In order to increase the efficiency of diesel particulate filter regeneration more knowledge about diesel soot and its reactivity is required. This thesis compares soot created during accelerated filter loading by lowered rail pressure, with soot from normal filter loading. Soot properties and their correlations to oxidation reactivity are also examined through thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, BET nitrogen sorption, and FTIR spectroscopy. The usefulness of these analysis methods was also evaluated. The soot samples consisted of two carbon blacks for reference (Printex U and Vulcan XC 72), four accelerated soot samples and two non-accelerated samples. The results showed that the accelerated samples contained less volatile organic compounds than the non-accelerated soot and required slightly higher temperatures to oxidize in air. Soot with a high oxygen/carbon ratio and high levels of volatile organic compounds was found to be the most reactive. The most useful method for analyzing the soot was the thermogravimetric analysis. The scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy were useful additions but the FTIR spectroscopy provided very little useful information. The usefulness of BET nitrogen sorption was not decisively concluded. / För att kunna förbättra regenereringen av dieselpartikelfilter krävs en ökad kunskap om dieselsot och dess reaktivitet. I detta examensarbete jämförs sot som skapas vid accelererad sotinlagring genom sänkt railtryck, med sot från normal sotinlagring. Hur sotets egenskaper påverkar dess reaktivitet undersöks också genom termogravimetrisk analys, svepelektronmikroskopi, energidispersiv röntgenspektroskopi, BET-kväveadsorption och FTIR-spektroskopi. Hur väl dessa analysmetoder lämpar sig för analys av sot utvärderades också. Sotproverna utgjordes av två så kallade ”carbon black” för referens (Printex U och Vulcan XC 72), fyra accelererade sotprov och två icke-accelererade prov. Resultaten visade att de accelererade proverna innehöll mindre flyktiga organiska föreningar än icke-accelererade sot och krävde något högre temperaturer för att oxideras i luft. Sot med ett högt syre/kol-förhållande och höga nivåer av flyktiga organiska föreningar visade sig vara mest reaktivt. Den mest användbara metoden för att analysera sot var den termogravimetriska analysen. Svepelektronmikroskopi och energidispersiv röntgenspektroskopi var användbara som komplementerande metoder men FTIR-spektroskopi gav väldigt lite användbar information. Ingen konkret slutsats drogs gällande nyttan av BET-kväveadsorption.

The aim of this work was to manufacture and test non noble metal catalysts for CO oxidation and soot combustion. The feeding gases consist in the products of the combustion diesel in a Reformtech heater. These gases contain CO, CO2, H2O as well as small amounts of NOx and hydrocarbons. Two different catalysts were prepared for CO oxidation, based on cobalt oxide supported on ceria. 12Co/CeO2 with 12% weight of cobalt and 15CoOx/CeO2 with 15%. The first one was prepared by impregnation of cobalt nitrates in cerium oxide support; the second one was prepared by co-precipitation of cobalt and cerium nitrates. Another catalyst called 12Co4.5K/CeO2, with 12% cobalt and 4.5% potassium, was made for the simultaneous combustion of soot and oxidation of CO. The base also consisted in cobalt oxide supported on ceria, but with the addition of potassium which could stabilize the cobalt oxide particles. Both co-precipitation and impregnation methods gave the desired catalyst structure in the CO oxidation catalysts and both catalysts (12Co/CeO2 and 15CoOx/CeO2) showed activity. Nevertheless, the activity was lower than desired due to low surface area and mass transfer limitations. The catalysts also deactivated in less than three hours on stream, probably due to poisoning. The co-precipitation method for the 12Co4.5K/CeO2 catalyst gave the desired cobalt and cerium oxides, but no conclusion can be drawn regarding potassium since it was not shown in the XRD tests. The catalyst for both CO oxidation and soot combustion (12Co4.5K/CeO2) showed no activity for any of the reactions. Nevertheless, the tests performed to test the soot combustion ability were not conclusive and should be improved in future studies.

