O semieixo automotivo é um componente usualmente metálico pelo qual o torque é transmitido do diferencial para as rodas do veículo. Diferentemente dos semieixos convencionais, os fabricados em materiais compósitos possuem algumas variáveis de projeto que devem ser levadas em consideração, como a orientação das fibras, a sequência de empilhamento, a espessura e o número de camadas. Neste trabalho, cilindros compósitos para aplicação em semieixos de transmissão foram processados por enrolamento filamentar com o objetivo de substituir peças em aço convencional por compósito laminado em fibra de carbono com matriz epóxi. Para tal, os parâmetros da aplicação do semieixo em compósito, como frequência natural, torque critico de flambagem e capacidade de transmissão de torque foram considerados. Foi realizado um ensaio preliminar de torção e foram selecionados três laminados: [±22/±45], [±89/±45] e [±45]2. Cilindros de carbono/epóxi foram fabricados pelo processo de enrolamento filamentar e ensaios de compressão radial e longitudinal dos cilindros foram realizados. Análises mecânicas foram realizadas por meio de abordagens analíticas e numéricas, sendo que a última foi baseada no método dos elementos finitos. Os resultados analíticos foram comparados com os numéricos e experimentais, apresentando uma boa correlação entre eles. O cilindro com o laminado [±45]2 apresentou o melhor desempenho de resistência sob torção. Para torque critico de flambagem, assim como em compressão radial e longitudinal, o laminado [±45]2 apresentou um desempenho satisfatório para a aplicação, apesar de não ser o melhor desempenho dentre os laminados. Conclui-se que o laminado [±45]2 é o que apresenta melhor desempenho, em geral e que a redução de massa do semieixo desenvolvido em compósito utilizando este laminado, em relação ao de aço é de 47%. / The automotive half shaft is usually a metallic-based component in which the torque is transmitted from the differential to the wheels. Unlike conventional half shafts, in composite half shafts there are several parameters to be improved, namely fiber orientation, stacking sequence, thickness and number of layers. In this study, composite cylinders for application in half shafts have been processed by filament winding in order to replace conventional steel parts by laminated composites with carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites. For that, it must satisfy several parameters of the composite half shaft, such as critical speed, critical buckling torque and load carrying ability. A preliminary torsional test has been performed and three laminates were selected: [±22/±45], [±89/±45] and [±45]2. Carbon/epoxy cylinders were manufactured by filament winding process and radial and longitudinal compression tests were performed. Mechanical analysis has been accomplished by using analytical and numerical approaches, since the last one is based on the finite element method. Analytical results were compared with the numerical and experimental ones, presenting a good correlation between them. The cylinder [±45]2 has the best performance under torsional loading. For critical buckling torque, as well as radial and longitudinal compression, the laminate [±45]2 presented a satisfactory performance for the application, but not the best performance within the laminates. The main conclusion is that the laminate [± 45]2 has the best performance and the weight reduction of the composite half shaft developed using this laminate is of 47%, when compared to a steel-based shaft.

Este trabalho analisa as possíveis causas de quebras de eixos de motores para sistemas de arrefecimento (eletro ventiladores) devido à fadiga. Para isso, define o fenômeno de fadiga e modos de como evitá-lo. Introduz o conceito de vibrações lineares, apresenta os tipos de ensaios de vibração, mostra as alterações do comportamento mecânico do material de um eixo em função do processo de fabricação empregado em sua manufatura e de seu projeto. Define o que é um sistema de arrefecimento e, por último, em um estudo de caso, faz a análise completa do eixo de um determinado eletro ventilador comercial demonstrando situações onde ocorreram quebras por fadiga. / This work has as objetive to analyze fracture possible reasons of a cooling systems fan shaft. For this, it defines fatigue and how to avoid it. It introduces the concept of linear vibration, it presents the types of vibration tests, it shows changes in the mechanical behavior of the shaft material depending on the manufacturing process and design, it defines which is a system of cooling. Finally, in a case study, it analyzes the shaft fatigue fracture of a particular commercial electric fan.

