<p>Cilj istraživanja je da se utvrde promene hemijskog sastava proizvoda na izlazu iz ekstrudera i prese (sojine pogače i ulja), tj. njihovog kvaliteta sa aspekta njihove dalje primene u proizvodnji stočne hrane, primene u prehrambenoj industriji ili daljoj primeni sojinog ulja u proizvodnji biodizela, a sve u funkcionalnoj zavisnosti od promenljivih karakteristika ulazne sirovine i parametara rada ekstrudera. Ekstrudiranje sojinog zrna vr&scaron;ilo se na ekstruderu tip E751, proizvođača &bdquo;SREM PRODUKT&ldquo; DOO iz Laćarka, a presovanje na presi tip PM-5S proizvođača &bdquo;BRONTO&ldquo; iz Ukrajine. Istraživanja koja su sprovedena u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji rađena su kao doprinos pro&scaron;irenju znanja vezanih za proces proizvodnje sojine pogače i sojinog ulja, a pored toga&nbsp; kako bi dobili praktične smernice za optimalnu kontrolu i modelovanje procesa estruzije i ceđenja soje kao i projektovanja ekstrudera. U cilju dobijanja i analiziranja podataka koji bi mogli da utvrde promene hemijskog sastava proizvoda na izlazu iz ekstrudera i prese (sojine pogače i ulja), tj. njihovog kvaliteta sa aspekta njihove dalje primene u proizvodnji stočne hrane, primene u prehrambenoj industriji ili daljoj primeni sojinog ulja u proizvodnji biodizela, a sve u funkcionalnoj zavisnosti od promenljivih karakteristika ulazne sirovine i parametara rada ekstrudera, sprovedena su eksperimentalna i laboratorijska ispitivanja. Eksperimentalna istraživanja su namenjena praktičnoj primeni kojom bi se proces proizvodnje sojine pogače i sojinog ulja mogao usavr&scaron;iti i optimatizovati. Rezultati koji su dobijeni ovim istraživanjima mogu biti korisni svima koji se bave proizvodnjom sojine pogače i sojinog ulja. Eksperimentalna istraživanja obavljana su na ekstruderu tip E-751 i presi tip PM-5S, ali su rezultati primenjivi i na drugim ekstruderima i presama drugih proizvođača koji koriste soju kao sirovinu i proizvode&nbsp; sojinu pogaču i sojino ulje. Na osnovu izvr&scaron;enih istraživanja, obrađenih i prodis<br />___________________Doktorska disertacija,&nbsp; autor:Kukić Predrag_____________________<br /><br /><br />_______________________________________________________________IV od 34<br />kutovanih rezultata do&scaron;lo se do funkcionalnih zavisnosti između pojedinih parametara ekstruzije i od promenljivih karakteristika ulazne sirovine sa jedne strane i karakteristika ekstrudata i sojinog ulja sa druge strane i na osnovu toga do&scaron;lo se do određenih zaključaka. Na osnovu eksperimentralnih ispitivanja ocenjen je uticaj promene odabranih fizičkohemijskih svojstava soje pri ekstrudiranju zrna soje. U disertaciji se krenulo od analize polazne sirovine tj. soje i njenog sadržaja proteina, ulja, slobodnih masnih kiselina i vlage, a zatim variranjem režima rada ekstrudera tj. doziranja ulaznog materijala praćeno preko opterćenja pogonskog elektromotora ekstrudera izraženog preko jačine struje [A], povr&scaron;ine otvora mlaznice i vlažnosti soje, praćen je sadržaj slobodnih masnih kiselina, fosfora i vlage u sojinom ulju posle presovanja ekstrudata, kao i sadržaj proteina, vlage, ulja, aktivnost ureaze i PDI u sojinoj pogači. Na osnovu sprovedenih istraživanja do&scaron;lo se do funkcionalnih zavisnosti između zadatih režima rada ekstrudera, ulazne sirovine i odabranih fizičko-hemijskih svojstava soje pri ekstrudiranju zrna soje. Tako da se sa porastom povr&scaron;ine otvora mlaznice i doziranja mase povećava se produkcija sojine pogače. Produkcija sojine pogače se povećava i kada se vlažnost ulazne sirovine povećava. Sa povećanjem vlažnosti ulazne sirovine i interakcije doziranja mase i povr&scaron;ine otvora mlaznice sadržaj vlage u sojinoj pogači se povećava. Na osnovu izvedenih istraživanja može se tđ. zaključiti da sa povećanjem povr&scaron;ine otvora mlaznice ekstrudera raste sadržaj ulja u sojinoj pogači za svaku od tri vlažnosti soje kao ulazne sirovine, dok sa povećanjem doziranja ulazne sirovine smanjuje se sadržaj&nbsp; ulja u sojinoj pogači za svaku od tri mlaznice. Povećanjem povr&scaron;ine otvora mlaznice ekstrudera, dolazi do smanjenja sadržaja proteina u sojinoj pogači, dok je obrnuto kod povećanja doziranja ulazne sirovine, tj. sa povećanjem doziranja sirovine u ekstruder povećava se sadržaj proteina u sojinoj pogači. Pozitivan efekat aktivnosti ureaze (∆pH) u<br />___________________Doktorska disertacija,&nbsp; autor:Kukić Predrag_____________________<br /><br /><br />_______________________________________________________________V od 34<br />sojinoj pogači je za veće vrednosti kako povr&scaron;ine otvora mlaznice, tako i interakcije promenljivih W (vlažnosti soje) i D (doziranje mase soje određeno preko opterećenja elektromotora). U sojinoj pogači PDI se povećava sa povećanjem vlažnosti ulazne sirovine, povr&scaron;ine otvora mlaznice ekstrudera i doziranja zrna soje kao ulazne sirovine. Razmatrajući dobijene podatke za sojino ulje dobijeno ceđenjem produkta ekstruzije dobijenog ekstruzijom soje sa predviđenim vlažnostima ulazne sirovine do&scaron;lo se do zaključka da se produkcija ulja smanjuje sa povećanjem povr&scaron;ine otvora mlaznice ekstrudera, a da pri povećanju doziranja ulazne sirovine povećava se produkcija sojinog ulja. Sadržaj vlage u sojinom ulju smanjuje se sa povećanjem povr&scaron;ine mlaznice ekstrudera, kao i sa povećanjem doziranja ulazne sirovine. Na osnovu ocenjenog modela najveće vrednosti sadržaja SMK se postižu pri najmanjim razmatranim vrednostima vlažnosti ulazne sirovine, pri čemu sadržaj SMK se povećava sa povećanjem doziranja mase.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sadržaj fosfora u ulju se smanjuje sa povećanjem doziranja ulazne sirovine u ekstruder. Veća temperatura eksturzije [oC] postiže se pri manjim vrednostima vlage i povr&scaron;ine otvora mlaznice. Sa povećanjem doziranja mase i pri fiksnim vrednostima vlage i povr&scaron;ine otvora mlaznice očekivana vrednost temperature eksturzije opada. Sa povećanjem doziranja sirovine u ekstruder maksimalna očekivana vrednost potro&scaron;ene energija po kilogramu produkcije (sojina pogača + sojino ulje) se smanjuje. Sa povećanjem doziranja sirovine u ekstruder maksimalna očekivana vrednost potro&scaron;ene energije po kilogramu produkcije sojine pogače se smanjuje. Sa povećanjem doziranja sirovine u ekstruder minimalna očekivana vrednost potro&scaron;ene energije po kilogramu produkcije sojinog ulja se povećava</p> / <p>AB&nbsp;<br /><br />The aim of this research is to determine the changes in chemical composition of the products at the outlet of the extruder and press (soya meal and oil), i.e. their quality in terms of their further use in animal feed production, food industry or the further use of soybean oil in bio-diesel production, with the functional correlation between the variable characteristics of feedstock and operating parameters of the extruder. Extrusion of soybeans was carried out on the extruder, type E-751, manufactured by &quot;SREM PRODUKT&quot; DOO from Lacarak, and pressing of oil on the press, type PM-5S, manufactured by &quot;BRONTO&quot; from Ukraine. Studies that were conducted in this PhD Thesis were done as a contribution to the expansion of knowledge related to the production process of soya cake and soya oil, and to provide practical guidelines for the optimal control and modeling of the extrusion process and squeezing soybeans, as well as for the designing of the extruder. Some experimental and laboratory tests were conducted in order to obtain and to analyze data that could determine changes in chemical composition of the products at the outlet of the extruder and press (soya cake and oil), i.e. their quality in terms of their further use in animal feed production, food industry or the further use of soybean oil in bio-diesel production, all with the functional correlation between variable characteristics of feedstock and operating parameters of the extruder. Experimental researches are intended for practical application, by which the production process of soya cake and soybean oil could be enhanced and optimized. The results obtained in these researches can be useful to everyone involved in the production of soya cake and soya oil. Experimental studies were carried out on the extruder, type E-751 and the press, type PM5S, but the results are also applicable to other extruders and presses from other manufacturers, that use soybean as a raw material and produce soybean cake and soybean oil. The conducted researches, processed and discussed results have led to the functional correlations between different extrusion parameters and variable characteristics of the incoming raw<br />___________________Doktorska disertacija,&nbsp; autor:Kukić Predrag_____________________<br /><br /><br />_______________________________________________________________IX od 34<br />materials on the one hand, and the characteristics of the extrudate and soybean oil on the other hand, and further