An experimental study of sooting characteristics of laminar underventillated ethylene non-premixed flames in hot vitiated environments was performed using a modified Wolfhard-Parker co-flowing slot burner. The burner could be operated in "single mode" with a cold air/oxygen mixture as the oxidizer for the non-premixed flame or in varying degrees of "dual mode" where the products of lean premixed hydrogen/air/oxygen flames were used as the oxidizer for the non-premixed flame. Premixed flame stoichiometries of 0.3 and 0.5 were considered for the dual mode cases. Dual mode operation of the burner was intended to simulate the conditions of fuel rich pockets of gas burning in the wake of previously burned fuel/air mixture as typically found in real nonpremixed combustion devices. Dual mode operation introduced competing thermal and chemical effects on soot chemistry. Experimental conditions were chosen to match peak nonpremixed flame temperatures among the cases by varying oxidizer inert (N2) concentration to minimize the dual mode thermal effect. In addition the molecular oxygen (post premixed flame for dual mode cases) and ethylene fuel flow rates were held constant to maintain the same overall equivalence ratio from case to case. Thermocouple thermometry utilizing a rapid insertion technique and radiation corrections yielded the gas temperature field. Soot volume fractions were measured simultaneously with temperature using Thermocouple Particle Densitometry (TPD). Soot volume fraction, particle size and particle number density fields were measured using laser light scattering and extinction. Gas velocities were measured using Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) on the non-premixed flame centerline by seeding the ethylene flow and calculated in the oxidizer flow stream. Porous sinters in the oxidizer slots prevented oxidizer particle seeding required for PIV measurements. In general as the degree of dual mode operation was increased (i.e. increasing stoichiometry of the premixed flames) soot volume fractions decreased, particle sizes increased and soot particle number densities decreased. This trend is suspected to be result of water vapor elevating OH concentrations near the flame front in dual mode operation reducing soot particle nucleation early in the flame by oxidizing soot precursors. The larger particle sizes measured at later stages of dual mode flames are suspected to be the result of lower competition for surface growth species for the lower particle number densities in those flames. Integrated soot volume fraction and particle number fluxes at various heights in the flame decreased with increasing degree of dual mode operation. / Master of Science

[ES] Hoy en día, las regulaciones sobre emisiones de los automóviles se están haciendo más estrictas. Además de los ciclos de homologación estándar, actualmente se están empezando a considerar nuevos métodos de homologación que tienen en cuenta las condiciones reales que se dan en la carretera. Los sistemas de Recirculación de Gases de Escape (EGR) son estrategias que han demostrado ser efectivas durante estacionarios y que también pueden ser usadas en ese tipo de ciclos dinámicos que corresponden a condiciones reales de conducción. Esta tesis se centra en la implementación de diferentes sistemas EGR para su uso en condiciones dinámicas en motores diésel turbosobrealimentados. En primer lugar, se lleva a cabo un análisis del ciclo de conducción para identificar las operaciones específicas de tipo transitorio más frecuentes en los ciclos dinámicos como WLTC y RDE. Los resultados muestran que la frecuencia en la que se producen fuertes transitorios en carga es mayor que en la que se producen transitorios de velocidad. Entre ellos, el número de operaciones de tipo Tip-out es superior a las de tipo Tip-Ins, especialmente en el rango de 1250-2000 rpm. Estos fuertes transitorios se repiten en el banco de ensayos de motor equipado con analizadores de gas de alta frecuencia, de forma que se registran la concentración instantánea de CO2 y NOx. También se ha realizado un estudio paramétrico de la actuación de la válvula de EGR durante la operación de varios transitorios fuertes, cuantificando el retraso en el transporte, la concentración de NOx y las partículas. El lazo de EGR de baja presión, LPEGR, ha resultado ser más efectivo cuando se operaba a plena carga, así como durante los transitorios, comparado con el lazo de EGR de alta presión, HPEGR. De esta forma, se propone la válvula de control más adecuada para LPEGR, lo que puede ser útil para la calibración de los transitorios de los motores diésel turbosobrealimentados. Además de ello, se señala el compromiso entre rendimiento y emisiones durante los transitorios de EGR. Al implementar la recirculación de los gases de escape a lo largo de todo el mapa del motor se minimiza la aparición de picos inesperados de emisión de NOx. Concretamente, las estrategias LPEGR consiguen reducir alrededor de un 20-60% los NOx emitidos durante los primeros pocos segundos con menos de un 5% de penalización en el rendimiento. Adicionalmente, en el documento también se presentan las simulaciones que se han realizado de los modelos unidimensionales de los transitorios. El control de