In this investigation the stress concentration factor was evaluated for a hollow stepped shaft with variable wall thickness and two fillet sizes. Electric strain gages of the SR-4 type were employed to measure strains in the fillet section. Values of the stress concentration factor were determined with the ratio of inside to outside diameter ranging from 0.25 to 0.625. A decreasing relation was established between stress concentration and the internal diameter. A satisfactory method of positioning gages accurately on the complex fillet surface was developed. This method featured an intermediate steel template with positive referencing. / M.S.

O objetivo desta dissertação consiste em aprofundar o entendimento dos mecanismos que controlam o atrito lateral sob arrancamento de estacas instaladas por fluidização em areia. A técnica de instalação é estudada como uma alternativa para a utilização de estacas torpedo na fixação de plataformas offshore. Trabalhou-se em laboratório com o arrancamento de estacas metálicas circulares em modelo reduzido. Foram utilizados três diâmetros de estacas modelo, simulando três diferentes escalas: 14 mm (1:76), 16,2 mm (1:67) e 21,3 mm (1:50). Foram realizados 8 ensaios de arrancamento (24 horas após a fluidização) em estacas modelo instaladas por fluidização em solo arenoso com densidade relativa de 50% e submetido à sobrecarga de 2,236 kPa. Foram também realizados 17 ensaios de arrancamento em estacas modelo pré-instaladas (sem fluidização) em areia com densidade relativa de 30%, simulando uma instalação sem perturbação do solo, uma vez que esta é a densidade relativa aproximada que a areia atinge após o processo de fluidização. Os resultados foram comparados com pesquisas anteriores de arrancamento de estacas instaladas por fluidização em areia. Para um aumento médio de 2 vezes a tensão vertical efetiva nas estacas modelo instaladas por fluidização com sobrecarga, observa-se um ganho médio de 1,8 na resistência. O coeficiente de empuxo lateral de serviço para estes ensaios não apresentou diferenças significativas em relação ao mesmo tipo de ensaio sem sobrecarga. As estacas instaladas por fluidização com sobrecarga e estacas pré-instaladas (sem perturbação) apresentam valores de constantes e independentes das profundidades instaladas, com respectivas médias de 0,15 e 0,31. O valor de parece aumentar com o tempo para as estacas fluidizadas (efeito setup) devido à reconstituição das tensões radiais. Os valores de estacas cravadas em areia densa diminuem seu valor com o aumento da profundidade instalada (e da tensão efetiva média atuante), por restrição de dilatação, tendendo ao valor de encontrado para ensaios pré-instalados realizados neste trabalho. / The main goal of this study is to deepen the understanding of the shaft friction behavior under tension loads of piles installed by fluidization in Osório sand. The installation technique is studied as an alternative for the use of torpedo piles in offshore platforms anchoring. This work was done in laboratory with metallic circular piles in reduced model. Three diameters of model piles were used, simulating three different scales: 14 mm (1:76), 16,2 mm (1:67) and 21,3 mm (1:50). Eight pullout tests (24 hours after fluidization) were carried out on model piles installed by fluidization in sandy soil with a relative density of 50% and subjected to a surcharge of 2,236 kPa. Eighteen pullout tests were performed on pre-installed (non-fluidized) model piles in sand with a relative density of 30%, simulating an installation without soil disturbance, since this is the approximate relative density reached after the process of fluidization. The results were compared with previous studies of pullout resistance of fluidized piles in sand. For an average increase of 2 times the vertical effective stress in the model piles installed by fluidization with surcharge, an average increase of 1,8 times is observed in the pullout resistance. The lateral earth pressure coefficient on the pile shaft for these tests did not show significant differences in relation to the same type of test without surcharge. For tests installed by fluidization and pre-installed tests (without soil disturbance), remains constant and independent of the installed depths, with respective averages of 0,15 and 0,31. The value seems to increase with time for fluidized tests (setup effect) due to the reconstitution of the radial tensions. The values for pullout tests in driven model piles in dense sand decrease their value with the increase of the installed depth (and the increase of the vertical effective stress), by restriction of the expansive behavior, tending to the value found for pre-installed tests carried out in this work.

