Este trabalho contém os seguintes tópicos: fundamentos sobre a operação de semáforos e descrição de alguns modelos analíticos de avaliação do desempenho de semáforos isolados e coordenados; considerações sobre simulação do tráfego de veículos e comentários sobre alguns dos principais modelos de simulação desenvolvidos; descrição do simulador de tráfego INTEGRATION; análise dos valores obtidos com o INTEGRATION em alguns casos simples de cruzamentos com semáforos isolados e coordenados, através da comparação com os resultados fornecidos por outros modelos teóricos de avaliação do desempenho de semáforos; e emprego do simulador INTEGRATION na avaliação de algumas alternativas de operação de um trecho de via semaforizado da cidade de Manágua- Nicarágua. Os valores obtidos com o INTEGRATION nos casos simples de cruzamentos com semáforos isolados e coordenados mostram-se próximos dos fornecidos por outros modelos teóricos, bem como consistentes com o comportamento real da operação de veículos em semáforos isolados e coordenados. A análise da situação atual do trecho de via de Manágua analisado mostrou dois pontos importantes: primeiro, o trânsito no local se encontra totalmente congestionado nos horários de pico; segundo, alterações na programação dos semáforos não resolvem o problema, sendo necessário o aumento de uma faixa em cada sentido na via principal. Considerando o aumento das duas faixas, foram gerados seis cenários de operação, numa combinação envolvendo os seguintes aspectos: semáforos isolados ou coordenados, existência de conversão à esquerda ou não e coordenação na via principal num e no outro sentido. Todos esses cenários mais o cenário atual foram avaliados utilizando o simulador INTEGRATION. Os resultados apontam que os melhores cenários são aqueles em que é proibida a conversão à esquerda. Por circunstâncias particulares, a coordenação dos semáforos não apresentou os benefícios que normalmente apresenta. / The following topics are enclosed in this work: fundamentals about traffic signals operation and description of some analytical models of evaluation of isolated and co-ordinated traffic signals performance; considerations about the traffic of vehicles simulation and comments regarding some of the main developed simulation models; description of the traffic simulator INTEGRATION; analysis of the values obtained using INTEGRATION in some simple cases of intersections with isolated traffic signals and coordinated, through the comparison with the supplied results obtained in other theoretical evaluation models of the traffic signals performance; and INTEGRATION simulator application in the evaluation of some operation alternatives of a signalized stretch in the city of Managua-Nicaragua. The values obtained with the INTEGRATION in the simple cases of intersections with isolated and co-ordinated traffic signals are close to the supplied ones by theoretical models, as well as consistent with the real behavior of vehicles operation at isolated and co-ordinated traffic signals. The current situation analysis of the stretch of way of Managua indicated that: the local traffic is totally congested in the peak times; and the alterations in the traffic signals programing do not solve the problem; having the necessity of increasing and additional lane in the main lane. Considering the increase of these two lanes, six scenary of operation were generated, in a combination involving the following aspects: isolated and co-ordinated traffic signals, existence of conversion the left turn or not and co-ordinated traffic signals in the main way in one on the other direction. All these scenes and the current scene had been more evaluated using simulator INTEGRATION. The results point that the best scenes are those where it is forbidden the left turn. For particular circunstances, the co-ordinated traffic signals did not present benefits that normally present.