Intellectual production in higher education institutions is increasing. Every day there is a new technology or study, often with subsidies and private companies incentives. One has to emphasize that this whole process of creation started in these institutions has primarily intended to be reversed, in many ways, in blessings for the whole society. In this way, it deserves huge reflection of the need to protect it produces without losing any outcome that should be considered a public good. Thus, this document was created with the objective of analyzing how the protection of intellectual property in these institutions, specifically whether there are and how they work contracts intellectual property issued by higher education institutions in the northeast axis, with a view to intellectual production occurred the cradle of these institutions. For both data obtained were analyzed both at the sites of the universities themselves as the data obtained through a questionnaire, in addition to intellectual property contracts they use. The post was analyzed all the protection provided for in the Brazilian legislation on the matter, used as a guide. With this, was expected to show that the actual importance on intellectual property protection for these institutions, as well as the whole society. / A produção intelectual nas instituições de ensino superior é crescente. A cada dia surge uma nova tecnologia ou estudo, muitas vezes com subsídios e incentivos de empresas particulares. Há de se ressaltar que todo esse processo de criação iniciado nestas instituições tem, primordialmente, o objetivo de ser revertido, de diversas maneiras, em benesses para toda a sociedade. Desta forma, merece enorme reflexão a necessidade de proteção do que produz, sob pena de perder todo o resultado que deve ser considerado bem público. Assim, este documento foi criado com o objetivo de analisar como funciona a proteção da propriedade intelectual nestas instituições, mais especificamente se existem e como funcionam os contratos de propriedade intelectual emitidos por instituições de ensino superior do eixo nordeste, tendo em vista a produção intelectual ocorrida no berço destas instituições. Para tanto foram analisados os dados obtidos tanto nos sítios das próprias universidades quanto os dados obtidos através de aplicação de questionário, além dos contratos de propriedade intelectual que utilizam. A posteriori foi analisada toda a proteção prevista na legislação brasileira sobre a matéria, usada como norteador. Com isso, esperou-se demonstrar qual a efetiva importância na proteção da propriedade intelectual para essas instituições, além de toda a sociedade.

Orientador: Ana Ines Borri Genovez / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T18:19:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_LauraMariaCanno_D.pdf: 6902999 bytes, checksum: 3e1f02a65f335b50df38d55fa7ab47bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Estruturas de queda com poços verticais podem ser utilizadas para drenagem urbana, dissipação de energia e como vertedores em barragens. No último caso, tem-se os vertedores com emboque tipo tulipa, formados por um perfil vertedor seguido de um poço vertical, que se liga a um túnel por meio de uma curva. A curva é um ponto crítico do dimensionamento do vertedor, pois, é onde o escoamento o deflete, causando elevadas pressões na sua parte convexa e subpressões na parte côncava. Este trabalho tem, como objetivo, o estudo experimental de um vertedor tipo tulipa, para definir uma melhor geometria para a curva de ligação poço-túnel. Um estudo experimental foi feito, empregando-se o modelo do vertedor de Paraitinga, em escala 1:51,02, utilizando novas geometrias para a curva, para avaliar as pressões e o arraste de ar. Pôde constatar-se a nfluência da geometria da curva, sendo que as novas curvas resultaram em um escoamento mais regular, acompanhando o traçado da curva, com pressões menores na parte convexa, além de uma maior vazão de afogamento do vertedor. Foram propostas equações para o cálculo da vazão de ar em função da concentração média do ar no escoamento. Através do estudo experimental comparativo entre as diferentes curvas se sugere o emprego da curva clotóide para ser usada na ligaçao poço-túnel / Abstract: Vertical dropshafts can be used in drainage systems, energy dissipator and as dam spillways. In this case, they are called morning glory, and consists of an inlet followed by a shaft which joins a tunnel through a bend. The bend is a critical point in spillway sizing, therefore the flow deflects in this region and causes high pressures in the convex part of the bend and negative pressures in the concavous part. This paper cares for the experimental study to define a better geometry for the shaft spillway vertical bend. An experimental study has been carried out, using the spillway model of Paraitinga dam, which scale was 1:51,02, using new bend geometries, to evaluate pressures flow and air entrainment. The influence of the bend geometry has been noticed, and the new curves resulted in a more regular flow, that followed the trace of the curve, with smaller pressures in the convex part, besides a higher flow to submerge the spillway. Equations have been proposed to calculate air entrainment flow as a function of the average concentration of air. Through the experimental study to compare the different curves, one suggest the use of use clotóide curve, as a bend shaft / Doutorado / Recursos Hidricos / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Milton Dias Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T09:48:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nomura_PaulaWatanabe_M.pdf: 4842075 bytes, checksum: fb2b3e20baadde947cb7b9aad16227d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: As novas legislações de emissões demandam das montadoras de veículos automotores, o desenvolvimento de tecnologias para melhorar o consumo de combustível e emissão de poluentes. Seguindo esta tendência, os sistemas de turbocompressores inovam junto e lançam ao mercado novas arquiteturas de turbos. Uma delas é o turbocompressor regulado de dois estágios, que otimiza a eficiência em um intervalo de rotação mais amplo. Neste sistema, há dois turbocompressores: o estágio de baixa pressão e de alta pressão. O primeiro tem maior influência nas baixas rotações, enquanto o segundo nas altas rotações do motor. Entre os dois estágios, existe uma válvula bypass que controla a passagem do gás de escape para o estágio de baixa pressão, evitando assim, sobrecarregar o estágio de alta pressão. Esta válvula bypass é composta por um eixo rotativo e uma bucha fixa, e exatamente entre estes dois componentes foi detectado desgaste, aumentando as folgas e causando vazamento de gás. Com o objetivo de diminuir este vazamento e resolver o problema, uma investigação sobre este desgaste prematuro