Des orientations de travail, issues du régime politique démocratique d’interaction et de la dynamique de la différenciation sociale s’inscrivent et traversent tous les procès de prises en charge des assistés, faisant qu’il est tout à la fois impossible de les sacraliser et de les déshumaniser. L’articulation de ces orientations faisant que ces derniers sont déqualifiés en tant qu’humain. Cette déqualification démontre que les politiques sociales individualisantes placées sous l’égide de l’humanisme ne solutionnent aucunement le problème de la pauvreté. Cela questionne dès lors l’utilité de telles politiques demandant de lourds investissements pour des résultats sociaux mitigés. La réinscription de cette problématique dans son développement historique permet d’éclairer ce paradoxe : les politiques sociales de lutte contre la pauvreté ont été des facteurs de richesses pour la modernité. Loin des analyses en terme de « crise », l’institutionnalisation desdites politiques témoigne d’un développement exponentiel, bien que dynamique, des possibilités de croissance économique. L’action sociale et médico-sociale est en quelque sorte le déversoir de la modernité, véritable marché artificiel, pour ne pas dire centre de recyclage, du surplus humain. / Working orientations, resulting from the democratic political system of interaction and dynamics of the social differentiation are registered and cross all the institutionalization of assisted, making that it is all at the same time impossible to sacrilize them and to dehumanize them. The joint of these orientations making that these last ones are dequalified as human being. This deskilling demonstrates that the new individualisantes social policies placed under the aegis of the humanism resolve not at all the problem of the poverty. It questions from then on the utility of such policies asking for heavy investments for reserved social results. The re-registration of this problem in its historic development allows to light this paradox: the social policies of struggle against poverty were factors of wealth for the modernity. Far from analyses in term of "crisis", the institutionalization the aforementioned policies testifies of an exponential development, although dynamics, possibilities of economic growth. The social and medical social action is in a sense the overflow of the modernity, the real artificial market of the human surplus.

No description available.

Na nossa vida, determinados gestos e palavras passam a ser estranhos e passíveis de serem destacados, julgados, diagnosticados. Examinamos o percurso expansionista dos aprisionamentos da vida, seus elementos constitutivos no social. Retiramos do cotidiano e da vivência profissional em duas instituições de contenção estatais, práticas recorrentes que constroem visagens dos desvios dos ditos loucos e dos ditos delinquentes. Entendemos que as instituições tendem a cumprir suas funções presas a determinados estereótipos, padrões e reafirmam e corroboram significâncias e subjetivações encerradas em visagens que exacerbam evidências, punições, vinganças e controles. Vivemos numa sociedade de controle, cujos interstícios são operados por instituições disciplinares postas a normalizar a vida através de medidas voltadas à aquisição de disciplinas, para fixar em aparelhos de produção, através de punições e recompensas. Constitui um plano de pensamento definido por normas que ligam entre si os indivíduos pertencentes ao aparelho de produção. Aos que não conseguem se enquadrar nestes aparelhos, resta a prisão, o hospital ou a solidão. / In our life, certain gestures and words become awkward and likely to be distinguished, judged, diagnosed. We examine the expansionary path of life imprisonment, its constituent elements in the social body. We remove from daily and professional experience in two institutions of state contention, recurring practices that form grimaces of digression of those considered insane and offenders. We understand that institutions tend to fulfill their duties attached to certain stereotypes, patterns and reaffirm and support significance and subjectivities restrained to grimaces that exacerbate evidence, punishment, revenge and controls. We live in a society of control, whose interstices are operated by disciplinary institutions set to normalize life through measures focused on acquisition of disciplines to concentrate on production apparatus through punishments and rewards. It constitutes a thought plan defined by rules that interconnects the individuals belonging to the production apparatus. Those who fail to fit these apparatus, are left with prison, hospital or loneliness.