la turbina de geometría variable juega un papel importante a la hora de calibrar el modelo para transitorios de EGR. Además de ello, se lleva a cabo una optimización de la separación de EGR para varios puntos estacionarios por medio de simulaciones que están basadas en el compromiso entre rendimiento y emisiones. Además, se propone un algoritmo para optimizar la separación de EGR, reduciendo en alrededor de un 80% el tiempo de cálculo de un DOE o un método de algoritmo genético. Finalmente, se crea un modelo simple de NOx 3D cuasi-estacionario para predecir las emisiones durante el transitorio en condiciones de conducción reales. La tasa de EGR, como tercera entrada del modelo, muestra una mejora significativa a la hora de predecir el transitorio de NOx con respecto al modelo 2D. / [EN] The automotive emission regulations are getting more stringent these days. New methods of homologation are being considered other than standard cycles considering the real driving behavior on road. The EGR system is one of the proven and well tested strategies in steady state which can be used on those dynamic real driving conditions too. This dissertation focuses on implementation of different EGR systems during dynamic operations of turbocharged diesel engine. Firstly, a driving cycle analysis is carried out to identify the specific and frequent transient operations on dynamic cycles like WLTC and RDE. The results show that, the frequency of harsh load transients is higher than speed transients. Among them, the number of Tip-Out operations outnumber the Tip-Ins with higher density in 1250-2000 RPM range. Therefore, these harsh transients are repeated separately on the dynamic engine test bench equipped with high frequency gas analyzers to track the instantaneous CO2 and NOx concentration. A parametric study is carried out with EGR valve actuation during various severe load transients, quantifying the transportation delays, NOx concentration and particulate matter. The LPEGR is found to be more effective at the full load as well as during transient operations compared to HPEGR. The best suited LPEGR valve control is proposed, which can be helpful for transient calibration of a turbocharged diesel engine. Moreover, the trade-off between the performance and emission during EGR transients is also pointed out. The implementation of EGR all over the engine map minimizes the unexpected NOx peaks during transients. Specifically, LPEGR strategies manages to reduce around 20-60% of NOx in first few seconds with less than 5% of penalty in performance. Additionally, 1D model simulation results of load transient operations are presented in the document. The VGT control plays important role to calibrate the model for transient operations with EGR. Apart from this, the EGR split optimization on various steady points is carried out by simulations following the trade-off between performance and emissions. Furthermore, an algorithm to search the optimum split is proposed, reducing around 80% of the calculation time consumed by DOE or genetic algorithm method. Finally, a simple 3D quasi steady NOx model is created to predict the transient emissions in real driving conditions. EGR rate, as 3rd input in model shows significant improvement in prediction of transient NOx over the 2D model. / [CA] En els darrers temps, les regulacions sobre emissions contaminants dels vehicles s'han fet més estrictes. A més dels cicles d'homologació estàndards, actualment s'estan començant a considerar nous mètodes d'homologació que tinguen en compte les condicions reals que es donen en la carretera. Els sistemes de Recirculació de Gasos d'Escapament (EGR) són estratègies que s'han demostrat com a efectives durant condicions estacionàries i que també poden ser emprades en aquest tipus de cicles dinàmics, que corresponen a condicions reals de conducció. Aquesta tesi està centrada en la implementació de diferents sistemes EGR per al seu ús en condicions dinàmiques en motors dièsel turbosobrealimentats. En primer lloc, es du a terme un anàlisi del cicle de conducció per a identificar les operacions específiques de tipus transitori més freqüents en els cicles dinàmics WLTC i RDE. Els resultats mostren que la freqüència a la que s'obtenen forts transitoris de càrrega és major que en aquella en la que es produeixen transitoris de velocitat. Entre aquestos, el nombre d'operacions de tipus Tip-out és superior a les del tipus Tip-ins, especialment en l'interval de 1250-2000 rpm. Aquestos forts transitoris es repeteixen en el banc d'assajos de motor equipat amb analitzadors de gasos d'alta freqüència, de manera que es registren les concentracions de CO2 i NOx. També s'ha realitzat un estudi paramètric de l'actuació de la vàlvula d'EGR durant l'operació de diversos transitoris forts, quantificant el retard en el transport, la concentració de NOx i les partícules. El llaç d'EGR de baixa pressió, LPEGR, ha resultat ser més efectiu quan s'operava a plena càrrega, així com durant els transitoris, comparat amb el llaç d'EGR d'alta pressió, HPEGR. D'aquesta forma, es proposa la vàlvula de control més adequada per a LPEGR, el que pot resultar útil per a la calibratge dels transitoris dels motors dièsel turbosobrealimentats. A banda d'això, s'ha assenyalat