foi iniciada dentro da empresa onde a autora da presente dissertação trabalha. Neste trabalho a análise de forças das condições estática e dinâmica que envolve a bucha e o eixo, as forças e momentos para abrir e fechar o prato da válvula, e as equações de movimento são apresentadas. A análise experimental inclui medições feitas em dois motores reais: um deles conectado a um dinamômetro e o outro instalado em um veículo usado na mesma aplicação onde o desgaste excessivo foi observado. Além disso, a análise de desgaste de dez pares bucha-eixo que retornaram de testes de durabilidade é apresentado. A comparação do desgaste entre dois sistemas de bucha e eixo foi realizada. Ambos os sistemas rodaram na mesma condição, exceto pela frequência de operação da válvula de controle, assim a influência desta frequência pôde ser analisada. Ao final, todo este dado foi coletado e usado para o cálculo de taxa de desgaste que avalia a influência de diferentes parâmetros de design sobre a taxa de desgaste / Abstract: The new emission legislations demand, from vehicle manufactures the development of technologies to improve fuel consumption and pollutants emission. Following this trend, the turbocharging systems innovate together and release new turbocharger architectures in the market. One of them is the regulated-two-stages turbocharger, which optimizes the efficiency in a broader engine speed range. In this system, there are two turbochargers, the high and low pressure stages. The former has a bigger influence on the low engine speeds, and the latter in the higher engine speeds. Between both stages there is a bypass valve that controls the gas flow to the low pressure stage, avoiding overpressure in the high pressure stage. This bypass valve is composed by a rotating shaft and a fixed bushing, and exactly between these two components it was detected wear, increasing the clearances and causing gas leakage. In order to reduce this leakage and solve the problem, an investigation about this premature wear has started inside the company where the author of the present dissertation works. In the present work the force analysis of the static and dynamic conditions that involve the shaft and bushing, the forces and momentum to open and close the valve plate, and the equations of motion are presented. The experimental analysis includes measurements made on two real engines: one of them connected to a dynamometer and the other installed on a vehicle used on the same application where the excessive wear was observed. Also, the wear analysis of ten shafts and bushings returned from durability tests is presented. The wear comparison between two shaft-bushing systems was performed. Both systems run in the same condition except for the control valve operational frequency, so the influence of this frequency could be evaluated. In the end, this entire data base collected could be used as input to a wear rate calculation that evaluates the influence of different design parameters on the wear rate / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestra em Engenharia Mecânica

Thermal Integrity Profiling (TIP) is a relatively new non-destructive test method for evaluating the post-construction quality of drilled shafts. Therein anomalies in a shaft are indicated by variations in its thermal profile when measured during the curing stages of the concrete. A considerable benefit with this method is in the ability to detect anomalies both inside and outside the reinforcement cage, as well as provide a measure of lateral cage alignment. Similarly remarkable, early developments showed that the shape of a temperature profile (with depth) matched closely with the shape of the shaft, thus allowing for a straightforward interpretation of data. As with any test method, however, the quality of the results depends largely on the level of analysis and the way in which test data is interpreted, which was the focus of this study. This dissertation presents the findings from both field data and computer models to address and improve TIP analysis methods, specifically focusing on: (1) the analysis of non-uniform temperature distributions caused by external boundary conditions, (2) proper selection of temperature-radius relationships, and (3) understanding the effects of time on analysis. Numerical modeling was performed to identify trends in the temperature distributions in drilled shafts during concrete hydration. Specifically, computer generated model data was used to identify the patterns of the non-linear temperature distributions that occur at the ends of a shaft caused by the added heat loss boundary in the longitudinal direction. Similar patterns are observed at locations in a shaft where drastic changes in external boundary conditions exist (e.g. shafts that transition from soil to water or air). Numerical modeling data was also generated to examine the relationship between measured temperatures and shaft size/shape which is a fundamental concept of traditional TIP analysis. A case study involving a shaft from which 24hrs of internal temperature data was investigated and compared to results from a computer generated model made to mimic the field conditions of the shaft. Analysis of field collected and model predicted data was performed to examine the treatment of non-linear temperature distributions at the ends of the shaft and where a mid-shaft change in boundary was encountered. Additionally, the analysis was repeated for data over a wide range of concrete ages to examine the effects of time on the results of analysis. Finally, data from over 200 field tested shafts was collected and analyzed to perform a statistical evaluation of the parameters used for interpretation of the non-linear distributions at the top and bottom of each shaft. This investigation incorporated an iterative algorithm which determined the parameters required to provide a best-fit solution for the top and bottom of each shaft. A collective statistical evaluation of the resulting parameters was then used to better define the proper methods for analyzing end effects. Findings revealed that the effects of non-uniform temperature distributions in drilled shaft thermal profiles can be offset with a curve-fitting algorithm defined by a hyperbolic tangent function that closely matches the observed thermal distribution. Numerical models and statistical evaluations provided a rationale for proper selection of the function defining parameters. Additionally, numerical modeling showed that the true temperature-to-radius relationship in drilled shafts is non-linear, but in most cases a linear approximation is well suited. Finally, analysis of both model and field data showed that concrete age has virtually no effect on the final results of thermal profile analysis, as long as temperature measurements are taken within the dominate stages of concrete hydration.

