We study thin films with residual strain by analyzing the limit of non-Euclidean elastic energy functionals as the material’s thickness tends to 0. We begin by extending prior results (Bhattacharya et al. in Arch Ration Mech Anal 228: 143–181, 2016); (Agostiniani et al. in ESAIM Control Opt Calculus Var 25: 24, 2019); (Lewicka and Lucic in Commun Pure Appl Math 73: 1880–1932, 2018); (Schmidt in J de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées 88: 107–122, 2007) , to a wider class of films, whose prestrain depends on both the midplate and the transversal variables. The ansatz for our convergence result uses a specific type of wrinkling, which is built on exotic solutions to the Monge-Ampere equation, constructed via convex integration (Lewicka and Pakzad in Anal PDE 10: 695–727, 2017). We show that the expression for our limit has a natural interpretation in terms of the orthogonal projection of the residual strain onto a suitable subspace. We also show that some type of wrinkling phenomenon is necessary to match the lower bound of the limit in certain circumstances. These results all assume a prestrain of the same order as the thickness; we also discuss why it is natural to focus on that regime by considering what can happen when the prestrain is larger.

Estimating mass changes of ice sheets or of the global ocean from satellite gravimetry strongly depends on the correction for the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) signal. However, geophysical GIA models are different and incompatible with observations, particularly in Antarctica. Regional inversions have resolved GIA over Antarctica without ensuring global consistency, while global inversions have been mostly constrained by a priori GIA patterns. For the first time, we set up a global inversion to simultaneously estimate ice sheet mass changes and GIA, where Antarctic GIA is spatially resolved using a set of global GIA patterns. The patterns are related to deglaciation impulses localized along a grid over Antarctica. GIA associated with four regions outside Antarctica is parametrized by global GIA patterns induced by deglaciation histories. The observations we consider here are satellite gravimetry, satellite altimetry over Antarctica and Greenland, as well as modelled firn thickness changes. Firn thickness changes are also parametrized to account for systematic errors in their modelling. Results from simulation experiments using realistic signals and error covariances support the feasibility of the approach. For example, the spatial RMS error of the estimated Antarctic GIA effect, assuming a 10-year observation period, is 31% and 51%, of the RMS of two alternative global GIA models. The integrated Antarctic GIA error is 8% and 5%, respectively, of the integrated GIA signal of the two models. For these results realistic error covariances incorporated in the parameter estimation process are essential. If error correlations are neglected, the Antarctic GIA RMS error is more than twice as large.Highlights We present a globally consistent inversion approach to co-estimate glacial isostatic adjustment effects together with changes of the ice mass and firn air content in Greenland and Antarctica. The inversion method utilizes data sets from satellite gravimetry, satellite altimetry, regional climate modelling, and firn modelling together with the full error-covariance information of all input data. The simulation experiments show that the proposed GIA parametrization in Antarctica can resolve GIA effects unpredicted by geophysical modelling, despite realistic input-data limitations.