el compromís entre rendiment i emissions durant els transitoris d'EGR. Al implementar la recirculació dels gasos d'escapament a tot arreu del mapa del motor es minimitza l'aparició de pics inesperats d'emissió de NOx. Més concretament, les estratègies LPEGR aconsegueixen reduir al voltant d'un 20-60% els NOx emesos durant els primers pocs segons amb menys d'un 5% de penalització en el rendiment. Addicionalment, en el document també es presenten les simulacions que s'han realitzat dels models unidimensionals dels transitoris. El control de la turbina de geometria variable juga un paper important a l'hora de calibrar el model per a transitoris d'EGR. A més d'això, s'ha dut a terme una optimització de la separació d'EGR en diversos punts estacionaris per mitjà de simulacions que estan basades en el compromís entre rendiment i emissions. També es proposa un algoritme per a optimitzar la separació d'EGR, reduint al voltant d'un 80\% el temps de càlcul d'un DOE o un mètode d'algoritme genètic. Finalment, es crea un model simple de NOx 3D quasi-estacionari per a predir les emissions durant el transitori en condicions de conducció real. La taxa d'EGR, com a tercera entrada del model, mostra una millora significativa a l'hora de predir el transitori de NOx respecte al model 2D. / Patil, CY. (2020). Effects of EGR transient operation on emissions and performance of automotive engines during RDE cycles [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/149498 / TESIS

Le contrôle de la production des particules de suies est aujourd'hui un enjeu industriel majeur en raison de leur impact néfaste tant sur le climat que sur la santé humaine et de leur forte contribution aux transferts radiatifs. Pour mieux comprendre et contrôler la production de ces polluants dans les foyers industriels, il est primordial d’améliorer nos connaissances à ce sujet dans un brûleur turbulent. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc de mettre en place des diagnostics optiques pour l’étude des flammes suitées turbulentes et pour caractérise la production de suies dans une nouvelle configuration de combustion prémélangée,confinée, swirlée turbulente académique tout en se rapprochant des configurations industrielles. Une première configuration expérimentale laminaire est donc considérée afin de valider la mise en place de la technique d’Incandescence Induite par Laser (LII) pour mesurer la fraction volumique de suies fv. Il s’agit d’un brûleur conçu à l’université de Yale qui permet la stabilisation d’une flamme laminaire de diffusion éthylène/air. Ce brûleur a été largement étudié dans la littérature nous permettant ainsi de comparer nos mesures aux résultats de différentes équipes internationales. La calibration du signal LII avec la technique MAE (Modulated Absorption Emission) a été effectuée via une collaboration avec l’UPMC, permettant de mesurer quantitativement fv et de comparer les techniques MAE et LII. Le brûleur a ensuite été équipé d’un haut-parleur afin de moduler l’écoulement et de pouvoir étudier les effets d’une perturbation contrôlée sur la production de suies, se rapprochant ainsi des phénomènes instationnaires caractéristiques des écoulements turbulents. Enfin, les effets d’élargissement de la nappe laser sur les résultats de la LII sont examinés afin de pouvoir appliquer ce diagnostic optique dans une configuration turbulente innovante caractérisée par de grandes dimensions. Ce brûleur (EM2Soot) a été développé pour mesurer la production de suies dans une flamme turbulente swirlée riche confinée prémélangée. Il permet de quantifier indépendamment les effets de la richesse, de la puissance et de l’environnement thermique sur la production de suies. Un point de fonctionnement représentatif a alors été étudié et, en parallèle avec la LII, les techniques de vélocimétrie par images de particules (PIV), et de mesure de température des parois par phosphorescence induite par laser (LIP) ont été employées afin de caractériser l’effet de la turbulence sur la production des suies et d’établir une base de données pour la validation de futures simulations numériques. Enfin, la géométrie du brûleur a été modifiée permettant une stabilisation différente de la flamme (en forme d’un V). Un nouveau point de fonctionnement a alors été étudié afin de mettre en évidence le rôle de la géométrie de l’injecteur sur la stabilisation de la flamme et, par conséquent, la production totale de suies. / The control of soot particles production represents today a major industrial issue because of their harmful impact on both the climate and the human health and their strong contribution to the radiative transfers. To better understand and control the production of these polluting emissions, it is essential to improve our knowledge on this subject in a turbulent burner. The objective of this Ph.D. is to set up optical diagnostics for the study of turbulent flames and to experimentally characterize soot production in a new academic turbulent premixed combustion configuration while approaching industrial configurations, generally confined and swirled flows. For this, a laminar experimental configuration is first considered to validate the implementation of the Laser Induced Incandescence (LII) technique to