The study that is described in this thesis deals with stope support design from a rockmass stiffness approach. Three models were developed and combined into a single one in the third part of the study in an attempt to describe and quantify the stop support and rockmass interaction. The first model describes stope support with all the factors having an influence on its performance, where this is referred to as the capacity of the stope support. The second model describes rockmass behaviour and is referred to as the rockmass demand. These two models are represented on a common load-deformation graph during the third part of the study. Here the demand of the rockmass is compared to the capacity of the stope support as a whole. In contrast to previous design attempts, both the demand and the capacity for any given situation are considered as variables. The demand varies according to the position relative to the abutments and the capacity varies according to the state of deformation of the support. Each combination of mining configuration, rock type and support type results in a unique base set within which variation is allowed according to position. This is achieved by: (a) comparing the energy released by the rockmass to the energy absorbed by the support system for a given deformation interval; and (b) comparing the rockmass stiffness to that of the support system at any given point of deformation. The methodology is tested by two case studies on Beatrix Gold Mine. In the first study the condition of unstable failure of the support was evaluated where the support failed and the stope collapsed in a relatively short span of time. This is referred to as unstable failure of the stope. The underground observations were confirmed by the outcome of this study. The energy released by the rockmass, that is rockmass demand, exceeded the capacity of the stope support after a given stage of mining. The absolute value of the rockmass stiffness was also less than the absolute value of the load-deformation curve of the stope support for the same mining interval. During the second case study some elements of the stope support failed while the excavation remained open and stable. Underground observations again confirmed the model during this study. Here the Pencil Props failed some distance from the stope face. In this case the absolute value of the rockmass stiffness was less than the magnitude of the negative load-deformation curve of the Pencil Props, while the Matpacks have a positive load-deformation behaviour throughout the deformation process. In the latter case the total energy generated by the rockmass never exceeded the capacity of the permanent stop support. This is referred to as stable failure of the stope support. The study proves that it is possible to evaluate stope support even when a combination of different supports is used as permanent support. The latter is achieved by adding the capacities of the stope support as deformation takes place and comparing that to the rockmass demand for the same mining steps. / Thesis (PhD(Mining Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Mining Engineering / unrestricted

For the design of deep excavations, codes and standards advise to base estimates of wall deflections and ground movements on empirical data. Due to the limited number of case studies on circular excavations it is nearly impossible to find comparable projects under similar conditions. Therefore designers have to adopt conservative approaches, which predict larger ground movements than probably occur in reality and thus lead to more expensive structures and protective measures. Further uncertainty is induced for diaphragm wall shafts. The discontinuous nature of the wall due to the joints between the individual panels may cause anisotropic wall behaviour. There is a complete lack of understanding if, and how, the design of diaphragm wall shafts should consider anisotropic wall stiffness. The construction of Thames Water's Abbey Mills shaft in East London provided a unique opportunity to monitor the structural performance and the ground movements of one of the largest shafts ever built in the UK. The 71 m deep excavation penetrates a typical London strata and one third is in unweathered medium to hard Chalk. The monitoring scheme included distributed fibre optic strain sensing instrumentation and conventional inclinometers in the shaft wall to measure bending and hoop strains, as well as wall deflections during several construction stages. Further inclinometers and extensometers were installed around the shaft to monitor surface and sub-surface ground movements. The monitoring results were then compared to the initial PLAXIS design predictions. A further numerical investigation was conducted in FLAC2D which allowed a more flexible parametric study. The measured bending moments during shaft excavation exceeded the predictions mainly in the wall sections in the Chalk group. It was found that this was caused by assigning a low cohesion to the Chalk to induce conservative ground movements, so that the Chalk yielded in the analysis. In reality however, it remained elastic and hence induced larger bending moments in the wall. For future excavations in Chalk it is recommended to investigate the effect of a low and a high cohesion of the Chalk on the wall bending moment. The hoop strain measurements indicate that the shaft has undergone a three-dimensional