In this thesis the experimental results of seven full-scale glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforced concrete (RC) slab-column edge connections are presented. The dimensions of the slabs were 2,800×1,550×200 mm with a square column measuring 300×300×2,200 mm. The test connections were divided into two series. Series I included three connections investigating the effect of flexural reinforcement ratio (0.90, 1.35 and 1.80%) when high strength concrete (HSC) is used, while Series II included four connections investigating the effect of GFRP shear reinforcement type and pattern on normal strength concrete (NSC) connections. Test results showed that increasing the reinforcement ratio increased the punching capacity and the post-cracking stiffness of the HSC connections. Furthermore, the use of headed studs and corrugated bars increased the punching capacity and the deformability of the NSC connections. Test results were compared to the predictions of the Canadian and American design provisions for FRP-RC structures. / February 2017

En i dagsläget vanlig byggteknik i Sverige är användandet av en stålstomme i kombination medprefabricerade betonghåldäck. Detta arbete grundar sig på frågeställningen om KL-träbjälklag skullekunna vara ett reellt alternativ till betongbjälklag i en sådan konstruktion, i kombination medhattbalkar. Som ett första steg skisserades en typkonstruktion för att ha en väl definierad utgångspunkt för enanalys. Utgångspunkten för denna typkonstruktion var främst en studie av två tidigare konstruktioner,konstruerade med stålstomme med hattbalkar och håldäcksbjälklag. Litteraturstudien fokuserade påbakomliggande teorier i relation till bjälklagets funktion i konstruktionen. Ett antal områdendefinierades som utgångspunkt för en teknisk utvärdering. Dessa områden var spännvidder,dimensionering i brottgränstillståndet, dimensionering i bruksgränstillståndet, knutpunkter,dimensionering för olyckslaster, akustik och byggbarhet. Utgående från ovanstående områdenutvärderades så tekniska förutsättningar för användandet av KL-träbjälklag i den aktuellakonstruktionstypen. Det konstaterades att det på många områden finns väl fungerande lösningar ochatt det finns många positiva aspekter med ett lätt och lättmonterat KL-träbjälklag. De problemområdensom hittats kan sammanfattas som: 1. Begränsad spännvidd 2. Ökade horisontella deformationer i bjälklaget 3. Beräkning av svängningar med hänsyn till upplag på stålbalkar 4. Förband mellan bjälklag och hattbalkar 5. Akustisk dimensionering Två av dessa områden valdes för vidare analys; förband mellan bjälklag och hattbalkar samt denbegränsade spännvidden. För förbandet utvecklades en lösning med en klack på hattbalkens fläns ikombination med en slits i KL-träskivan som enkelt ska kunna hakas på vid montage. För att ta krafterlängs balkens längd måste dock lösningen sedan kompletteras med ett skruvförband genombalkflänsen. Förhoppningen är att en enklare lösning för att ta dessa förhållandevis små krafter skakunna utvecklas som komplement till det primära förbandet med klack och slits. Handberäkningarutfördes för det utvecklade förbandet och det konstaterades att det är möjligt att utforma ett sådantförband, med rimliga dimensioner, för alla verkande laster. Som den sista delen av arbetet studerades lösningar för att kunna uppnå längre spännvidder, för ettplattbjälklag är spännvidden begränsad till något mindre än 7,7m. Olika typer av samverkansbjälklagstuderades och det konstaterades att samverkan med ett prefabricerat betongbjälklag med en limmadförbindelse skulle kunna vara en lämplig lösning. Limmade förbindelser studerades så mer ingåendeoch det konstaterades att en limmad förbindelse mellan trä och prefabricerad betong medför storstyrka och styvhet. Upp mot 100% samverkan har observerats för samverkansbjälklag med denna typav förbindelse. En osäkerhetsfaktor är dock långtidseffekter, där fler studier behöver hittas