Na nossa vida, determinados gestos e palavras passam a ser estranhos e passíveis de serem destacados, julgados, diagnosticados. Examinamos o percurso expansionista dos aprisionamentos da vida, seus elementos constitutivos no social. Retiramos do cotidiano e da vivência profissional em duas instituições de contenção estatais, práticas recorrentes que constroem visagens dos desvios dos ditos loucos e dos ditos delinquentes. Entendemos que as instituições tendem a cumprir suas funções presas a determinados estereótipos, padrões e reafirmam e corroboram significâncias e subjetivações encerradas em visagens que exacerbam evidências, punições, vinganças e controles. Vivemos numa sociedade de controle, cujos interstícios são operados por instituições disciplinares postas a normalizar a vida através de medidas voltadas à aquisição de disciplinas, para fixar em aparelhos de produção, através de punições e recompensas. Constitui um plano de pensamento definido por normas que ligam entre si os indivíduos pertencentes ao aparelho de produção. Aos que não conseguem se enquadrar nestes aparelhos, resta a prisão, o hospital ou a solidão. / In our life, certain gestures and words become awkward and likely to be distinguished, judged, diagnosed. We examine the expansionary path of life imprisonment, its constituent elements in the social body. We remove from daily and professional experience in two institutions of state contention, recurring practices that form grimaces of digression of those considered insane and offenders. We understand that institutions tend to fulfill their duties attached to certain stereotypes, patterns and reaffirm and support significance and subjectivities restrained to grimaces that exacerbate evidence, punishment, revenge and controls. We live in a society of control, whose interstices are operated by disciplinary institutions set to normalize life through measures focused on acquisition of disciplines to concentrate on production apparatus through punishments and rewards. It constitutes a thought plan defined by rules that interconnects the individuals belonging to the production apparatus. Those who fail to fit these apparatus, are left with prison, hospital or loneliness.

Na nossa vida, determinados gestos e palavras passam a ser estranhos e passíveis de serem destacados, julgados, diagnosticados. Examinamos o percurso expansionista dos aprisionamentos da vida, seus elementos constitutivos no social. Retiramos do cotidiano e da vivência profissional em duas instituições de contenção estatais, práticas recorrentes que constroem visagens dos desvios dos ditos loucos e dos ditos delinquentes. Entendemos que as instituições tendem a cumprir suas funções presas a determinados estereótipos, padrões e reafirmam e corroboram significâncias e subjetivações encerradas em visagens que exacerbam evidências, punições, vinganças e controles. Vivemos numa sociedade de controle, cujos interstícios são operados por instituições disciplinares postas a normalizar a vida através de medidas voltadas à aquisição de disciplinas, para fixar em aparelhos de produção, através de punições e recompensas. Constitui um plano de pensamento definido por normas que ligam entre si os indivíduos pertencentes ao aparelho de produção. Aos que não conseguem se enquadrar nestes aparelhos, resta a prisão, o hospital ou a solidão. / In our life, certain gestures and words become awkward and likely to be distinguished, judged, diagnosed. We examine the expansionary path of life imprisonment, its constituent elements in the social body. We remove from daily and professional experience in two institutions of state contention, recurring practices that form grimaces of digression of those considered insane and offenders. We understand that institutions tend to fulfill their duties attached to certain stereotypes, patterns and reaffirm and support significance and subjectivities restrained to grimaces that exacerbate evidence, punishment, revenge and controls. We live in a society of control, whose interstices are operated by disciplinary institutions set to normalize life through measures focused on acquisition of disciplines to concentrate on production apparatus through punishments and rewards. It constitutes a thought plan defined by rules that interconnects the individuals belonging to the production apparatus. Those who fail to fit these apparatus, are left with prison, hospital or loneliness.