Changes in global climate conditions significantly impact ice sheet and glacier mass change leading to global mean sea level (GMSL) change. One of the largest present-day contributors to GMSL is the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) and it will likely continue to be so in the future. To accurately predict future ice mass changes, it is crucial to understand the response of GrIS to a changing climate and to correctly represent this behavior in climate models. The GrIS’ contribution to GMSL can in large part be attributed to the loss of ice and snow mass from the ice sheet surface. The surface mass loss has accelerated in the past decades due to increased surface melting and runoff in response to atmospheric warming. Surface melting is strongly controlled by ice albedo, a complex and dynamic property of ice that regulates the amount of solar radiation that is absorbed or reflected by the surface. Absorbed solar radiation leads to heating and melting of the ice surface. However, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the physical processes controlling ice mass loss, including ice albedo. These processes are, therefore, often simplified or crudely parameterized in climate models and subsequently add to large uncertainties in sea level rise predictions. This uncertainty prevents effective mitigation of and adaptation to the effects of climate change and sea level rise. It is, therefore, essential to advance our understanding of these processes and their representation in climate models. In this dissertation, I describe improvements to our understanding of the behavior of the GrIS and pose improvements to climate modeling capabilities that can lead to a reduced uncertainty of sea level rise projections. In the first chapter, I put constraints on the past response of the GrIS to a changing climate. Understanding the response of the GrIS to times in the past when temperatures were as warm or warmer than today offers insights into its current and future response to climate change. The southwestern GrIS retreated inland beyond its current margin during the (at least regionally) warmer-than-present mid-Holocene, before it readvanced. To investigate the timing and magnitude of southwest GrIS retreat and readvance in response to Holocene warmth, we model the response of the solid Earth and local relative sea level (RSL) to past ice sheet change. I compare model predictions to observations of paleo and present-day RSL and present-day vertical land motion around Nuuk, Greenland. I find that the southwest GrIS minimum extent likely occurred between 5 and 3 ka and that the historical maximum extent was likely approached between 2 and 1 ka. Comparing this timing to local and regional records of temperature and ice-sheet change suggest that the evolution of the southwestern GrIS presented here was in-phase with the likely evolution of southwestern GrIS mass balance through the Holocene. In the second chapter, I assess the performance of a regional climate model in simulating the spatiotemporal variability of GrIS ice extent and ice albedo in the period 2000-2021. A large portion of runoff from the GrIS originates from exposure of the darker ice in the ablation zone when the overlying snow melts, where surface albedo plays a critical role in modulating the energy available for melting. Ice albedo is spatially and temporally variable and contingent on non-linear feedbacks and the presence of light-absorbing constituents. An assessment of models aiming at simulating albedo variability and associated impacts on meltwater production is crucial for improving our understanding of the processes governing these feedbacks and, in turn, surface mass loss from Greenland. Our findings suggest that the regional climate model Modèle Atmosphérique Régional (MAR) overestimates ice albedo on average by 22.8 % compared to the ice albedo observations derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). We also find that this ice albedo bias can lead to an underestimation of total meltwater production from the GrIS ice zone of 42.8 %. In the third chapter, I build upon the second chapter and present PIXAL, a physics-informed explainable machine learning architecture for Greenland ice albedo modeling. PIXAL is an Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model and is trained on a suite of modeled topographic, atmospheric, radiative, and glaciologic variables from MAR to capture the complex and non-linear relationships with ice albedo observations from MODIS in the period 2000-2021. PIXAL outperforms MAR in modeling ice albedo on the southwestern GrIS. The performance metrics show that PIXAL achieves an R2 of 0.563, an SSIM of 0.620, an MSE of 0.005, and a MAPE of 14.699%, compared to MAR’s R2 of 0.062, SSIM of 0.112, MSE of 0.032, and MAPE of 46.202%. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) analysis reveals that topographic features, specifically ice sheet surface height and slope, are primary drivers of ice albedo. Near-surface air temperature and runoff further impact ice albedo. These findings highlight that understanding the complex physical processes underlying ice albedo variability is essential for accurate climate modeling and sea level rise predictions. PIXAL represents a crucial advancement in ice albedo modeling and paves the way for improved climate models that can more accurately estimate GrIS ice surface melting and its contribution to sea level rise. Overall, my results have implications for future ice sheet modeling studies targeting Greenland and provide a deeper understanding of the interactions between the climate and the cryosphere and thus of future ice sheet change.

Increasing mechanical, economic and environmental requirements lead to multi material designs, wherein different classes of materials and manufacturing processes are merged to realize lightweight components with a high level of functional integration. Particularly in automotive industry the use of corresponding technologies will rise in the near future, as they can provide a significant contribution to weight reduction, energy conservation and therefore to the protection of natural resources. Especially the use of continuous fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) with thermoplastic matrices offers advantages for automotive components, due to its good specific characteristics and its suitability for mass production. In conjunction with isotropic materials, such as steel or aluminum, optimized lightweight structures can be produced, whose properties can be easily adapted to the given component requirements. The present paper deals with the development of innovative hybrid laminates with low residual stresses, made of thin-walled steel sheets and glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic (GFRP) prepregs layers. Thereby the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) was increased by an optimization of the FRP/metal-interfaces, carried out by examining the influence of several pre-operations like sanding, cleaning with organic solvents and applying primer systems. Based on these findings optimized compound samples were prepared and tested under realistic Cathodic dip paint conditions to determine the influence on the ILSS.