ellerutföras för att få en större kunskap på området. Handberäkningar utfördes enligt teorin i SS-EN 1995-1-1 på två typer av samverkansbjälklag med ett antal olika dimensioner. I beräkningarna medräknades100% samverkansgrad. Det konstaterades att 9m spännvidd skulle kunna uppnås med en kombinationav KL-trä och betong, medan 12m spännvidd kan uppnås med hjälp av mellanliggande träreglar. Andraberäkningsmodeller för svängningar där egenfrekvensen inte är den begränsande faktorn skulle kunna leda till bättre resultat för denna typ av samverkansbjälklag. / A currently common building technology in Sweden is the use of a steel structure in combination withprefabricated HD/F concrete slabs. This work is based on the issue of whether CLT slabs could be asuitable alternative to concrete slabs in such a structure, in combination with the type of weldedplated beams that are often called hat beams. As a first step a type-structure was sketched to have a well-defined starting point for an analyze. Thebasis for this structure was mainly a study of two designs constructed with steel structures composedof hat beams and HD/F slabs. The literature study was focused on underlying theories in relation to theslabs function in the structure. A number of areas were defined as a basis for an evaluation of thebuilding type. These areas where spans, design in the ultimate limit state, design in the serviceabilitylimit state, joints, design for accidental actions, acoustics and constructability. Based on the above,technical conditions for the use of CLT slabs in the building type in question were evaluated. It wasfound that in many areas there were working solutions, and that there are many positive aspectsrelated to the use of a light and easily mounted CLT slab. The issues that were found can be concluded as: 1. Limited span lengths 2. An increase of horizontal deformations in the slab 3. Calculations of vibrations with respect to the flexible support 4. Joints between slabs and hat beams 5. Acoustic design Two of these issues were chosen for further analysis: joints between slabs and beams and the limitedspan length. A solution was developed for the joint, composed of a heel on the flange of the steelbeam in combination with a slit in the CLT slab. The joint is supposedly easy to mount during assembly.To be able to handle the forces along the length of the beam the solution must however becomplemented with a secondary screw joint through the flange of the beam. The hope is that a simplersolution to handle these relatively small forces can be developed, as complement to the primary jointmade up of the heel and slit. Calculations were performed by hand for the developed joint and it wasfound that it is possible to design such a joint, with reasonable dimensions, for all the acting loads. As the last part solutions to achieve longer spans were studied, for a flat CLT slab the span length islimited to somewhat less than 7,7m. Different types of composite slabs were studied and it was notedthat a composite with a prefabricated concrete slab and a glued connection could be a suitablesolution. Glued connections were then studied more closely, and I was found that a glued connectionbetween wood and prefabricated concrete entails great strength and rigidity. About 100% unitedaction has been observed for this type of connection. An uncertain factor is however long-term effectswhere further studies need to be found or performed to achieve more knowledge. Hand calculationswere performed using the theory in SS-EN 1995-1-1 on two types of composite slabs for a couple ofdifferent dimensions. In the calculations 100% united action was used. It was found that 9m span couldbe achieved with the combined action of CLT and concrete, while 12m could be achieved using woodenstuds for spacing. Other theories for the calculations where the natural frequency isn’t the limiting factor could lead to better results for this kind of composite slabs.