Este trabalho contém os seguintes tópicos: fundamentos sobre a operação de semáforos e descrição de alguns modelos analíticos de avaliação do desempenho de semáforos isolados e coordenados; considerações sobre simulação do tráfego de veículos e comentários sobre alguns dos principais modelos de simulação desenvolvidos; descrição do simulador de tráfego INTEGRATION; análise dos valores obtidos com o INTEGRATION em alguns casos simples de cruzamentos com semáforos isolados e coordenados, através da comparação com os resultados fornecidos por outros modelos teóricos de avaliação do desempenho de semáforos; e emprego do simulador INTEGRATION na avaliação de algumas alternativas de operação de um trecho de via semaforizado da cidade de Manágua- Nicarágua. Os valores obtidos com o INTEGRATION nos casos simples de cruzamentos com semáforos isolados e coordenados mostram-se próximos dos fornecidos por outros modelos teóricos, bem como consistentes com o comportamento real da operação de veículos em semáforos isolados e coordenados. A análise da situação atual do trecho de via de Manágua analisado mostrou dois pontos importantes: primeiro, o trânsito no local se encontra totalmente congestionado nos horários de pico; segundo, alterações na programação dos semáforos não resolvem o problema, sendo necessário o aumento de uma faixa em cada sentido na via principal. Considerando o aumento das duas faixas, foram gerados seis cenários de operação, numa combinação envolvendo os seguintes aspectos: semáforos isolados ou coordenados, existência de conversão à esquerda ou não e coordenação na via principal num e no outro sentido. Todos esses cenários mais o cenário atual foram avaliados utilizando o simulador INTEGRATION. Os resultados apontam que os melhores cenários são aqueles em que é proibida a conversão à esquerda. Por circunstâncias particulares, a coordenação dos semáforos não apresentou os benefícios que normalmente apresenta. / The following topics are enclosed in this work: fundamentals about traffic signals operation and description of some analytical models of evaluation of isolated and co-ordinated traffic signals performance; considerations about the traffic of vehicles simulation and comments regarding some of the main developed simulation models; description of the traffic simulator INTEGRATION; analysis of the values obtained using INTEGRATION in some simple cases of intersections with isolated traffic signals and coordinated, through the comparison with the supplied results obtained in other theoretical evaluation models of the traffic signals performance; and INTEGRATION simulator application in the evaluation of some operation alternatives of a signalized stretch in the city of Managua-Nicaragua. The values obtained with the INTEGRATION in the simple cases of intersections with isolated and co-ordinated traffic signals are close to the supplied ones by theoretical models, as well as consistent with the real behavior of vehicles operation at isolated and co-ordinated traffic signals. The current situation analysis of the stretch of way of Managua indicated that: the local traffic is totally congested in the peak times; and the alterations in the traffic signals programing do not solve the problem; having the necessity of increasing and additional lane in the main lane. Considering the increase of these two lanes, six scenary of operation were generated, in a combination involving the following aspects: isolated and co-ordinated traffic signals, existence of conversion the left turn or not and co-ordinated traffic signals in the main way in one on the other direction. All these scenes and the current scene had been more evaluated using simulator INTEGRATION. The results point that the best scenes are those where it is forbidden the left turn. For particular circunstances, the co-ordinated traffic signals did not present benefits that normally present.

abstract: The thesis focuses on cost-efficient integration of the electro-chemical residue sensor (ECRS), a novel sensor developed for the in situ and real-time measurement of the residual impurities left on the wafer surface and in the fine structures of patterned wafers during typical rinse processes, and wireless transponder circuitry that is based on RFID technology. The proposed technology uses only the NMOS FD-SOI transistors with amorphous silicon as active material with silicon nitride as a gate dielectric. The proposed transistor was simulated under the SILVACO ATLAS Simulation Framework. A parametric study was performed to study the impact of different gate lengths (6 μm to 56 μm), electron motilities (0.1 cm2/Vs to 1 cm2/Vs), gate dielectric (SiO2 and SiNx) and active materials (a-Si and poly-Si) specifications. Level-1 models, that are accurate enough to acquire insight into the circuit behavior and perform preliminary design, were successfully constructed by analyzing drain current and gate to node capacitance characteristics against drain to source and gate to source voltages. Using the model corresponding to SiNx as gate dielectric, a-Si:H as active material with electron mobility equal to 0.4 cm2/V-sec, an operational amplifier was designed and was tested in unity gain configuration at modest load-frequency specifications. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2010

This thesis deals with design of linear internal excitation drive with oscillative motion. Here is shown the survey area of linear drives, as well as the field of patents which are involved in this issue. This work is proposed specific conception of linear internal excitation drive with oscillative motion which is verified by simulation of dynamic behavior and for which is also proposed a control. Design of linear internal excitation drive with oscillative motion, that meet the specified input parameters is a goal of this thesis.

