A presente pesquisa pretende sustentar que a reflexão precoce sobre a sociologia durkheimeana cumpre um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento do pensamento de Georges Canguilhem sobre as ciências da vida e, por conseguinte, na elaboração da sua filosofia biológica. Como se buscará mostrar, essa importância se deve ao fato de que a teoria social de Durkheim procurou satisfazer às exigências científicas de objetividade e de quantificação dos fenômenos incorporando da biologia de Comte e da fisiologia de Claude Bernard a teoria da identidade essencial entre os estados normais e patológicos. Será a partir da crítica a essa teoria que o conceito de normatividade vital, núcleo da filosofia da vida canguilhemeana, se elaborará na tese de doutoramento de Canguilhem, em 1943, Essai sur quelques problèmes concernant le normal et le pathologique. Finalmente, concluiremos sugerindo que essa nova concepção de vida permitirá ao filósofo retornar ao campo da teoria social, nas Nouvelles réflexions, para recusar a identificação entre organismo e sociedade que ele denunciara em Durkheim. / The present research intends to sustain that the early reflection on Durkheims sociology plays an important role in the evolution of George Canguilhems thought about the life sciences, and, consequently, in the development of his biological philosophy. As this research purports to show, this importance arises from the fact that Durkheims social theory attempted to satisfy the scientific demands for the objectivity and quantification of the phenomena by incorporating, from Comtes biology and Claude Bernards physiology, a theory about the essential identity between normal and pathological states. It is by taking the critique of this theory as a starting point, that the core of Canguilhems life philosophy, namely, his concept of vital normativity, will be developed in his 1943 doctorate thesis, Essai sur quelques problèmes concernant le normal et le pathologique. Finally, by way of conclusion, we suggest that this new conception of life will allow the French philosopher to return, in his Nouvelles réflexions, to the social theory field, in order to deny the same identification between organisms and society that he denounced in Durkheim.

No presente trabalho tentamos reconstruir os principais lineamentos da teoria estética e da teoria da sociedade de Theodor Adorno. Com tal propósito, partimos de uma revisão critica da interpretação canônica efetuada tanto por Jürgen Habermas como por Axel Honneth do potencial explicativo contido em obras clássicas da primeira geração da Escola de Frankfurt. O objetivo central deste confronto procura demonstrar que o conceito de cultura de Adorno y Horkheimer tem um potencial explicativo e critico que nem Habermas, nem Honneth souberam destacar. Para reexaminar esse potencial teórico subterrâneo resulta imprescindível referir-se as duas grandes obras da maturidade de Adorno, a Teoria estética e a Dialética negativa. Realizamos-nos esse trabalho procurando explicitar um conceito de cultura alternativo ao de Habermas e Honneth, para tentar logo extrair conclusões referidas à lógica interna das ciências sociais. / The object of this thesis is to reconstruct the basic lines of Adorno\'s aesthetic and social theory. We discuss Jürgen Habermas and Axel Honneths canonic interpretation about the theoretic potential of the classic works of the first generation of the Frankfurt School. The central aim of this confrontation is to demonstrate that the concept of culture developed by Adorno and Horkheimer has a theoretic potential that had not been perceived by Habermas and Honneth. In order to reevaluate this potential it is necessary to discuss the last Adornos works, which means, to discuss once again the Aesthetic Theory and the Negative Dialectics. We pretend to find, finally, a different concept of culture in order to use it in the critical reexamination of the internal logic of social sciences.

Orientador: Josue Pereira da Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T07:21:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariosa_DuarcidesFerreira_D.pdf: 1076099 bytes, checksum: 17d58b775e095902746f10a6a17be68a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Muitos erros no uso do conceito de crítica poderiam ser evitados se a base teórica e metodológica do trabalho de Florestan Fernandes fosse levada em consideração. Buscando fornecer uma melhor compreensão de sua sociologia, a pesquisa se fundamenta na discussão deste conceito e sua aplicação em seus trabalhos teóricos e de pesquisa empírica como, também, na análise da literatura que cuida de sua recepção. A conclusão é que o termo ¿crítica¿ pode ser observado na atitude crítica de Florestan Fernandes em relação tanto ao objeto do conhecimento quanto aos métodos da disciplina sociológica / Abstract: Many errors in the use of the concept of critique could be prevented if the theoretical and methodological bases of the work of Florestan Fernandes are taken into account. Aiming to provide a better understanding of Fernandes¿s sociology, the research starts with a discussion of this concept applying it to his theoretical and empirical works as well as to the literature related to their reception. The conclusion is that the term critique can be applied to Fernandes¿s critical attitude in relation to both his object of knowledge and the method for the discipline of sociology / Doutorado / Teoria sociologica e pensamento social