Como é representado o trabalho dos pobres? Esta tese objetiva compreender as transformações, deslocamentos, tensões e disputas em torno das articulações das categorias trabalho e pobreza, analisando-as sob duas óticas diferentes, mas conectadas, a governamental e a individual. Por isso, a investigação empírica se realizou em dois âmbitos: o do Estado brasileiro que, com suas políticas, classifica alguns de seus cidadãos como pobres, e o dos indivíduos por ele assim classificados. Analisamos as ações governamentais e as formulações institucionais que pautaram as políticas sociais brasileiras nos anos 2000 e 2010, revelando as estratégias e narrativas que sustentaram as ações governamentais voltadas para o problema da inserção dos indivíduos pobres no mundo produtivo. Esse processo foi reconstituído a partir da consulta a materiais institucionais e de entrevistas com agentes governamentais nos níveis federal e municipal. Documentamos que, conforme a conjuntura brasileira se transformava e as políticas sociais se desenvolviam, os discursos governamentais produziam novas formas simbólicas de enlaçar pobreza e trabalho. A temática foi igualmente investigada pela ótica das experiências cotidianas de um grupo de indivíduos e famílias beneficiárias dos programas de superação da pobreza. Com base em uma pesquisa etnográfica em um bairro periférico do município de São Paulo, analisamos as trajetórias de famílias institucionalmente categorizadas como pobres, evidenciando tanto a multiplicidade de arranjos de sobrevivência e garantia de renda e bem-estar, quanto a diversidade de formas nativas de descrevê-las e representá-las. Composição e dinâmica familiar, origem, gênero e geração foram dimensões cruciais de análise. Esta revelou a intensidade com que diferentes significados de trabalho eram construídos, manipulados e disputados no cotidiano dos indivíduos em contextos de pobreza. Observamos que se transformavam as narrativas, as estratégias e as dinâmicas de relações dos pobres com os circuitos estruturantes da sua sobrevivência: os mercados, o Estado, a família e as redes de amizade e vizinhança. Essa trama complexa de atividades que os indivíduos desempenham para ganhar a vida - formais e informais, legais e ilegais, morais e imorais, visíveis e invisíveis -, desafiam tanto os discursos e práticas governamentais, quanto a compreensão da Sociologia do Trabalho. / This thesis intends to grasp transformations, displacements, tensions and disputes concerning the articulations of the categories labor and poverty, by analyzing them from two different but connected points of view, the governmental and the individual perspectives. Consequently, the empirical investigation is conducted considering two frameworks: the Brazilian state perspective, which, through its policies, classifies some of its citizens as poor, and the individuals categorized as poor outlook. We analyzed the governmental actions and institutional formulations that drove Brazil\'s social policies in the 2000s and 2010s, revealing the strategies and narratives that have sustained government actions oriented to the problem of placing poor individuals in the productive world. This process was reconstructed through the extensive examination of institutional materials and interviews with governmental agents at federal and municipal levels. We documented that, as the scenario in Brazil transformed and social policies developed, governmental discourses produced new symbolic ways to entangle poverty and labor. These subjects were likewise investigated considering the point of view and everyday experiences of a group of individuals and families who benefitted from poverty relief programs. To do so, we conducted an ethnographic study in an peripheral neighborhood in São Paulo city, analyzing the families trajectories institutionally categorized as poor, demonstrating the multiplicity of survival strategies and means of guaranteeing income and well-being, as well as the diversity of native forms of describing and representing these strategies. Familial composition and their dynamics, origin, gender and generation appeared as crucial dimensions in analysis. It revealed the intensity with which different meanings of labor were constructed, manipulated and disputed in the daily lives of individuals in contexts of poverty. We observed the transformations in the narratives, strategies and dynamics of poor people\'s relationships with the structural circuits of their survival: markets, State, family, friendships and neighborhood networks. This complex mesh of activities with which individuals engage in to earn a living formal and informal, legal and illegal, moral and immoral, visible and invisible , challenge governmental discourses and practices as well as the understanding of the Sociology of Labor.