O objetivo desta dissertação consiste em aprofundar o entendimento dos mecanismos que controlam o atrito lateral sob arrancamento de estacas instaladas por fluidização em areia. A técnica de instalação é estudada como uma alternativa para a utilização de estacas torpedo na fixação de plataformas offshore. Trabalhou-se em laboratório com o arrancamento de estacas metálicas circulares em modelo reduzido. Foram utilizados três diâmetros de estacas modelo, simulando três diferentes escalas: 14 mm (1:76), 16,2 mm (1:67) e 21,3 mm (1:50). Foram realizados 8 ensaios de arrancamento (24 horas após a fluidização) em estacas modelo instaladas por fluidização em solo arenoso com densidade relativa de 50% e submetido à sobrecarga de 2,236 kPa. Foram também realizados 17 ensaios de arrancamento em estacas modelo pré-instaladas (sem fluidização) em areia com densidade relativa de 30%, simulando uma instalação sem perturbação do solo, uma vez que esta é a densidade relativa aproximada que a areia atinge após o processo de fluidização. Os resultados foram comparados com pesquisas anteriores de arrancamento de estacas instaladas por fluidização em areia. Para um aumento médio de 2 vezes a tensão vertical efetiva nas estacas modelo instaladas por fluidização com sobrecarga, observa-se um ganho médio de 1,8 na resistência. O coeficiente de empuxo lateral de serviço para estes ensaios não apresentou diferenças significativas em relação ao mesmo tipo de ensaio sem sobrecarga. As estacas instaladas por fluidização com sobrecarga e estacas pré-instaladas (sem perturbação) apresentam valores de constantes e independentes das profundidades instaladas, com respectivas médias de 0,15 e 0,31. O valor de parece aumentar com o tempo para as estacas fluidizadas (efeito setup) devido à reconstituição das tensões radiais. Os valores de estacas cravadas em areia densa diminuem seu valor com o aumento da profundidade instalada (e da tensão efetiva média atuante), por restrição de dilatação, tendendo ao valor de encontrado para ensaios pré-instalados realizados neste trabalho. / The main goal of this study is to deepen the understanding of the shaft friction behavior under tension loads of piles installed by fluidization in Osório sand. The installation technique is studied as an alternative for the use of torpedo piles in offshore platforms anchoring. This work was done in laboratory with metallic circular piles in reduced model. Three diameters of model piles were used, simulating three different scales: 14 mm (1:76), 16,2 mm (1:67) and 21,3 mm (1:50). Eight pullout tests (24 hours after fluidization) were carried out on model piles installed by fluidization in sandy soil with a relative density of 50% and subjected to a surcharge of 2,236 kPa. Eighteen pullout tests were performed on pre-installed (non-fluidized) model piles in sand with a relative density of 30%, simulating an installation without soil disturbance, since this is the approximate relative density reached after the process of fluidization. The results were compared with previous studies of pullout resistance of fluidized piles in sand. For an average increase of 2 times the vertical effective stress in the model piles installed by fluidization with surcharge, an average increase of 1,8 times is observed in the pullout resistance. The lateral earth pressure coefficient on the pile shaft for these tests did not show significant differences in relation to the same type of test without surcharge. For tests installed by fluidization and pre-installed tests (without soil disturbance), remains constant and independent of the installed depths, with respective averages of 0,15 and 0,31. The value seems to increase with time for fluidized tests (setup effect) due to the reconstitution of the radial tensions. The values for pullout tests in driven model piles in dense sand decrease their value with the increase of the installed depth (and the increase of the vertical effective stress), by restriction of the expansive behavior, tending to the value found for pre-installed tests carried out in this work.

Submitted by Lucienne Costa (lucienneferreira@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-12T17:33:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO VICTOR DA SILVA OLINDA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2018.pdf: 4406932 bytes, checksum: 3015875e87b33898358c6dc22f3c9e3a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-12T17:33:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO VICTOR DA SILVA OLINDA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEM) 2018.pdf: 4406932 bytes, checksum: 3015875e87b33898358c6dc22f3c9e3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-21 / Capes / O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um estudo termográfico visando constatar falha de montagem por desalinhamento em acoplamento flexível do tipo garra, modelo GR 50. A metodologia da pesquisa pode ser caracterizada como do tipo aplicada, quantitativa, explicativa, bibliográfica e experimental. Para tanto, montou-se uma bancada experimental contendo um motor trifásico, eixos, rolamentos e o acoplamento flexível, sem a presença de cargas, destinado a solidarizar dois eixos contendo desalinhamentos entre eles de 0,5; 0,74 e 1,18 mm. Como resultado dos testes efetuados, foi possível perceber que a temperatura do acoplamento aumenta à mesma proporção dos desalinhamentos inseridos, ou seja, quanto maior o desalinhamento, maior a temperatura registrada. Este fato é melhor observado nos primeiros 20 minutos dos testes. Diante destes resultados é possível afirmar que a Termografia pode ser utilizada como técnica de detecção de falhas de montagem por desalinhamento nos primeiros minutos de funcionamento do sistema. / The aim of this work is to perform a thermographic study aiming to verify assembly failure by mounting in flexible claw type coupling, model GR 50. A research methodology can be characterized as applied, quantitative, explanatory, bibliographic and experimental type. For this, an experimental bench was built, containing a three-phase motor, shafts, bearings and the flexible coupling, without a load presence, to join two shafts with misalignments between them; 0.5, 0.74 and 1.18 mm. As a result of the tests performed, it was possible to notice that the temperature of the coupling increases the same proportion of the misalignments inserted, that is, the greater the misalignment, the higher the temperature recorded. This fact is best observed in the first 20 minutes of the tests. In view of these results, it is possible to affirm that the thermography can be used as a technique for detecting mounting faults by misalignment in the first minutes of the system operation.