A pornografia centralizou boa parte dos debates públicos sobre políticas sexuais nos Estados Unidos da América entre as décadas de 1970 e 1980. Largamente mobilizado por parte do movimento feminista, as políticas anti-pornografia do período levaram ao surgimento de uma contra-proposta singular: a chamada pós-pornografia, ou, como é mais frequentemente conhecida, a pornografia feminista. Esta dissertação é sobre o surgimento deste movimento bem como sobre seu projeto: analisarei, deste modo, o contexto sociopolítico que possibilitou o aparecimento da pós-pornografia, as implicações e associações teórico-ideológicas da mesma, as transformações ocorridas em sua ideação desde seu aparecimento até os dias atuais, e, finalmente, as relações entre este movimento e as teorias sociais discutidas e perpetradas pelas Ciências Sociais. / Pornography has centralized much of the public debate about sexual policies in the United States between the 1970s and 1980s. Widely deployed by the feminist movement, the anti-pornography policies of the time led to the emergence of a natural counter-proposal: the so called post-pornography, or, as is more often known, the feminist pornography. This dissertation is about the rise of this movement as well as on its project: I will analyze, therefore, the socio-political context that enabled the rise of the post-porn, the implications and, theoretical and ideological associations of it, the changes that occurred in its ideation since its appearance until the present day, and finally the relationship between this movement and the social theories discussed perpetrated by the Social Sciences.

Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de investigar como crianças com idade entre três e quatro anos reagem a situações cotidianas, durante o brincar, apresentando manifestações potencialmente preconceituosas. Para tanto se propôs adaptar a escala do fascismo (escala F) para situações que representam o cotidiano de forma lúdica, o que permitiu identificar elementos que denotam o preconceito já em crianças. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma escola da rede privada de ensino do município de São Paulo, com crianças de idades entre três e quatro anos, com as quais o pesquisador realizou um momento de observação lúdica no qual as crianças interagiram livremente com bonecos que representavam diferenças entre cor de pele e de presença ou ausência de deficiência, e um momento de aplicação de situações problema representadas de forma lúdica e que tiveram a intenção de avaliar os aspectos investigados na escala F. Os sujeitos da pesquisa também estiveram divididos em agrupamentos de crianças que estudavam com crianças com deficiência em sala de aula e agrupamentos que não estudavam, com o objetivo de identificar possíveis diferenças no padrão de respostas dada a relação com a inclusão da criança com deficiência no ambiente escolar. Os resultados avaliados a partir do referencial da Teoria Crítica da Sociedade apontaram para a uma baixa pontuação numa escala de manifestação de atitudes que denotam o preconceito em crianças com idade entre três e quatro anos e pode-se concluir que essa idade é um momento propicio para se aplicar intervenções com vistas a minimizar os efeitos do preconceito, embora indique a continuidade de pesquisas sobre a formação do preconceito que incluam o elemento lúdico em crianças desta faixa etária / This research aims at investigating how three- and four-year-old children react to everyday situations, during play time, showing potentially prejudiced behavior. We propose adapting the fascist scale (F-scale) to everyday situations represented in a ludic way, which allowed us to identify prejudiced elements in children. This research was developed in a private school in São Paulo, with three- and four-year-old children. During the study, the researcher observed the children as they played with dolls (which could have different skin tones, presence or absence of malformation) and as they were presented with problematic situations in order to be analyzed based on the F-scale. The subjects of the research were also divided into two groups those who had classmates with special needs and those who did not. Our objective was to identify possible differences in the response pattern regarding the inclusion of children with special needs in the classroom environment. The results were analyzed based on the Critical Social Theory, pointed to a low score on a manifestation scale of attitudes that denotes prejudice in three- to four-year-old children. We might conclude that, at this age, it is a favorable moment to intervene aiming at lessening prejudice effects. Moreover, it also indicates that research on prejudice formation along with ludic elements should continue to be done with children of that age