The presented work is concerned in system of automatic tools change for machining centers. The theoretical part of this diploma work is about basic distribution. The following practical part includes mathematical description of testing stand of systems of automatic tools change STD – 25. In next step the dynamic model of this mechanism and model of servomotor is realized using simulating environment as Matlab/Simulink. The simulation of designed model of complete system is optimized in aspect of rate of change. The obtained values of servomotors performance are compared for various loads of exchange arm at the appropriate times of change. The last section briefly describes other possible alternative solution of similar dynamic systems using connection of software SolidWorks and NI LabView.

Die Ansteuerung von Ultraschall-Phased-Arrays basiert auf zwei Vereinfachungen. Zum einen wird davon ausgegangen, dass das Schwingungsverhalten aller Einzelelemente synchron und gleichmäßig ist. Zum anderen erfolgt die Berechnung der Ansteuerungszeiten, den sogenannten Focal Laws, auf dem Ansatz der geometrischen Akustik. Beide Aspekte werden in dieser Arbeit ausführlich analysiert und neue Vorschläge für eine optimale Ansteuerung ausgearbeitet und simulativ sowie messtechnisch bewertet. Das individuelle Schwingungsverhalten der Einzelelemente von Phased Arrays liegt in einer Vielzahl von Toleranzen der Einzelkomponenten und der Fertigungsschritte begründet. Für die quantitative Bewertung kann die mechanische Auslenkung mittels Laser-Doppler-Vibrometrie lokal erfasst und evaluiert werden. Die Kompensation individueller Latenzzeiten im Ansprechverhalten führt dann unmittelbar zu einem höheren Summensignal im anvisierten Fokuspunkt. Um den Einfluss der tatsächlichen Aperturgeometrie von Einzelelementen auf die Qualität des Summensignals des Phased Arrays zu untersuchen, wurde außerdem eine Simulationsumgebung (4D-CEFIT-PSS) entwickelt. Damit ist die Wellenausbreitung unter Berücksichtigung aller wellenphysikalischer Effekte im Halbraum möglich. Somit wurden verschiedene Aperturmodelle erstellt und sowohl im Zeit- als auch im Frequenzbereich analysiert. Die wellenphysikalische Simulation ermöglicht die Berechnung modifizierter Focal Laws, die immer zu einer Verbesserung des Summensignals im Vergleich zum Ansatz mit geometrischer Akustik führen. / Ultrasonic linear phased array probes consist of several single elements. By exciting each element at a certain time wave fronts can be tilted, focused or both combined. This is accomplished by a set of delays which is called "focal law". Hence, the shape and the quality of the resulting wave front depends significantly on focal law calculation. This state-of-the-art method is based on two simplifications: firstly on the assumption that each single element has identical vibration behaviour, and secondly on the simple geometrical approximation of the signal propagation time. In this work both aspects will be investigate in detail. For characterization of the individual vibration behaviour the most important transducer parts and theirs acoustical properties will be presented. The theoretical view on the inner structure is completed by two measuring methods: scanning acoustic microscopy as well as computed tomography. Furthermore, the effective mechanical displacement of the transducer interface will be analyzed by Laser Doppler vibrometry. Hence, the individual vibration behaviour of the single elements can be compensated which yields an optimized superposition. To investigate the second assumption the 4D-CEFIT-PSS simulation environment has been developed. The combination of CEFIT (cylindric elasto dynamic finite integration technique) and PSS (point source synthesis) considers all effects of wave physics. A comprehensive parametric study shows the effects of geometrical aperture size concerning resulting signals in decided focal points. The differences of wave propagation in the time and frequency domain will be pointed out. Concluding, focal laws were calculated with the geometrical and the simulation based approach. The resulting wave propagation is simulated for selected focal points. The results were compared both ways, qualitatively and quantitatively. Hereby the difference between both methods was distinguishable. The outcome is a method for modified focal law calculation. Both, the consideration of the individual vibration characteristics and the application of the new focal laws result in higher signal-to-noise ratios for linear phased arrays.