A norma brasileira ABNT NBR 14323:2013 apresenta um método para o dimensionamento de lajes mistas de aço e concreto em situação de incêndio. No entanto, esse procedimento não inclui o efeito do comportamento de membrana da laje. Usando a teoria de placas para grandes deslocamentos, esta pesquisa estabelece que as altas temperaturas podem induzir uma considerável ação de membrana de tração, auxiliando na segurança da laje em situação de incêndio. No desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta para o dimensionamento a partir do método analítico de lajes mistas em situação de incêndio, uma série de estudos foi desenvolvida para a análise do comportamento de membrana de tração a altas temperaturas. O método analítico mais conhecido é o método de Bailey. Comparações entre os métodos de Bailey e da ABNT NBR 14323:2013, e análises empregando os programas Vulcan e MACS+ foram realizadas. Neste trabalho, compararam-se resultados empregando o método de Bailey e do programa de computador MACS+, que teve por base o próprio método de Bailey. Como esperado, os resultados foram similares. Ainda, neste trabalho, realizaram-se alguns estudos numéricos empregando o método dos elementos finitos, por meio do programa de computador Vulcan e compararam-se resultados entre o método de Bailey e Vulcan. Uma investigação sobre possíveis simplificações da formulação da ABNT NBR 14323:2013 também foi realizada. / The Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 14323:2013 presents a method for the composite slabs fire design. However, it doesnt include the effect of the slab behaving as a membrane. Using the theory of plates for large displacements, the research establishes that high temperatures can induce a considerable tensile membrane action, assisting in the safety of the slab in fire. In developing a tool for the analytical method composite slabs fire design, some studies were made to analyze the behavior of tensile membrane at high temperatures. The most popular analytical method is the Baileys method. In this study, analysis of the Baileys methods, the Brazilian standard and the Vulcan and MACS+ software were performed and the results were compared. As expected, the results were similar. Still, in this work, there have been some numerical studies employing the finite element method, using the computer program Vulcan, and results were compared between the Baileys method and Vulcan. An investigation about possible simplifications of the formulation presented by Brazilian standard were also developed.

A disposição das armaduras nos elementos estruturais não influencia somente o comportamento do elemento estrutural, mas também a facilidade e viabilidade da sua execução na obra. O detalhamento do arranjo de armadura está diretamente ligado com a segurança da construção. Os textos que existem sobre técnica de armar se encontram dispersos, dificultando o acesso dos profissionais e estudantes de engenharia de estruturas. Este trabalho analisa os vários arranjos de armaduras propostos para lajes maciças e nervuradas, vigas e pilares procurando indicar o mais adequado de acordo com os critérios de economia, facilidade de execução e comportamento do elemento estrutural, quando possível. Para melhor ilustrar os arranjos de armaduras, é apresentado o dimensionamento de um edifício residencial de pequena altura, onde, podem ser observadas as rotinas de projeto adotadas, bem como os processos para o detalhamento das armaduras. Usaram-se o programa computacional elaborado por TQS Informática Ltda e também processo não computacional. Este programa para análise estrutural de edifícios apresenta boa interface com o usuário, proporcionando-lhe grande interesse e relativa facilidade de utilização. / The disposition of the reinforcement in the structural elements does not affect only the structural element behaviour, but also the facility and the viability of the building execution. The detailing of the reinforcement arrange is directly connected to the building safety. The existing texts about the technícs of reinforcing are spread in the literature of the structural engineering, making the access of the students and professionals to them difficult. The present work analyses the many different proposed arrangements of reinforcement for the slabs, joist floors, beams and columns, trying to indicate the most adequate one, according to the economic criteria, facility of execution, and the structural element behaviour, when possible. The design of a building of a short height is presented, as a way of better visualizing the reinforcement arrangements. In that example the adopted project routines could be observed, as well as the process of detailing the reinforcements. To reach this purpose, a software designed by TQS Informática Ltda was used, as well as a non-computer process. This software for the structural analysis of building presents a good interface with the users, providing them with great interest and relative facility of use.