Internationally Educated Nurses (IENs) have been proposed as one solution to dealing with the nursing shortage in Canada. In addition to helping sustain the profession, IENs are reflective of the diverse patient populations in Canada. Investments will ensure healthy workplaces for and retention of IENs. There has been a growing interest about IENs’ experiences with migration and navigating through the regulatory process, but research on their post-transition experience is lacking. Workplace integration for IENs is not well understood and the role of the employer has received limited focus. Guided by critical social theory, an instrumental qualitative case study approach was used to examine a single organization, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, with a history of supporting IENs. A purposeful sample of twenty-eight participants included diverse IENs who were post-transition, and stakeholders from various vantage points. Four forms of data collection were used: semi-structured interviews; socio-demographic survey; review of documents and focus groups. Thematic analysis was carried out to form a within subcase analysis first, followed by an across subcase analysis. The major themes are: (a) when “integrated”, an IEN is (i) being a “Canadian nurse with international experience”; (ii) progressing on the leadership journey; and (iii) persevering in overcoming challenges; (b) organizational factors that influence workplace integration of IEN are (i) workforce diversity; (ii) leadership commitment to equity; (iii) policies promoting equity principles; (iv) engagement with the broader community; and (v) avoiding common pitfalls. This research offers a definition and conceptual framework where workplace integration of IENs is a “two-way” process within an inclusive and valuing context, producing changes both at the IEN as well as organizational levels.