教師回饋在學生的寫作過程中是很重要的，所以如何給予有效的回饋是個值得探討的議題。這個研究是在評估老師的書面回饋對於高中生多次文稿英文寫作練習的成效。桃園市某所國立高中的高三學生，一班共36位 (男生27位，女生9位) 參與這項為期從2007年九月到2008年一月的研究。教師回饋的方式是在第一次文稿上給予代號批改及評語，在第二次文稿上直接寫上正確答案及評語，在第三次文稿上直接給予答案並附上評語。老師不會在每次的文稿上評分，而學生在繳交改寫的文稿時要附上心得單。這項研究包含敘述文體的前測及後測、兩份參與者對教師回饋的問卷、及參與者的訪談。研究結果如下：第一，這種教師回饋對於整體的寫作品質上的進步有所貢獻。第二，雖然這樣的教師回饋對於整體的寫作正確度上沒有明顯的改善，但在時態及標點符號方面卻有正向的影響。第三，參與者對於這樣的教師回饋抱持著正面的態度。最後，討論此研究在教學上的意涵及對未來研究的建議。 / Teacher feedback is important in students’ writing process, so how to give effective teacher feedback is an issue worth investigation. The present study assessed the effect of teacher written feedback on high school students’ multi-draft English writing practice. A class of 36 seniors (27 boys and 9 girls) in a national senior high school in Taoyuan City participated in this study from Sep. 2007 through Jan. 2008. The teacher feedback was to give coded correction and comments on Draft 1, to offer direct correction and comments on Draft 2, and to provide direct correction and comments on Draft 3. Grades were assigned randomly and the participants had to submit cover sheets in revision. The study included the pre-test and the post-test on narrative writing, two questionnaires on the participants’ perceptions of the teacher feedback, and interviews. The results are as follows: First, this teacher feedback contributed to significant improvement in the overall writing quality. Second, this teacher feedback yielded no significant difference in the overall writing accuracy, but it had some positive effect on tense and punctuation. Third, the participants took a positive attitude toward this teacher feedback. Finally, some implications for teaching and suggestions for future research were discussed.

Teaching skeletal-muscular system in high schools This thesis is devoted to the methods which are applicable to the teaching of biology. The aim of the thesis is to find out which methods are used at two distinctive high schools, compare and contrast them by the use of the students' feedback. It is devoted to the comparison of ŠVP of three subjects and student books that are used there. The practical part is based on the discussion with teachers and questionnaires for students that consequently serve as work sheets. Finally, the thesis compares the attitudes of students and teachers, and way of teaching at grammar school and vocational school.

I divided my thesis "The usage of portfolios in drama classes " into two parts. The first part of my thesis is theoretical and it deals with different types of portfolios and rates the usage of them in different drama classes. I tried to see the portfolios from the user's point of view. The whole collection of portfolios is a valuable tool that reflects the personality and social development of my students. It allows the observation of a student's attitude and value development. The list of methods and techniques can be found in my thesis, and can be used to plan lessons with the planned portfolio's output. The second part of my thesis shows illustrations of practical drama class lessons and the worksheets that can be used as a basis for future portfolios. The lesson samples contain methods, and information about the realization and reflection of the lessons as well. My thesis contains samples from the children enriched with worksheet evaluations.

In-line heat treatment is a part of technological process uses a phase and structure changes to obtain required mechanical properties. Heat treatment of rolled products offers a reduction of steel making costs and a creation of new steel products. For example the TRIP steel is a part of modern steels which is used in the automobile industry for higher safety of passengers. The heat treatment is often described in the literature. But the authors are often focused on the method how to get the required structure and mechanical properties for different metallic materials. Nevertheless just few articles are focused on the technical observing of temperature regimes and which parameter is necessary to consider during designing the cooling section. Eight parameters were tested by the experimental way to examine their influence on the cooling intensity. They were: gravity (orientation of the cooled surface), coolant pressure, amount of coolant spraying on the surface (the flow rate), rolling velocity, nozzle configuration, kind of nozzles (full cone or flat fan nozzle), coolant temperature and the surface quality (surface roughness and scales). All these parameters have an influence the heat transfer coefficient. Based on knowledge gained in this work was created the cooling section, which comply with the required cooling temperature regimes.

L'analyse du contenu devient une nécessité pour l'accès et l'utilisation de l'information en particulier dans le domaine de la didactique des disciplines. Nous proposons un système SRIDOP d'annotations sémantiques et d'indexation des documents pédagogiques à partir des annotations, en se basant sur la méthode d'Exploration Contextuelle qui, à un identificateur linguistique d'un concept, associe une annotation d'un segment en tenant compte d'indices contextuels gérés par des règles. SRIDOP est composé de quatre modules consécutifs : (1)Segmentation automatique des documents en paragraphes et phrases ; (2) annotation selon différents points de vue de fouille (exemple: identification de définitions, exemples, exercices, etc.) en se basant sur une ontologie linguistique de concepts associés à un point de vue de fouille (carte sémantique) et de ressources linguistiques (indicateurs de concepts, indices linguistiques et règles d'Exploration Contextuelle) ; (3) extraction d'objets pédagogiques ; (4) constitution de fiches pédagogiques exploitables par les utilisateurs. SRIDOP est évalué et comparé à d'autres systèmes. / Content analysis is a need for access and use of information especially in the field of didactics. We propose a system SRIDOP of semantic annotations and indexing of learning objects from these annotations, based on the Contextual Exploration method, that associate annotation of a segment to a linguistic identifier of a concept, taking into account contextual clues managed by rules. SRIDOP is composed of four consecutive modules: (1) Automatic segmentation of documents into paragraphs and sentences; (2) annotation from different points of view of search (eg identification of definitions, examples, exercises, etc..) based on a linguistic ontology of concepts associated with a point of view of search (semantic map) and linguistic resources (indicators of concepts, linguistic clues and contextual exploration rules); (3) extraction of learning objects, (4) establishment of learning sheets exploitable by users. SRIDOP is evaluated and compared to other systems.