Como é representado o trabalho dos pobres? Esta tese objetiva compreender as transformações, deslocamentos, tensões e disputas em torno das articulações das categorias trabalho e pobreza, analisando-as sob duas óticas diferentes, mas conectadas, a governamental e a individual. Por isso, a investigação empírica se realizou em dois âmbitos: o do Estado brasileiro que, com suas políticas, classifica alguns de seus cidadãos como pobres, e o dos indivíduos por ele assim classificados. Analisamos as ações governamentais e as formulações institucionais que pautaram as políticas sociais brasileiras nos anos 2000 e 2010, revelando as estratégias e narrativas que sustentaram as ações governamentais voltadas para o problema da inserção dos indivíduos pobres no mundo produtivo. Esse processo foi reconstituído a partir da consulta a materiais institucionais e de entrevistas com agentes governamentais nos níveis federal e municipal. Documentamos que, conforme a conjuntura brasileira se transformava e as políticas sociais se desenvolviam, os discursos governamentais produziam novas formas simbólicas de enlaçar pobreza e trabalho. A temática foi igualmente investigada pela ótica das experiências cotidianas de um grupo de indivíduos e famílias beneficiárias dos programas de superação da pobreza. Com base em uma pesquisa etnográfica em um bairro periférico do município de São Paulo, analisamos as trajetórias de famílias institucionalmente categorizadas como pobres, evidenciando tanto a multiplicidade de arranjos de sobrevivência e garantia de renda e bem-estar, quanto a diversidade de formas nativas de descrevê-las e representá-las. Composição e dinâmica familiar, origem, gênero e geração foram dimensões cruciais de análise. Esta revelou a intensidade com que diferentes significados de trabalho eram construídos, manipulados e disputados no cotidiano dos indivíduos em contextos de pobreza. Observamos que se transformavam as narrativas, as estratégias e as dinâmicas de relações dos pobres com os circuitos estruturantes da sua sobrevivência: os mercados, o Estado, a família e as redes de amizade e vizinhança. Essa trama complexa de atividades que os indivíduos desempenham para ganhar a vida - formais e informais, legais e ilegais, morais e imorais, visíveis e invisíveis -, desafiam tanto os discursos e práticas governamentais, quanto a compreensão da Sociologia do Trabalho. / This thesis intends to grasp transformations, displacements, tensions and disputes concerning the articulations of the categories labor and poverty, by analyzing them from two different but connected points of view, the governmental and the individual perspectives. Consequently, the empirical investigation is conducted considering two frameworks: the Brazilian state perspective, which, through its policies, classifies some of its citizens as poor, and the individuals categorized as poor outlook. We analyzed the governmental actions and institutional formulations that drove Brazil\'s social policies in the 2000s and 2010s, revealing the strategies and narratives that have sustained government actions oriented to the problem of placing poor individuals in the productive world. This process was reconstructed through the extensive examination of institutional materials and interviews with governmental agents at federal and municipal levels. We documented that, as the scenario in Brazil transformed and social policies developed, governmental discourses produced new symbolic ways to entangle poverty and labor. These subjects were likewise investigated considering the point of view and everyday experiences of a group of individuals and families who benefitted from poverty relief programs. To do so, we conducted an ethnographic study in an peripheral neighborhood in São Paulo city, analyzing the families trajectories institutionally categorized as poor, demonstrating the multiplicity of survival strategies and means of guaranteeing income and well-being, as well as the diversity of native forms of describing and representing these strategies. Familial composition and their dynamics, origin, gender and generation appeared as crucial dimensions in analysis. It revealed the intensity with which different meanings of labor were constructed, manipulated and disputed in the daily lives of individuals in contexts of poverty. We observed the transformations in the narratives, strategies and dynamics of poor people\'s relationships with the structural circuits of their survival: markets, State, family, friendships and neighborhood networks. This complex mesh of activities with which individuals engage in to earn a living formal and informal, legal and illegal, moral and immoral, visible and invisible , challenge governmental discourses and practices as well as the understanding of the Sociology of Labor.

This thesis considers the extent to which tax and transfer policies in South Africa support children between 2000 and 2008. The analyses are carried out using a four-dimensional analytical framework which separates the dimensions of welfare ideology, policy aims, policy instruments and welfare outcomes. This approach is adopted in recognition of the fact that the extent to which tax and transfer policies support children is seen to vary according to the dimension of analysis. The analysis of welfare ideology, policy aims and policy instruments is undertaken by considering key legislative texts, including the Bill of Rights in the South African Constitution, budget speeches and policy documents. Welfare outcomes are analysed at the individual and household level using microsimulation modelling. A microsimulation model for South Africa, SAMOD, is developed specifically for these analyses. The findings of this thesis add conceptual and empirical understanding to the impact of tax and transfer policies on children. Children are found to be supported by policy to some extent, and have been prioritised in reforms to social assistance. However, recent reforms to tax policy have not benefited children and the analyses indicate that child poverty rates in South Africa could be lower than they are at present had the government pursued alternative policy reforms. The construction of the microsimulation model SAMOD is a valuable tool to facilitate future policy evaluation in South Africa. Further development of SAMOD is recommended to continue to progress and enhance debates on policy reforms. In addition, this thesis highlights some key areas for future research including developing further understanding of the patterns of inter and intra-household income allocation and the impact that this may have on poverty measures for different groups.