measure the soot volume fraction fv. This burner designed at Yale University allows the stabilization of a laminar ethylene/air diffusion flame. This burner has been widely studied in the literature, so that it is possible to compare the quality of our measurements with the results of different international teams. Through collaborations with the UPMC, we calibrated the LII signal with the MAE (Modulated Absorption Emission) technique, making it possible to quantitatively measure fv and to compare the MAE and LII techniques. Finally, the burner was equipped with a loudspeaker to modulate the flow and to study the effects of a controlled perturbation on the soot production, thus approaching the unsteady phenomena characteristics of turbulent flows. Finally, the effects of the enlargement of the laser sheet on LII results were also investigated in order to be able to apply this diagnostic technique in an innovative large turbulent configuration. This experimental configuration, called EM2Soot, was developed to measure the production of soot in a turbulent swirled rich confined premixed ethylene/air flame. This burner makes it possible to independently quantify the effects of the equivalence ratio, the total flame power and the thermal environment on the total soot production. A representative operating point was then characterized, in parallel with LII measurements, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Laser Induced Phosphorescence (LIP) techniques have been employed in order to characterize the effect of the turbulence on soot production and to establish a database for the validation of future numerical simulations. Finally, the geometry of the burner has been modified allowing a different stabilization of the flame (V flame shape). A new operating point is then studied in order to highlight the role of the injector geometry on the stabilization of the flame and, consequently, on the total soot production.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) method has recently been adapted to obtain tomographic images of the cross section of a diesel particulate filter (DPF). However, a soot mass estimation algorithm is still needed to translate the ECT image pixel data to obtain soot load in the DPF. In this research, we propose an estimation method to quantify the soot load in a DPF through an inverse algorithm that uses the ECT images commonly generated by a back-projection algorithm. The grayscale pixel data generated from ECT is used in a matrix equation to estimate the permittivity distribution of the cross section of the DPF. Since these permittivity data has direct correlation with the soot mass present inside the DPF, a permittivity to soot mass distribution relationship is established first. A numerical estimation algorithm is then developed to compute the soot mass accounting for the mass distribution across the cross-section of the DPF as well as the dimension of the DPF along the exhaust flow direction. Firstly, ANSYS Electronic Desktop software is used to compute the capacitance matrix for different amounts of soot filled in the DPF, furthermore it also analyzed different soot distribution types applied to the DPF. The Analysis helped in constructing the sensitivity matrix which was used in the numerical estimation algorithm. Experimental data have been further used to verify the proposed soot estimation algorithm which compares the estimated values with the actual measured soot mass to validate the performance of the proposed algorithm.

In this research the benefits of applying oxy-combustion in a diesel engine to reduce NOx and particulate emissions were evaluated. The addition of oxygen to the intake in conjunction with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was shown to reduce NOx without an increase in particulate. Indicated specific NOx and particulate emissions for oxygen-enhanced EGR (O-EGR) and EGR without oxygen addition (normal or N-EGR) were compared at three engine loads. NOx emissions correlated with flame temperature for both N-EGR and O-EGR but were slightly lower at a given flame temperature for O-EGR. Flame temperature reduction for N-EGR was primarily through dilution of the available oxygen while for O-EGR both the increase of specific heat and dilution were important in reducing flame temperature. Oxygen addition allowed the use of high levels of EGR without reducing the oxygen concentration, thereby substituting CO2 and H2O for a substantial portion of the N2 as diluent. Increased dissociation due to higher levels of CO2 was believed to provide a minor enhancement to flame temperature reduction for O-EGR. An analysis of NOx formation based on the Zeldovich mechanism suggested that increased NOx reduction for O-EGR at equivalent flame temperatures is due to lower nitrogen concentrations. Indicated specific particulate increased with increasing EGR for N-EGR and correlated with flame temperature but remained constant for O-EGR and did not correlate with flame temperature. This indicated that O-EGR has a chemical effect on particulate formation and/or oxidation. The literature suggests CO2 suppresses soot formation by decreasing the radical H concentration which reduces the formation of soot precursors and soot growth.