<p>A mechanical model of an axial piston-type machine with a so-called wobble plate and Z-shaft mechanism is presented. The overall aim is to design and construct an oil-free piston expander demonstrator as a first step to realizing an advanced and compact small-scale steam engine system. The benefits of a small steam engine are negligible NOx emissions (due to continuous, low-temperature combustion), no gearbox needed, fuel flexibility (e.g., can run on biofuel and solar), high part-load efficiency, and low noise. Piston expanders, compared with turbines or clearance-sealed rotary displacement machines, have higher mechanical losses but lower leakage losses, much better part-load efficiency, and for many applications a more favourable (i.e., lower) speed. A piston expander is thus feasible for directly propelling small systems in the vehicular power range. An axial piston machine with minimized contact pressures and sliding velocities, and with properly selected construction materials for steam/water lubrication, should enable completely oil-free operation. An oil-free piston machine also has potential for other applications, for example, as a refrigerant (e.g., CO₂) expander in a low-temperature Rankine cycle or as a refrigerant compressor.</p><p> </p><p>An analytical rigid-body kinematics and inverse dynamics model of the machine is presented. The kinematical analysis generates the resulting motion of the integral parts of the machine, fully parameterized. Inverse dynamics is applied when the system motion is completely known, and the method yields required external and internal forces and torques. The analytical model made use of the “Sophia” plug-in developed by Lesser for the simple derivation of rotational matrices relating different coordinate systems and for vector differentiation. Numerical solutions were computed in MATLAB. The results indicate a large load bearing in the conical contact surface between the mechanism’s wobble plate and engine block. The lateral force between piston and cylinder is small compared with that of a comparable machine with a conventional crank mechanism.</p><p> </p><p>This study aims to predict contact loads and sliding velocities in the component interfaces. Such data are needed for bearing and component dimensioning and for selecting materials and coatings. Predicted contact loads together with contact geometries can also be used as input for tribological rig testing. Results from the model have been used to dimension the integral parts, bearings and materials of a physical demonstrator of the super-critical steam expander application as well as in component design and concept studies.</p>

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Machine diagnostics is usually done via conditioned monitoring (CM). This approach analyses certain thresholds or patterns for diagnostic purposes. This approach can be costly and time consuming for industries. A larger downside is the difficulty in generalizing CM to a wider set of machines.There is a new trend of using a Machine learning (ML) approach to diagnose machines states. An ML approach would implement an autonomous system for diagnosing machines. It is highly desirable within industry to replace the manual labor performed when setting up CBM systems. Often the ML algorithms chosen are novelty/anomaly based. It is a popular hypothesis that detecting anomalous measurements from a system is a natural byproduct of a machine in a faulty state.The purpose of this thesis is to help CombiQ with an implementation strategy for a fault detection system. The idea of the fault detection system is to make prediction outcomes for machines within the system. More specifically, the prediction will inform whether a machine is in a faulty state or a normal state. An ML approach will be implemented to predict anomalous measurements that corresponds to a faulty state. The system will have no previous data on the machines. However, data for a machine will be acquired once sensors (designed by CombiQ) have been set up for the machine.The results of the thesis proposes an unsupervised and semi-supervised approach for creating the ML models used for the fault detection system. The unsupervised approach will rely on assumptions when selecting the hyperparameters for the ML. The semi-supervised approach will try to learn the hyperparameters through cross validation and grid search. An experiment was set up check whether three ML algorithms can learn optimal hyperparameter values for predicting rotational unbalance. The algorithm known as OneClassVM showed the best precision results and hence proved more useful for CombiQ’s criterium.