on to the certain conclusions. Based on the experimental researches, the impact of changes in selected physical and chemical properties of soybeans was evaluated in the extrusion of soybeans. The PhD Thesis started with the analysis of raw material i.e. soybean and its composition: protein, oil, free fatty acids (FFA) and moisture, and then, the content of free fatty acids, phosphorus and moisture in soybean oil after pressing the extrudate were monitored, as well as protein, moisture, oil, urease activity and PDI (Protein Dispersibility Index) in soya cake by varying the operating mode of the extruder, i.e. feeding of raw material, monitored via load of the main drive motor of the extruder expressed through amperage [A], the die openings surface and moisture of soybeans. The conducted researches have led to the functional correlations between the preset operating modes of the extruder, incoming raw material and selected physical and chemical properties of soybeans in the extrusion process. Thus, with increasing the die openings surface and feeding mass, the production of soya cake is being increased as well. Production of soya cake is also increased with the increase of moisture in the incoming raw material. Moisture content in soya cake is being increased with the increase of moisture content in a feedstock and interactions of feeding mass and the die openings surface. Based on the conducted researches, it can be concluded that the oil content in soybean cake is being increased with the increase of the extruder die openings surface for each of the three moisture content in soybean as a feedstock, while the oil content in soybean cake is being decreased with increased dosage of feedstock for each of the three extruder dies. By increasing the surface area of the extruder die openings, there is a decrease of the protein content in soya expeller cake, while vice versa, with an increase in the dosing of input raw material, i.e. with increasing dosage of raw material to the extruder, the protein content in soya expeller cake is increased. The positive effect of urease activity (&Delta;pH) in soya cake is for larger values of the surface of extruder die<br />___________________Doktorska disertacija,&nbsp; autor:Kukić Predrag_____________________<br /><br /><br />_______________________________________________________________X od 34<br />openings as well as for the interaction of variables W (moisture in soybean) and D (soybean mass dosage determined via the load of the main electric motor). PDI in soybean cake increases with the increase in moisture content of raw material, the surface of the extruder die openings and the dosing of soybeans as a feedstock. Considering the data obtained for soybean oil, manufactured by squeezing the extruded soy product with the predicted moisture content in the feedstock, it has been concluded that the oil production decreases with increasing the surface of the extruder die openings, while by increasing the dosage of incoming raw material, the production of soybean oil is increased. Moisture content in soybean oil is reduced with the increase of the surface of the extruder die openings, as well as with an increase in dosage of feedstock. Based on the evaluated model, the largest values of FFA content were achieved with the smallest considered values for the moisture content in the incoming feedstock, wherein the content of FFA increases with increasing the feeding mass. The phosphorus content in the oil decreases with increasing the feeding of raw material into extruder. Higher extrusion temperatures [oC] are achieved at the lower values of moisture and surface of extruder die openings. With increasing the feeding mass and fixed values of moisture content and die openings surface, the expected value of the extrusion temperature decreases. With increasing the dosage of raw materials into the extruder, the largest expected value for the energy, spent per kilogram of production (soybean cake + soybean oil), decreases. By increasing the dosage of raw materials in the extruder, the largest expected value for the energy, spent per kilogram of soya cake production, is reduced. With increasing the dosage of raw materials in the extruder, the lowest expected value of energy, spent per kilogram of soybean oil production, increases</p>