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Tendo como base os votos que os ministros do Supremo Tribunal Federal brasileiro emitiram em casos de grande repercussão social, é possível observar como argumentos oriundos de outros campos, externos ao direito, são utilizados como elementos centrais para justificar as decisões no âmbito do direito. Diante de casos difíceis (hard cases), para os quais o direito, em regra, não apresenta soluções claras e absolutas, os juízes ainda se encontram obrigados, pelo próprio campo jurídico, a emitir uma decisão (princípio da proibição do non liquet) justificada. Para chegar a uma decisão, é preciso construir justificativas diante dos pares e da sociedade como um todo (pois, sem justificativa, não há decisão), e os juízes assim o fazem, lançando mão de uma série de argumentos externos ao campo. Reconhecer este fazer argumentativo extrajurídico levanta obstáculos a uma interpretação que o direito construiu de si próprio com base na ideia de autonomia, e não apenas científica, mas, principalmente, operacional. A Teoria dos Sistemas de Luhmann, para a qual a autonomia é elemento essencial, apresenta afinidades eletivas com a imagem que o direito já construíra de si, e passou a ser tomada, em grande medida, no próprio campo jurídico, como a melhor forma de compreender o direito. Percebendo o direito como um sistema autopoiético, baseado em um código binário de operações (lícito/ilícito), que não se relaciona diretamente com o ambiente circundante, a abordagem sistêmica apresenta muitas dificuldades em lidar com as relações e as influências entre o direito e outros campos, principalmente com a política. Em uma busca legítima para evitar os excessos e os abusos de poder no campo do direito, o que a Teoria dos Sistemas, tomada de forma radical, acaba por oferecer é uma visão polarizada e reduzida das possibilidades de relações que o direito pode estabelecer com a política e com a sociedade, levando o sistema jurídico, muitas vezes, ao insulamento. O enfoque na retórica, contudo, além de fazer ver que o direito não se reproduz apenas a partir de si próprio, permite vislumbrar formas pelas quais a política e a sociedade se relacionam com o direito, sem que isso ocorra de forma destrutiva. Para compreender estas relações através da argumentação, é preciso levar em consideração uma teoria da ação com base nos agentes, algo que a teoria sistêmica não faz. Pressionados pela necessidade prática de estabelecer e justificar uma decisão, os juízes fazem circular, no direito, argumentos extrajurídicos, sem que isso deva ser pensado como uma forma de comprometer a autonomia e a identidade do campo. Uma teoria da ação com base nos indivíduos e na retórica exige, por sua vez, o resgate de uma discussão clássica das ciências sociais, a percepção do direito como um campo onde os indivíduos agem a partir de restrições e condicionamentos impostos pela própria estrutura do campo (e não como um sistema, no sentido luhmanniano), e o reconhecimento de que as influências externas podem ser pensadas como ganhos para o campo. Isso exige, do direito, uma nova forma de encarar as relações que estabelece com a política e a sociedade. / Law, politics and society can relate to each other in several ways. This thesis aims to understand these relationships from the rhetoric and argumentation. Analyzing the decisions of the judges of the Brazilian Supreme Court, in cases with great social repercussion, it’s possible to observe as arguments from other social fields, beyond the law, are used as essential elements to justify the decisions in the legal field. For the hard cases, the legal field, ordinarily, have not absolute and clear solutions to solve the conflicts. Nevertheless, the judges remain bound to take a decision (because of principle of non liquet) for these cases. To take a decision, it’s necessary to build justifications for the other judges and society in general (because there is no decision, if there is no justification), and the judges does it, using arguments that do not belong to legal field. Recognize this judges’ activity creates difficulties for a strict interpretation about the legal field. This interpretation is based an idea created for the legal field itself and affirms the autonomy of law, scientifically and, mainly, operationally. The Luhmann’s Systems Theory, for which the autonomy is an essential element, exhibits affinities with the image that law has built about itself. In general, this theory was accepted as the better way to understand the legal system. The Systems Theory affirms that law is an autopoietic system, based on binary code for its operations, and this system does not connect directly to the environment. Therefore, the systemic approach has problems to understand the complex relationships between the legal system and other systems, mainly the politics system. The Systems Theory intends to avoid abusive influences of politics on the law, but, if understood in a radical way, the systemic theory offers a restrictive perspective to the several and complex relationships between law, politics and society. Based on this theory, the law can be isolated. However, the rhetoric demonstrates that law and politics can relate each other in a nondestructive way and that the law is not an autopoietic system. To understand these relations based on argumentation it is necessary to consider a theory of action based on human agents, something that Systems Theory does not do. Pushed by practical need to establish and justify a decision, the judges uses, in the legal field, extra-legal arguments, but it does not mean that the autonomy and identity of field being impaired. A theory of action based on human agents and rhetoric requires the retrieval of a classic debate in the social sciences, the perception of law as a field in which the individuals act with restrictions imposed by the structure of the field (and not as a system, in Luhmann’s conception), and the recognition that external influences can be thought as important contributions for the legal field. This proposal requires a different way of perceiving the relationships between law, politics and society.

Many nursing theorists consider caring the essence of nursing practice. Yet, the meaning of caring is still elusive in nursing theories. This confusion in conceptualizing caring is exacerbated by the neoliberal socio-political and economic transformations of our societies that infuse nursing practice with economic efficiency values ‒ a condition that threatens the ethical dimensions of nursing. This critical study analyzes nursing actions in home care in Ontario and empirically reconstructs the normative dimensions of care based on nurses’ own perceptions of good care. The findings are used to critique current healthcare transformations through a critical theory of nursing actions. This study is situated in the tradition of the Frankfurt critical school and pursues an emancipatory interest. Axel Honneth’s theory of recognition is the principal theoretical foundation complemented by Jürgen Habermas’ theory of communicative action and the interests of knowledge, in addition to the concepts of phenomenology and corporality. It uses critical ethnography as a methodological approach. Data collection included audiotaped semi-structured open-ended interviews with 18 nurses working for two different home care providers in Ottawa. Analysis demonstrates that the patient must be recognized on three dimensions: love, legal rights, and solidarity. Care is a specific form of communicative action in which patients should participate equally in decision making. Nursing actions comprise a hermeneutic-phenomenological dimension of “deep knowing” that respect the corporal and personal needs of the patient. Healthcare transformations and economic efficiency measures reinforce technical and standardized forms of care, which lead to pathologic practices that neglect patients’ corporal needs, thereby reifying patients. Nursing actions combine both technical and corporal aspects that characterize their “double logic.” This study provides elements for a critical theory of nursing actions. Findings highlight that nurses have a vision of how nursing care should look like, but the reality of home care makes it rather impossible to realize this vision. Economization leads to a systematic violation of multiple dimensions of recognition and to reification. Nurses must resist these social pathologies and this study provides some theoretical tools to engage in this struggle.