deformation pattern during a dewatering trial prior to shaft excavation. The parametric study on wall anisotropy suggests that the shaft wall behaved like a cylindrical shell with isotropic stiffness, where the joints between the panels do not reduce the circumferential stiffness. Further numerical simulations varied the shaft wall thickness and the at rest lateral earth pressure coefficient in the Chalk. The results showed that the wall thickness has a minor influence on its deflection and hence thinner walls might be feasible for future shafts. The at rest lateral earth pressure coefficient of the Chalk appeared to be appropriately picked with 1.0 in the initial design. Above all, it was shown that wall deflections were very small with less than 4 mm. Correspondingly small ground movements were measured throughout shaft excavation. Empirical formulas on the other hand predict large settlements between 40 and 105 mm. Numerical predictions were much closer to the measurements and showed that small heaves occurred due to soil swelling caused by removal of overburden pressure. For future shaft designs it is hence advised against the use of empirical formulas derived from case studies under different conditions. It may furthermore not be necessary to implement expensive large-scale monitoring schemes, as it has been confirmed that ground movements around diaphragm wall shafts are minimal and that risks are low. The findings from this study provide valuable information for future excavations, which can be applied to the shafts constructed for the forthcoming Thames Tideway Tunnel project.

Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) of deep foundations has become an integral part of the industry’s standard manufacturing processes. It is not unusual for the evaluation of the integrity of the concrete to include the measurement of ultrasonic wave speeds. Numerous methods have been proposed that use the propagation speed of ultrasonic waves to check the integrity of concrete for drilled shaft foundations. All such methods evaluate the integrity of the concrete inside the cage and between the access tubes. The integrity of the concrete outside the cage remains to be considered to determine the location of the border between the concrete and the soil in order to obtain the diameter of the drilled shaft. It is also economic to devise a methodology to obtain the diameter of the drilled shaft using the Cross-Hole Sonic Logging system (CSL). Performing such a methodology using the CSL and following the CSL tests is performed and used to check the integrity of the inside concrete, thus allowing the determination of the drilled shaft diameter without having to set up another NDT device. This proposed new method is based on the installation of galvanized tubes outside the shaft across from each inside tube, and performing the CSL test between the inside and outside tubes. From the performed experimental work a model is developed to evaluate the relationship between the thickness of concrete and the ultrasonic wave properties using signal processing. The experimental results show that there is a direct correlation between concrete thicknesses outside the cage and maximum amplitude of the received signal obtained from frequency domain data. This study demonstrates how this new method to measuring the diameter of drilled shafts during construction using a NDT method overcomes the limitations of currently-used methods. In the other part of study, a new method is proposed to visualize and quantify the extent and location of the defects. It is based on a color change in the frequency amplitude of the signal recorded by the receiver probe in the location of defects and it is called Frequency Tomography Analysis (FTA). Time-domain data is transferred to frequency-domain data of the signals propagated between tubes using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Then, distribution of the FTA will be evaluated. This method is employed after CSL has determined the high probability of an anomaly in a given area and is applied to improve location accuracy and to further characterize the feature. The technique has a very good resolution and clarifies the exact depth location of any void or defect through the length of the drilled shaft for the voids inside the cage. The last part of study also evaluates the effect of voids inside and outside the reinforcement cage and corrosion in the longitudinal bars on the strength and axial load capacity of drilled shafts. The objective is to quantify the extent of loss in axial strength and stiffness of drilled shafts due to presence of different types of symmetric voids and corrosion throughout their lengths.

This diploma thesis deals with influence of a notch on stress-strain states at the front of cracks by shear modes. Starting with fracture mechanics and its division, followed by stress intensity factor and calculate its by finite element method. Calculation is solved for two types of notches, U-notched and V-notched, both notches were modeled parametrically so their geometry was changeable and stress intensity factor were calculated for all configurations. Subsequently was solved next calculation of stress intensity factor but for shaft without notch. Finally, was evaluated influence of notch on stress intensity factor. Software for finite element method has been used ANSYS. Others calculation was provided in software MATLAB