire et physiopathologique. Ainsi, leur utilisation dans le domaine biomédicale doit être prise avec beaucoup de précaution pour éviter au maximum tout risque lié à leur exposition afin d’améliorer leur biocompatibilité et ainsi augmenter leurs avantages. / Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs) are used in several fields notably in Biomedicine as theranostic agents in Oncology and also as contrast agents in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. With the increase in the production and use of IONPs, there is a clear increase in human and environmental exposure to these NPs, which may pose a risk. The subject of my thesis is the study of the physiopathological impact and toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles using a cell model of neuroblastoma and an animal study model, the Wistar rat. The aim of the research work of the in vitro part is to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects as well as the effects on the expression of cellular proteins following the exposure of SH-SY5Y cells to increasing concentrations of iron NPs. We have shown that iron NPs induce cellular perturbations in a size and concentration dependent manner. Proteomic analysis followed by ontological gene annotation and signaling pathway analysis revealed the effects of IONPs on cytoskeleton, apoptosis and cancer development. The aims of our research carried out in vivo are to investigate the pathophysiological effects of iron NPs administered by three different routes, intravenous, intranasal and oral, also their impact on emotional and cognitive behavior as well as neurotransmitter and trace element homeostasis. The results showed that IONPs do not induce any changes in anxiety, locomotion, learning and memory in rats regardless of the administration route. However, these NPs cause a disruption of catecholamine and trace element levels in the brain. The most marked effects have been observed following intranasal instillation of NPs and are manifested by a decrease in serum iron levels, thrombocytosis and the presence of inflammatory foci in the liver. The comparative analysis of the three routes of administration showed that the intravenous route is the least toxic. Finally, the proteomic study of the proteomes of the brain, liver and lung has made it possible to evaluate the toxicity of the NPs of iron at the protein and molecular level. The obtained results provide an important support for the estimation and understanding of potentially adverse effects of these NPs, which have a certain toxicity that is not negligible from a molecular and physiopathological point of view. Thus, great care must be taken regarding their use in the biomedical field to minimize any risk related to IONP exposure in order to improve their biocompatibility and thus increase their benefits.

Les antipsychotiques sont des antagonistes du récepteur dopaminergique de type 2 (DRD2) et constituent le principal traitement pharmacologique de la schizophrénie. Le traitement à long-terme par les antipsychotiques peut causer la tolérance au traitement et le développement de la dyskinésie tardive, dont le mécanisme est mal compris et le traitement, insatisfaisant. Il a été démontré que le traitement chronique aux antipsychotiques induit la surexpression du récepteur DRD2 et le stress oxydatif, deux mécanismes associés à la dyskinésie tardive. Le lien entre ces deux phénomènes est mal déterminé. Précédemment, il a été rapporté, dans mon laboratoire d'accueil, que le stress oxydatif, induit par le peroxyde d'hydrogène (H[indice inférieur 2]O[indice inférieur 2]), augmente le niveau du récepteur DRD2 sur la lignée cellulaire de neuroblastomes humains SH-SY5Y. L'hypothèse de recherche présentée ici est que le stress oxydatif est impliqué dans la surexpression du récepteur DRD2 induite par les antipsychotiques et que l'administration d'un antioxydant peut atténuer cette surexpression. Le projet présenté rapporte ainsi les effets des antipsychotiques sur les niveaux d'expression du récepteur DRD2 et les effets de l'inhibition du stress oxydatif par le traitement de l'acide lipoïque, un antioxydant, sur la lignée cellulaire de neuroblastomes humains SH-SY5Y. L'halopéridol, un antipsychotique de première génération, induit une augmentation des niveaux d'expression du récepteur DRD2, alors que Pamisulpride, un antipsychotique de deuxième génération, n'a pas d'effet significatif. De plus, l'halopéridol induit une plus importante augmentation des biomarqueurs du stress oxydatif (carbonylation des protéines, peroxydation lipidique et production de l'anion superoxyde) que l'amisulpride. L'acide lipoïque atténue la surexpression du récepteur DRD2 et le stress oxydatif induit par l'antipsychotique. L'inhibition de la synthèse de catécholamine par l'alpha-méthyl-DL-tyrosine (AMPT) élève l'expression du DRD2 et prévient sa surexpression par les antipsychotiques. Les résultats suggèrent que la surexpression du récepteur DRD2 induite par l'halopéridol est liée au stress oxydatif et proposent des mécanismes potentiels par lesquels l'acide lipoïque peut être considéré comme un agent thérapeutique pour la prévention et le traitement des effets secondaires reliés à l'utilisation des antipsychotiques.

This thesis describes a study into two post capture conditions, idiopathic muscle necrosis (IMN) and a post capture opportunistic bacterial infection, affecting the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, and a comprehensive analysis of the stressors involved in the capture and post capture periods of the fishery process. A multivariate approach was used to study progression in the post capture condition of trawl-caught N. norvegicus for the live transport market. Prolonged periods of aerial exposure resulted in large disruptions to the carbohydrate profile, increases in haemolymph L-lactate and crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone concentrations, and corresponding fluctuations in haemolymph pH. These disruptions increased with the increasing temperature of aerial exposure, which impacted the immunocompetence of the lobsters: circulating haemocytes and phenoloxidase levels were significantly reduced and the degree of bacteraemia increased. The health status of N. norvegicus captured during trials in spring and autumn by means of short trawl (1h duration), long trawl (5h duration) and creeling was assessed using a range of physiological (Haemolymph L-lactate, crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone (CHH), abdominal muscle glycogen concentrations), immunological (total haemocyte counts (THC)) and physical (mortality, damage indices) parameters. Increased duration of trawl did not significantly alter physiological parameters, while time of landing did have a significant effect on L-lactate, where animals landed in the morning exhibited higher concentrations. Seasonal variations in abdominal muscle glycogen concentrations were also apparent. Irrespective of season, individuals captured by short trawls in the morning suffered lowest mortalities. Damage assessment data revealed that a greater proportion of individuals were categorised as heavily damaged following longer trawls conducted in spring. The carbohydrate profile and immunocompetence of N. norvegicus was significantly affected following trawl capture and subsequent handling and aerial exposure post capture. The recovery period was investigated through a range of parameters (L-lactate, glycogen, glucose, THC) and the data suggested that animals should be submerged and unstressed for at least 24h following capture and handling to avoid further alterations to the carbohydrate profile and reduce the window of opportunity for invading bacteria to cause meat spoilage. The influence of air temperature on the condition of N. norvegicus caught for the live export market was assessed by correlating meteorological data with the percentage of catch accepted for live transport. Results illustrated a large degree of variability in the conditions of animals on arrival at the processing plant. Air temperature was the only meteorological factor that had an impact on the morbidity and mortality of the catch. In one instance in particular, mean air temperature on the day of capture had a significant negative impact on the health of the catch.