<p>Immigrants have limited opportunities for political engagement in the United States without fear of police profiling and deportation. Leaders in the U.S. immigrant rights movement must find ways of encouraging participation in local immigrant rights activism efforts despite the hostile political climate against immigrants in the United States. In the U.S. immigrant rights movement, local participation in community-based immigrant rights organizations (CBIROs) is an important part of sustaining immigrant rights efforts. This dissertation examines how leaders’ interactions with members influence the likelihood that members will continue to participate in CBIROs. I draw on 29 in-depth interviews with both members and leaders in the Muslim-American Rights Alliance (MARA), a CBIRO in the Midwest. MARA’s leaders use authority signals, inclusion practices, and legitimacy tactics to address the dilemmas associated with sustaining local member participation in the U.S. immigrant rights movement. MARA’s leaders use supportive and inspirational authority signals to maintain the charismatic authority of MARA’s Executive Director. MARA’s leaders use political education and decision-making inclusion practices to counteract the consequences of oligarchy within MARA. MARA’s leaders use professional and street legitimacy tactics to establish the organization’s legitimacy within the local immigrant rights community. The findings from this dissertation allow for new insights into how leadership in CBIROs influences sustained participation in local immigrant rights activism.<br></p> <p> </p>

The research reported here evolved from the researcher’s ethnographic immersion in an ICT for Development (ICT4D) project in a deep rural part of South Africa. During ethnographic immersion, three key issues emerged from fieldwork. Firstly, the researcher realised his limited understanding of the worldview of research participants. Secondly, he realised his inability to appropriately and ethically do community entry and implement the ICT4D artefact (e.g. ICT4D training and policy), especially because of his limited understanding of the cultural context, underlying values, emancipatory concepts and interests, as well as incomplete insight into the oppressive circumstances that the people in the research setting find themselves in. The third issue relates to an inability to interpret and explain the collisions and conflicts that emerged from introducing, aligning, and implementing the ICT4D artefact. Through critical ethnographic methods and a critical orientation to knowledge, the researcher shows how these inabilities, collisions, and false consciousnesses emerged to be the result of cultural entrapment and ethnocentricity that he and the research participants suffered from. A key argument throughout this thesis is that the emancipation of the researcher is a precursor for the emancipation of the researched. The researcher thus asks: In what ways should ICT4D researchers and practitioners achieve self-emancipation, in order to ensure the ongoing emancipation and empowerment of the deep rural developing community in South Africa? The study subsequently argues the link between the topic of this thesis, namely the issue of ethical research practice, and the primary research question. A unique perspective on these problems is presented as the study looks at emancipatory ICT4D research and practice in context of a deep rural Zulu community in South Africa, and specifically the journey of social transformation that the researcher himself embarked on. The study retrospectively applies Bourdieu’s critical lineage to reflect on the research contribution and how the researcher was eventually able to construct adequate knowledge of the ICT4D social situation. Building onto the idea of critical reflexivity, the researcher argues that critical introspection should also be part of critical ICT4D research in South African contexts. Through confessional writing, the researcher describes experiential knowledge of the worldview collisions that emerged from ICT4D research and practice. In particular, manifestations of the collisions between the typical task-orientated or performance-orientated value system of Western-minded societies and the traditional loyalty-based value system or people-orientated culture of the Zulu people are described. The research contributes by challenging dominant ICT4D discourses and by arguing for an end to a line of ICT4D research and practice where outsiders with a Western task-orientated worldview, like the researcher himself, make unqualified and inadequate assumptions about their own position in ICT4D practice, and about their own understanding of how to “develop” traditional communities in South Africa through ICTs. Following Bourdieu, the researcher argues that one can only build an adequate understanding of the social situation through critical reflexivity, by making the necessary knowledge breaks, and by allowing oneself to be carried away by the game of ICT4D practice. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Informatics / Unrestricted