A maioria dos edifícios de concreto pré-moldado, construídos no Brasil e no exterior, é constituída por lajes alveolares. Este trabalho considera o estudo da continuidade dessas lajes. No cálculo desses elementos, a prática comum é considerá-los como simplesmente apoiados. Para melhorar o desempenho, é possível promover a continuidade nos apoios intermediários. Isso pode ser feito colocando armadura na região tracionada da ligação, no interior da capa, ou através de barras concretadas dentro dos alvéolos. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar o comportamento de pavimentos formados por lajes alveolares com continuidade, com armadura na capa. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo envolvendo análise teórica e experimental em três modelos. Esses modelos, em escala real, foram submetidos a um carregamento transversal, distribuído de forma linear. Os estudos teóricos consideraram uma simulação numérica com elementos de viga e a fórmula de Branson para descrever o comportamento não linear físico do material. Além disso, foram avaliadas as expressões dos principais códigos nacionais e internacionais, no que diz respeito à ruptura por cisalhamento da seção transversal e da interface laje-capa. Os resultados da análise experimental indicaram que o modelo 1 rompeu por cisalhamento da seção transversal, com o mecanismo de tração diagonal do concreto. O modelo 2 apresentou ruptura por cisalhamento da interface. No modelo 3, a ruptura foi por flexão. O comportamento dos modelos ensaiados foi governado pela fissuração da capa na região de momento negativo. A análise teórica com elementos de barra representou de forma satisfatória o comportamento dos modelos ensaiados. As únicas formulações que apresentaram resultados coerentes com os três ensaios foram: EUROCODE 2:2004, para o cálculo da resistência ao cisalhamento da interface, e FIB MODEL CODE 2010, para o cálculo da resistência ao cisalhamento da seção transversal. Conclui-se que a continuidade melhora o desempenho das lajes alveolares, uma vez que reduz os deslocamentos no meio do vão e aumenta a capacidade de carga. / Most buildings of precast concrete built in Brazil and abroad consist of hollow core slabs. This paper considers the study of the continuity of these slabs. In design of these elements the common practice is to consider them as simply supported. To improve the performance it is possible to promote the continuity in the intermediate supports. This can be done by placing reinforcement in the tensioned region of the connection, inside the topping, or by bars concreted inside the voids. The aim of this work is to investigate the behavior of hollow core floors with continuity, with reinforcement in the topping. For this, a study involving theoretical and experimental analysis was conducted in three models. The full-scale models were subjected to a transverse loading distributed linearly. The theoretical studies have considered a numerical simulation with beam elements and the Branson formula to describe the physical nonlinear behavior of the material. Furthermore, the specifications of the major Brazilian and international codes were evaluated, with respect to failure by shear of the cross section and the slab-topping interface. The results of the experimental analysis indicated that the model 1 failed by shear of the cross section with the mechanism of diagonal tension of the concrete. Model 2 presented shear failure of the interface. In model 3, the failure was by flexure. The behavior of the tested models was ruled by cracking of the topping in region of negative bending moment. Theoretical analysis with beam elements represented satisfactorily the behavior of the tested models. The only formulations that presented consistent results with the three tests were: EUROCODE 2:2004, to calculate the shear strength of the interface, and FIB MODEL CODE 2010, for calculating of the shear strength of the cross section. It is concluded that the continuity improves the performance of the hollow core slabs, as it reduces the displacements at mid-span and increases the bearing capacity.

Este trabalho trata da evolução natural do modelo de cálculo em regime elástico linear, largamente empregado no dimensionamento de pavimentos de concreto armado, para um modelo com maior capacidade de representação. A consideração da não-linearidade física do material concreto armado é incorporada a um sistema computacional em elementos finitos segundo modelos não-estratificados, através da generalização das formulações para o campo dos esforços. O elemento de barra é abordado em campo uniaxial, verificando-se o escoamento produzido pela flexão. Para o elemento de placa, estabelece-se o critério de escoamento de Von Mises com leis associativas particularizado ao estado plano de tensões (EPT). Essas tensões são integradas ao longo da espessura do elemento, permitindo escrever o critério em função do terno de valores de momentos atuantes. Por fim, os modelos de barra e placa são integrados ao sistema computacional, resultando um sistema de análise não-linear de pavimentos de concreto armado. A caracterização do comportamento físico da seção transversal é feita segundo um diagrama momento-curvatura trilinear. A aplicação do modelo proposto a elementos estruturais isolados, e a um pavimento convencional, confirma a melhoria do sistema computacional, e os tempos de processamento requeridos evidenciam a viabilidade do emprego do modelo não-linear físico em projetos usuais de pavimentos de concreto armado. / This work deals with the natural evolution of the design model based on linear elasticity, widely employed on reinforced concrete slabs designs, to a improved design model. The consideration of physical nonlinearity of the reinforced concrete is introduced into a finite element computational system by nonlayered models with generalization of the formulation to the bending moment field. The beam element is treated in a uniaxial field, with bending moment yielding. In the plate element it is established the Von Mises yield criterion with associative laws particularized to the plane stress. These stresses are integrated along the element depth, enabling to write the criterion with plate bending moments. At last, the beam and the plate models are incorporated into a computational system, resulting in a reinforced concrete slabs analysis system. The characterization of the cross section physical behavior is made by a trilinear bending moment-curvature diagram. The application of the proposed model to isolate structural elements and to a conventional slab confirms the improvement of the finite element system and the required computational analysis times show the feasibility of the nonlinear model application into usual reinforced concrete slab design.