Background. By defining what is “normal,” appropriate, expected, and unacceptable, social norms shape human behavior. However, the individual-level mechanisms through which social norms impact population-level trends in health-relevant behaviors are not well understood. Aims. To test the ability of social norms mechanisms to predict changes in population-level drinking patterns. Method. An individual-level model was developed to simulate dynamic normative mechanisms and behavioral rules underlying drinking behavior over time. The model encompassed descriptive and injunctive drinking norms and their impact on frequency and quantity of alcohol use. A microsynthesis initialized in 1979 was used as a demographically representative synthetic U.S. population. Three experiments were performed in order to test the modelled normative mechanisms. Results. Overall, the experiments showed limited influence of normative interventions on population-level alcohol use. An increase in the desire to drink led to the most meaningful changes in the population’s drinking behavior. The findings of the experiments underline the importance of autonomy, that is, the degree to which an individual is susceptible to normative influence. Conclusion. The model was able to predict theoretically plausible changes in drinking patterns at the population level through the impact of social mechanisms. Future applications of the model could be used to plan norms interventions pertaining to alcohol use as well as other health behaviors.

In engineering, materials are chosen from databases: Engineers orient on specific parameters such as Young's modulus, yield stress or thermal expansion coefficients for a desired application. For hydrogels, the choice of materials is rather tedious since no generalized material parameters are currently available to quantify the swelling behavior. The normalization of swelling, which we present in the current work, allows an easy comparison of different hydrogel materials. Thus, for a specific application like a sensor or an actuator, an adequate material can be chosen. In the current work, we present the process of normalization and provide a course of action for the data analysis. Special challenges for hydrogels like hysteresis, conditional multi-sensitivity and anisotropic swelling are addressed. Then, the Temperature Expansion Model is shortly described and applied. Using the derived normalized swelling curves, a nonlinear expansion coefficient β(F) is derived. The derived material behavior is used in an analytical model to predict the bending behavior of a beam made of thermo-responsive hydrogel material under an anisotropic temperature load. A bending behavior of the beam can be observed and the impact of other geometry and material parameters can be investigated. To overcome the limitations of the one-dimensional beam theory, the material behavior and geometry can be implemented in Finite Element analysis tools. Thus, novel applications for hydrogels in various fields can be envisioned, designed and tested. This can lead to a wider use of smart materials in sensor or actuator devices even by engineers without chemical background.

No description available.