Este trabalho analisa as possíveis causas de quebras de eixos de motores para sistemas de arrefecimento (eletro ventiladores) devido à fadiga. Para isso, define o fenômeno de fadiga e modos de como evitá-lo. Introduz o conceito de vibrações lineares, apresenta os tipos de ensaios de vibração, mostra as alterações do comportamento mecânico do material de um eixo em função do processo de fabricação empregado em sua manufatura e de seu projeto. Define o que é um sistema de arrefecimento e, por último, em um estudo de caso, faz a análise completa do eixo de um determinado eletro ventilador comercial demonstrando situações onde ocorreram quebras por fadiga. / This work has as objetive to analyze fracture possible reasons of a cooling systems fan shaft. For this, it defines fatigue and how to avoid it. It introduces the concept of linear vibration, it presents the types of vibration tests, it shows changes in the mechanical behavior of the shaft material depending on the manufacturing process and design, it defines which is a system of cooling. Finally, in a case study, it analyzes the shaft fatigue fracture of a particular commercial electric fan.

O semieixo automotivo é um componente usualmente metálico pelo qual o torque é transmitido do diferencial para as rodas do veículo. Diferentemente dos semieixos convencionais, os fabricados em materiais compósitos possuem algumas variáveis de projeto que devem ser levadas em consideração, como a orientação das fibras, a sequência de empilhamento, a espessura e o número de camadas. Neste trabalho, cilindros compósitos para aplicação em semieixos de transmissão foram processados por enrolamento filamentar com o objetivo de substituir peças em aço convencional por compósito laminado em fibra de carbono com matriz epóxi. Para tal, os parâmetros da aplicação do semieixo em compósito, como frequência natural, torque critico de flambagem e capacidade de transmissão de torque foram considerados. Foi realizado um ensaio preliminar de torção e foram selecionados três laminados: [±22/±45], [±89/±45] e [±45]2. Cilindros de carbono/epóxi foram fabricados pelo processo de enrolamento filamentar e ensaios de compressão radial e longitudinal dos cilindros foram realizados. Análises mecânicas foram realizadas por meio de abordagens analíticas e numéricas, sendo que a última foi baseada no método dos elementos finitos. Os resultados analíticos foram comparados com os numéricos e experimentais, apresentando uma boa correlação entre eles. O cilindro com o laminado [±45]2 apresentou o melhor desempenho de resistência sob torção. Para torque critico de flambagem, assim como em compressão radial e longitudinal, o laminado [±45]2 apresentou um desempenho satisfatório para a aplicação, apesar de não ser o melhor desempenho dentre os laminados. Conclui-se que o laminado [±45]2 é o que apresenta melhor desempenho, em geral e que a redução de massa do semieixo desenvolvido em compósito utilizando este laminado, em relação ao de aço é de 47%. / The automotive half shaft is usually a metallic-based component in which the torque is transmitted from the differential to the wheels. Unlike conventional half shafts, in composite half shafts there are several parameters to be improved, namely fiber orientation, stacking sequence, thickness and number of layers. In this study, composite cylinders for application in half shafts have been processed by filament winding in order to replace conventional steel parts by laminated composites with carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites. For that, it must satisfy several parameters of the composite half shaft, such as critical speed, critical buckling torque and load carrying ability. A preliminary torsional test has been performed and three laminates were selected: [±22/±45], [±89/±45] and [±45]2. Carbon/epoxy cylinders were manufactured by filament winding process and radial and longitudinal compression tests were performed. Mechanical analysis has been accomplished by using analytical and numerical approaches, since the last one is based on the finite element method. Analytical results were compared with the numerical and experimental ones, presenting a good correlation between them. The cylinder [±45]2 has the best performance under torsional loading. For critical buckling torque, as well as radial and longitudinal compression, the laminate [±45]2 presented a satisfactory performance for the application, but not the best performance within the laminates. The main conclusion is that the laminate [± 45]2 has the best performance and the weight reduction of the composite half shaft developed using this laminate is of 47%, when compared to a steel-based shaft.

Vortex drop shafts are used to transport water or wastewater from over-stressed existing sewer systems to underground tunnels. During the plunge a large amount of air is entrained into the water and released downstream of the drop shaft into the tunnel. This air is unwanted and becomes costly to treat and move back to the surface. Determining the amount of air that will be entrained is a difficult task. A common method is to build a scale model and measure the air discharge and scale it back to prototype. This study investigated a possible relationship between the geometry of the drop structure, the water discharge and the amount of air entrained. The results have shown that air entrainment is still not entirely understood, however we are close to a solution. Using a relationship of the air core diameter, drop shaft length and terminal velocity of the water, a likely exponential relationship has been developed.