Ensaios não destrutivos são testes que não causam danos a estrutura ensaiada, o que os torna um excelente auxílio aos métodos de ensaios tradicionais quando estes apresentam alguma dificuldade de serem executados. Desta forma, este trabalho visa utilizar os ensaios de esclerometria e ultrassom, dando ênfase na transmissão indireta, para determinar a resistência à compressão nas primeiras idades do concreto e possibilitar um melhor controle tecnológico do material. Para se obter a relação entre os dados experimentais não destrutivos e a resistência à compressão, foram realizados ensaios em duas etapas. A primeira etapa foi desenvolvida em corpos de prova cilíndricos e prismáticos com três traços diferentes de concreto, onde foi variado o consumo de cimento. Na segunda etapa os ensaios foram realizados em uma laje alveolar produzida em laboratório. Com os dados coletados nos ensaios foi possível determinar a relação de crescimento da resistência, do índice esclerométrico e da velocidade do pulso ultrassônico ao longo do tempo, além das correlações velocidade x resistência, velocidade x índice esclerométrico; e a correlação múltipla entre os três fatores. Com base nisto, concluiu-se que é viável ter um bom controle tecnológico da resistência do concreto a partir dos ensaios não destrutivos. Este trabalho não obteve uma equação universal que correlacionasse os parâmetros para todos os tipos de traço de concreto, porém foram obtidas correlações satisfatórias para os traços ensaiados. Desta forma, é possível afirmar que o ensaio de ultrassom, especificamente posição indireta de 30 centímetros, e a esclerometria são ferramentas possíveis de serem aplicadas como auxílio à obtenção da resistência à compressão nas primeiras idades. / Non-destructive tests are tools that do not cause damage to the evaluated structure, which is an excellent support for traditional test methods. Therefore, this work used non-destructive tests such as rebound method and ultrasound, emphasizing the indirect transmission, to determine compression strength in the early age sand enable a better technological control of the material. Two-step tests were performed to see if there is a relationship between non-destructive test data and the compressive strength. The first one was performed in specimens with three different concrete compositions, where the cement ratio was varied, where as the second was carried out in a laboratory hollow core slab. With the experimental data was possible to determine the relationship of the compression strength, rebound number and ultrasonic pulse velocity over time; as the correlations strength x velocity, velocity x rebound number; and a multiple correlation between the three tests. Based on this, it was concluded that it is possible to have a good technological control of the concrete strength from non-destructive tests. A universal equation that correlates parameters for all types of concrete compositions was not found, but satisfactory correlations were obtained for the tested concretes. In this way, it is possible to affirm that the ultrasound test, specifically indirect position of 30 centimeters, and rebound method are possible tools to be applied as aid to obtain the compression strength in the early ages.