Inhomogeneous and changing temperature distributions in machine tools lead to sometimes considerable quality problems in the manufacturing process. In addition, the switching on and off of aggregates, for example, leads to further fluctuations in the temperature field of machine tools. More than 100 specialists discussed these and other topics from the field of thermal research at the 1st Conference on Termal Issues in Machine Tools in Dresden from 22 to 23 March.:Efficient modelling and computation of structure-variable thermal behavior of machine tools S. Schroeder, A. Galant, B. Kauschinger, M. Beitelschmidt Parameter identification software for various thermal model types B. Hensel, S. Schroeder, K. Kabitzsch Minimising thermal error issues on turning centre M. Mareš, O. Horejš, J. Hornych The methods for controlled thermal deformations in machine tools A. P. Kuznetsov, H.-J. Koriath, A.O. Dorozhko Efficient FE-modelling of the thermo-elastic behaviour of a machine tool slide in lightweight design C. Peukert, J. Müller, M. Merx, A. Galant, A. Fickert, B. Zhou, S. Städtler, S. Ihlenfeldt, M. Beitelschmidt Development of a dynamic model for simulation of a thermoelectric self-cooling system for linear direct drives in machine tools E. Uhlmann, L. Prasol, S.Thom, S. Salein, R. Wiese System modelling and control concepts of different cooling system structures for machine tools J. Popken, L. Shabi, J. Weber, J. Weber The electric drive as a thermo-energetic black box S. Winkler, R. Werner Thermal error compensation on linear direct drive based on latent heat storage I. Voigt, S. Winkler, R. Werner, A. Bucht, W.-G. Drossel Industrial relevance and causes of thermal issues in machine tools M. Putz, C. Richter, J. Regel, M. Bräunig Clustering by optimal subsets to describe environment interdependencies J. Glänzel, R. Unger, S. Ihlenfeldt Using meta models for enclosures in machine tools F. Pavliček, D. P. Pamies, J. Mayr, S. Züst, P. Blaser, P. Hernández-Becerro, K. Wegener Model order reduction of thermal models of machine tools with varying boundary conditions P. Hernández-Becerro, J. Mayr, P. Blaser, F. Pavliček, K. Wegener Effectiveness of modelling the thermal behaviour of the ball screw unit with moving heat sources taken into account J. Jedrzejewski, Z. Kowal, W. Kwasny, Z. Winiarski Analyzing and optimizing the fluidic tempering of machine tool frames A. Hellmich, J. Glänzel, A. Pierer Thermo-mechanical interactions in hot stamping L. Penter, N. Pierschel Experimental analysis of the heat flux into the grinding tool in creep feed grinding with CBN abrasives C. Wrobel, D. Trauth, P. Mattfeld, F. Klocke Development of multidimensional characteristic diagrams for the real-time correction of thermally caused TCP-displacements in precise machining M. Putz, C. Oppermann, M. Bräunig Measurement of near cutting edge temperatures in the single point diamond turning process E. Uhlmann, D. Oberschmidt, S. Frenzel, J. Polte Investigation of heat flows during the milling processes through infrared thermography and inverse modelling T. Helmig, T. Augspurger, Y. Frekers, B. Döbbeler, F. Klocke, R. Kneer Thermally induced displacements of machine tool structure, tool and workpiece due to cutting processes O. Horejš, M. Mareš, J. Hornych A new calibration approach for a grey-box model for thermal error compensation of a C-Axis C. Brecher, R. Spierling, M. Fey Investigation of passive torque of oil-air lubricated angular contact ball bearing and its modelling J. Kekula, M. Sulitka, P. Kolář, P. Kohút, J. Shim, C. H. Park, J. Hwang Cooling strategy for motorized spindle based on energy and power criterion to reduce thermal errors S. Grama, A. N. Badhe, A. Mathur Cooling potential of heat pipes and heat exchangers within a machine tool spindleo B. Denkena, B. Bergman, H. Klemme, D. Dahlmann Structure model based correction of machine tools X. Thiem, B. Kauschinger, S. Ihlenfeldt Optimal temperature probe location for the compensation of transient thermal errors G. Aguirre, J. Cilla, J. Otaegi, H. Urreta Adaptive learning control for thermal error compensation on 5-axis machine tools with sudden boundary condition changes P. Blaser, J. Mayr, F. Pavliček, P. Hernández-Becerro, K. Wegener Hybrid correction of thermal errors using temperature and deformation sensors C. Naumann, C. Brecher, C. Baum, F. Tzanetos, S. Ihlenfeldt, M. Putz Optimal sensor placement based on model order reduction P. Benner, R. Herzog, N. Lang, I. Riedel, J. Saak Workpiece temperature measurement and stabilization prior to dimensional measurement N. S. Mian, S. Fletcher, A. P. Longstaff Measurement of test pieces for thermal induced displacements on milling machines H. Höfer, H. Wiemer Model reduction for thermally induced deformation compensation of metrology frames J. v. d. Boom Local heat transfer measurement A. Kuntze, S. Odenbach, W. Uffrecht Thermal error compensation of 5-axis machine tools using a staggered modelling approach J. Mayr, T. Tiberini. P. Blaser, K. Wegener Design of a Photogrammetric Measurement System for Displacement and Deformation on Machine Tools M. Riedel, J. Deutsch, J. Müller. S. Ihlenfeldt Thermography on Machine Tools M. Riedel, J. Deutsch, J. Müller, S. Ihlenfeldt Test piece for thermal investigations of 5-axis machine tolls by on-machine measurement M. Wiesener. P. Blaser, S. Böhl, J. Mayr, K. Wegener