In this age of wireless technology, Body Area networks (BAN) is revolutionising the concept of patient care and health monitoring. BAN provides people good assessment of their health status at any time, wherever they are physically. The increased interest in developing effective body (in, on & off) communication systems made phantoms which can mimic the electrical properties of an actual human body necessary. Wearable antennas which are the indispensable part of BAN got to be low pro file and above all influences that human body can make. There should also be a way to reduce the effect of antennas on human body namely specific absorption rate (SAR). In this work effort has been made to develop phantoms suitable for both On body and In body communications. The base materials which are selected for the study are of biological origin (bio ceramics and biopolymers) whose behaviour is closer to that of human tissues. As these phantoms are biocompatible they are essentially non toxic where the conventionally available phantoms are toxic in nature. Different kinds of low profile conformal wearable antennas working at 2.4GHz ISM band were developed and studied in the BAN perspective. Antennas suffer much in terms of matching and efficiency when they are in contact or in the premises of human body. This is a major hurdle in the way to setting up a good body communication network. This work encompasses various techniques adopted to limit the body interferences to an acceptable level. The techniques adopted (Such as Backing Ground Plane, High Impedance Surface & Polymeric Ferrite Sheets) proved to be effective in reducing the sway in antenna characteristics when they are mounted on body. Specific absorption rate is also brought to acceptable levels and thus avoiding the formation of hot spots due to microwave absorption. A safer and cost effective BAN can be set up using this work which will lead to a safer, mobile and healthy future. / Les réseaux BAN (Body Area Network) révolutionnent le concept de la surveillance et de la prise en charge à distance de la santé du patient. Le BAN fournit des informations sur l’état de santé du patient en temps réel quelque soit l’endroit où il se trouve. Dans le « télé monitoring », des capteurs de mouvement, de respiration ou du rythme cardiaque placés à l’intérieur ou sur le corps humain transmettent des données via le réseau sans fil constituant le BAN, une antenne étant associée à chaque nœud du réseau. La communication peut être in/on, on/on ou on/off selon que les antennes sont placées à l’intérieur, sur ou à l’extérieur du corps. Le développement des BAN nécessite la réalisation de modèles (ou fantômes) simulant au mieux les propriétés électromagnétiques du corps humain. Des antennes portables, miniaturisées doivent être réalisées avec des contraintes d’intégration d’une part (aux vêtements, à des objets type montre ou badge), des contraintes de résistance ou de prise en compte de l’influence du corps d’autre part. La réduction de l’impact des antennes sur les tissus en terme de SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) doit également être considérée. Dans ce travail, l’objectif est de développer des fantômes valables pour les communications dans et sur le corps. Les matériaux de base sélectionnés sont d’origine biologique (biocéramiques et biopolymères) avec des propriétés proches de celles des tissus humains. Ces fantômes étant biocompatibles, ils sont essentiellement non toxiques alors que les fantômes usuels le sont en général. D’autre part, différents types d’antennes conformables, fonctionnant dans la bande ISM 2.4 GHz ont été développées et étudiées dans la perspective du BAN. Les antennes voient leur adaptation et leur efficacité chuter au contact ou à proximité du corps, ce qui constitue un écueil majeur pour établir une bonne communication. Différentes méthodes permettant de réduire l’influence du corps (plan de masse à l’arrière, surface haute impédance, feuille de ferrite polymère) sont testés et leurs avantages et inconvénients développés. Des mesures de SAR permettent aussi de démontrer l’efficacité de ces méthodes sur la réduction de la puissance absorbée par les tissus. Au final, ce travail apporte une contribution à l’étude théorique et expérimentale de l’interaction entre corps humain et antenne dans le cadre des réseaux BAN appliqués à la télésurveillance de la santé.