A norma brasileira ABNT NBR 14323:2013 apresenta um método para o dimensionamento de lajes mistas de aço e concreto em situação de incêndio. No entanto, esse procedimento não inclui o efeito do comportamento de membrana da laje. Usando a teoria de placas para grandes deslocamentos, esta pesquisa estabelece que as altas temperaturas podem induzir uma considerável ação de membrana de tração, auxiliando na segurança da laje em situação de incêndio. No desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta para o dimensionamento a partir do método analítico de lajes mistas em situação de incêndio, uma série de estudos foi desenvolvida para a análise do comportamento de membrana de tração a altas temperaturas. O método analítico mais conhecido é o método de Bailey. Comparações entre os métodos de Bailey e da ABNT NBR 14323:2013, e análises empregando os programas Vulcan e MACS+ foram realizadas. Neste trabalho, compararam-se resultados empregando o método de Bailey e do programa de computador MACS+, que teve por base o próprio método de Bailey. Como esperado, os resultados foram similares. Ainda, neste trabalho, realizaram-se alguns estudos numéricos empregando o método dos elementos finitos, por meio do programa de computador Vulcan e compararam-se resultados entre o método de Bailey e Vulcan. Uma investigação sobre possíveis simplificações da formulação da ABNT NBR 14323:2013 também foi realizada. / The Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 14323:2013 presents a method for the composite slabs fire design. However, it doesnt include the effect of the slab behaving as a membrane. Using the theory of plates for large displacements, the research establishes that high temperatures can induce a considerable tensile membrane action, assisting in the safety of the slab in fire. In developing a tool for the analytical method composite slabs fire design, some studies were made to analyze the behavior of tensile membrane at high temperatures. The most popular analytical method is the Baileys method. In this study, analysis of the Baileys methods, the Brazilian standard and the Vulcan and MACS+ software were performed and the results were compared. As expected, the results were similar. Still, in this work, there have been some numerical studies employing the finite element method, using the computer program Vulcan, and results were compared between the Baileys method and Vulcan. An investigation about possible simplifications of the formulation presented by Brazilian standard were also developed.

The effectiveness of seismic retrofitting applied to enhance seismic performance was assessed for a five-story reinforced concrete (RC) flat-slab building structure in the central United States. In addition to this, an assessment of seismic fragility that relates the probability of exceeding a performance level to the earthquake intensity was conducted. The response of the structure was predicted using nonlinear static and dynamic analyses with synthetic ground motion records for the central U.S. region. In addition, two analytical approaches for nonlinear response analysis were compared. FEMA 356 (ASCE 2000) criteria were used to evaluate the seismic performance of the case study building. Two approaches of FEMA 356 were used for seismic evaluation: global-level and member-level using three performance levels (Immediate Occupancy, Life Safety and Collapse Prevention). In addition to these limit states, punching shear drift limits were also considered to establish an upper bound drift capacity limit for collapse prevention. Based on the seismic evaluation results, three possible retrofit techniques were applied to improve the seismic performance of the structure, including addition of shear walls, addition of RC column jackets, and confinement of the column plastic hinge zones using externally bonded steel plates. Finally, fragility relationships were developed for the existing and retrofitted structure using several performance levels. Fragility curves for the retrofitted structure were compared with those for the unretrofitted structure. For various performance levels to assess the fragility curves, FEMA global drift limits were compared with the drift limits based on the FEMA member-level criteria. In addition to this, performance levels which were based on additional quantitative limits were also considered and compared with FEMA drift limits.

The effectiveness of seismic retrofitting applied to enhance seismic performance was assessed for a five-story reinforced concrete (RC) flat-slab building structure in the central United States. In addition to this, an assessment of seismic fragility that relates the probability of exceeding a performance level to the earthquake intensity was conducted. The response of the structure was predicted using nonlinear static and dynamic analyses with synthetic ground motion records for the central U.S. region. In addition, two analytical approaches for nonlinear response analysis were compared. FEMA 356 (ASCE 2000) criteria were used to evaluate the seismic performance of the case study building. Two approaches of FEMA 356 were used for seismic evaluation: global-level and member-level using three performance levels (Immediate Occupancy, Life Safety and Collapse Prevention). In addition to these limit states, punching shear drift limits were also considered to establish an upper bound drift capacity limit for collapse prevention. Based on the seismic evaluation results, three possible retrofit techniques were applied to improve the seismic performance of the structure, including addition of shear walls, addition of RC column jackets, and confinement of the column plastic hinge zones using externally bonded steel plates. Finally, fragility relationships were developed for the existing and retrofitted structure using several performance levels. Fragility curves for the retrofitted structure were compared with those for the unretrofitted structure. For various performance levels to assess the fragility curves, FEMA global drift limits were compared with the drift limits based on the FEMA member-level criteria. In addition to this, performance levels which were based on additional quantitative limits were also considered and compared with FEMA drift limits.