This thesis is a study of how community participation is understood, enacted, produced and governed in the context of an organization that promotes community participation. The contribution of this thesis is to shed light on the frequently found gap between the expectations and the reality of community participation. In examining how community participation is promoted, the thesis focuses in particular on actors such as community leaders and development workers, and the interactions between them. The thesis applies a multi-disciplinary theoretical framework, which is built through combining theoretical approaches that include discourse analysis, institutional analysis, and the actor-oriented approach. The framework accommodates the examination of the roles of various types of social factors in shaping the workings of community participation. These include the idea of community, social relations in communities, and the agency of actors who are promoting the approach. This thesis conducts a case study of the Council of Community Organisations (CCO) programme in Thailand, which is a large-scale promotion of community participation in development and governance. The case study examines the operation of the programme from national to local level, and explores several localities where the programme is being implemented. The exploration of the CCO programme illuminates pathways through which the approach’s inner mechanisms can constrain it from fulfilling the expectations. The thesis identifies how the idea of community, through its association with the sense of collective identity, tends to distort community participation from achieving empowerment. Moreover, the social relations in communities, generally characterised by inequality and diversity of interests, frequently constrain the approach from achieving effective mobilisation of collective action. Such a constraint is often accentuated by adverse incentives that community leaders face when they become part of development interventions. Finally, it is found that the deficiencies of community participation are likely to persist. This is because the actors who are promoting the approach usually manoeuvre to gain advantages from their roles in ways that reinforce the influence of the aforementioned factors.

<b>Background</b>: In order to protect the poor from health shocks, the Government of India launched Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojna (RSBY) in 2008. The objectives of this study are: a) to assess the changes in the financial burden of health care on the poor population; b) to estimate the effects of RSBY in reducing the financial burden on the poor; and c) to examine the impact of RSBY on the labour supply of the poor. <b>Methods</b>: The study is based on data from the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO). The sample size is between 100-125 thousand households at the all-India level. The study uses pooled cross-section regression analysis to assess the changing pattern of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments on healthcare. The impact of RSBY on financial risk protection and labour force participation rate in India were estimated using the difference-in-differences (DID) method. <b>Findings</b>: My thesis consists of three papers. The findings in the first paper, changing pattern of out-of-pocket payments, reflect that the poorest 20% of households, compared to the richest 20%, realised a slower increase in out-of-pocket as a share of the household’s total expenditure (-0.5%) and catastrophic payments (-2%) during the period of 2000-2012. However, during the same period, Scheduled caste/tribe and Muslim households reported an increased burden of out-of-pocket. The second paper finds reduction in the probability of incurring ‘any inpatient expenditure’ and ‘catastrophic inpatient expenditure’ after RSBY intervention but marginal increase in the ‘per person monthly inpatient expenditure’ and insignificant change in ‘inpatient expenditure as a share of households’ total expenditure’. The effects of the scheme on the total out-of-pocket payment are negligible and non-drug expenditure reflected significant increase. The third paper finds that women’s labour supply increased (3% per annum) but the elderly labour supply declined (1.5%). Further, men switched from self-employment to casual work while women moved to wage-paid regular and casual jobs at the cost of being self-employed. <b>Discussion and conclusion</b>: The poor and other less advantaged population groups realised an increasing OOP burden mainly on account of two factors: i) outpatient care is not covered under RSBY; and ii) the benefit package under the scheme is very modest. Women’s labour supply increased and the elderly labour supply declined in favour of leisure because of possible improvements in health. However, the overall labour supply did not change. The Indian government needs to consider broadening the benefit package and including outpatient coverage under RSBY.