Dropp-genereringstekniker är viktiga för industrier som läkemedelsindustrin, livsmedelsindustrin, kosmetikindustrin etc. Traditionella droppgenereringstekniker är dock begränsade i mängden av material som kan processas till droppform. Ett exempel inkjet som är en väletablerad teknik för att generera droppar med hög hastighet (1-10 kHz) och precision (10-20 μm), men kan bara stöta ut vätskor med låga viskositet, ungefär 10-100 gånger viskositeten av vattnet. Akustophoretisk utskrift motiv är att övervinna denna materialbegränsning och har framgångsrikt avkopplat dropputstötning från bläckviskositet. Metoden utnyttjar ickelinjära akustiska krafter för att skriva ut en stor mängd av material med hög kontroll, med viskositet som sträcker sig över fyra storleksordningar (0,5 mPa · s till 25 000 mPa · s). Emellertid är utstötningen baserad på bildandet av en hängande droppe, och i den aktuella prototypen begränsas materialpaletten av akustophoretisk utskrift genom sprider sig över munstycket, vilket begränsar den minsta tillåtnas ytspänningen till ungefär 60 mN / m. I detta arbete införs en munstycksbeläggningsteknik för att expandera mängden av utskrivbara material, med tillåtna ytspänningar så låga som 25 mN / m. Genom att utnyttja generera nanostrukturer med låg ytenergi på munstyckspetsen, tillverkas superavstötande beläggning. Grunden för nanostrukturerna genererades med hjälp av sot från ett paraffin-vaxljus. Ett robust tillverkningsprotokoll har etablerats, och beläggningen fysikaliska egenskaper och prestanda har karaktäriserats. Tre nya tillämpningsområden undersöktes, vilket demonstrerade noviteten hos denna nya metod. Detta arbete banar vägen för en ny uppsättning material som ska behandlas i en droppe-per droppe metodik. / Droplet generation techniques are essential for industries such as the pharmaceutical, food industry, cosmetic industry, etc. However, traditional droplet generation techniques are limited in the palette of materials that can processed in a droplet form. For example, inkjet which is a well-established technology to generate droplets of high speed (1-10 kHz) and precision (10-20 μm), but can only eject fluids with low viscosities, roughly 10-100 folds the one of water. Acoustophoretic printing aims to overcome this material limitation and have successfully decoupled droplet ejection from ink viscosity. The method harnesses nonlinear acoustic forces to print a wide range of materials on demand, spanning over four orders of magnitudes (0.5 mPa·sto 25,000 mPa·s). However, the ejection is based on the formation of a pendant drop, and in the current prototype, the material palette of acoustophoretic printing is limited by nozzle wetting, limiting the allowable minimum surface tension to about 60 mN/m. In this work, a nozzle coating technique is introduced in order to expand the material window by processing fluid with a surface tension as low as 25 mN/m. By leveraging self-assembling of nanostructures on the nozzle tip, superamphiphobic coating is successfully manufactured by using a candle soot template.A robust manufacturing protocol has been established, and the coating characterized in its physics and performance.

Turbulent combustion systems are physically complex processes that involve many interdependent phenomena---including turbulent fluid dynamics, multi-component mass transfer, convective and radiative heat transfer, and multiphase flow---that occur over a wide range of length and time scales. Modeling and simulation studies complement experimental work by implementing and validating models and providing predictive capabilities, but current software tools are often limited by a lack of standardization and best practices, non-robust implementation, or over-specialization. Some topics in combustion CFD research, notably radiative heat transfer and soot modeling, are critically underrepresented in simulation studies as a result of software limitations. This project establishes and develops three computational tools designed for use in combustion CFD: the ODT code implements the one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model in its most reliable form, increasing its potential for application to turbulent flow problems of interest to engineers; RadLib is a standalone library of validated radiative property models intended for application to combustion systems; and SootLib is a library of validated models for soot chemistry and particle size distribution treatments, including four moment methods and one sectional model. All three tools are open-source, cross-platform model implementations that incorporate aspects of modern software design intended to make them flexible, consistent, and easy to use and expand upon. The tools developed in this project provide researchers with convenient access to modeling tools for complex phenomena that might otherwise require significant investments of time and resources to implement individually. They also provide established frameworks on which new models can be developed and communicated, offering unparalleled potential for comparative and parametric studies of combustion processes.

No description available.