Yuen, Ka Leung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-104). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- CANCER / Chapter 1.1.1 --- OVERVIEW OF CANCER --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- CHARACTERISTICS OF CANCER CELLS --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- CATEGORIZATION OF CANCER --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- RISK FACTORS IN CANCER DEVELOPMENT --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.6 --- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CANCER --- p.11 / Chapter 1.1.7 --- CANCER THERAPIES --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2 --- SOYBEANS AND ISOFLAVONES / Chapter 1.2.1 --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF ISOFLAVONES --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- NATURAL FUNCTIONS OF ISOFLAVONES --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- STRUCTURES OF ISOFLAVONES --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- BIOACTIVITIES OF SOY ISOFLAVONES --- p.20 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- PRODUCTION OF SOY ISOFLAVONES CAN BE AFFECTED BY MANY FACTORS --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3 --- THE AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT / Chapter 1.3.1 --- AIM OF THE PROJECT --- p.22 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT --- p.23 / Chapter 2 --- Materials / Chapter 2.1 --- 19 DROUGHT TOLERANT SOYBEAN LINES --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2 --- 5 HUMAN CANCER CELL LINES --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3 --- CHEMICALS --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4 --- REAGENTS --- p.26 / Chapter 2.5 --- SOLUTIONS --- p.26 / Chapter 2.6 --- MAJOR EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIALS --- p.28 / Chapter 3 --- Methodology / Chapter 3.1 --- PREPARATION OF SOYBEAN EXTRACTS --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2 --- HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY(HPLC) ANALYSIS OF SOYBEAN EXTRACTS / Chapter 3.2.1 --- PREPARATION OF SOYBEAN EXTRACTS FOR HPLC ANALYS --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- HPLC ANALYSIS --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3 --- PREPARATION OF 5 HUMAN CANCER CELL LINES FOR ANTI-PROLIFERATION ASSAY / Chapter 3.3.1 --- THAWING OF THE C Y R O P R E S E R V E D CELL LINES --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- MAINTAINING OF CELL LINES --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- ANTI-PROLIFERATION TEST WITH MTT ASSAY --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4 --- STATISTICS --- p.35 / Chapter 4 --- Results / Chapter 4.1 --- PREPARARTION OF SOYBEAN EXTRACTS --- p.36 / Chapter 4.2 --- HPLC ANALYSIS OF 5 SELECTED ISOFLAVONES IN 19 SOYBEAN SAMPLES --- p.36 / Chapter 4.3 --- COMPARISON OF SUM OF 5 SELECTED ISOFLAVONES FROM THE PARENT SOYBEAN AND VARIETIES HARVESTED FROM IRRIGATED LAND --- p.43 / Chapter 4.4 --- COMPARISON OF SUM OF 5 SELECTED ISOFLAVONES FROM THE SOYBEAN VARIETIES HARVESTED FROM DROUGHT LAND --- p.45 / Chapter 4.5 --- COMPARISON OF SELECTED ISOFLAVONES FROM THE PARENT SOYBEAN AND VARIETIES HARVESTED FROM IRRIGATED LAND --- p.47 / Chapter 4.6 --- COMPARISON OF SELECTED ISOFLAVONES FROM THE PARENT SOYBEAN AND VARIETIES HARVESTED FROM DAROUGHT LAND --- p.54 / Chapter 4.7 --- COMPARISON OF SUM OF SELECTED ISOFLAVONES AMONG THE SOYBEANS HARVESTED FROM IRRIGATED LAND AND DROUGHT LAND --- p.59 / Chapter 4.8 --- DETERMINATION OF ANTI-PROLIFERATION ABILITIES OF SOYBEAN SAMPLES --- p.19 / Chapter 4.8.1 --- ANTI-PROLIFERATION TEST OF ETHANOL AND 2-PHEN YLCHROMONE --- p.61 / Chapter 4.8.2 --- ANTI-PROLIFERATION ACTIVITIES OF 19 SOYBEAN SAMPLES ON 5 HUMAN CANCER CELL LINES --- p.61 / Chapter 4.9 --- COMPARISON OF ANTI-PROLIFERATION POTENCIES OF19 SOYBEAN SAMPLES WITH SUM OF SELECTED ISOFLAVONES --- p.70 / Chapter 4.10 --- COMPARISON OF ANTI-PROLIFERATION POTENCIES OF19 SOYBEAN SAMPLES --- p.72 / Chapter 4.11 --- ANTI-PROLIFERATION EFFECT OF INDIVIDUAL ISOFLAVONES ON FIVE CANCER CELL LINES --- p.74 / Chapter 5 --- Discussion / Chapter 5.1 --- EXTRACTION OF 19 SOYBEAN LINES --- p.77 / Chapter 5.2 --- DETERMINATION OF QUANTITIES OF SELECTED ISOFLAVONES IN 19 SOYBEAN SAMPLES BY HPLC ANALYSIS --- p.77 / Chapter 5.3 --- COMPARISON OF SELECTED ISOFLAVONES AMONG 19 SOYBEAN SAMPLES / Chapter 5.3.1 --- COMPARISON OF SUM OF SELECTED ISOFLAVONES BETWEEN PARENT AND SOYBEANS HARVESTED FROM IRRIGATED LAND --- p.80 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- COMPARISON OF SUM OF SELECTED ISOFLAVONES BETWEEN SOYBEANS HARVESTED FROM DROUGHT LAND --- p.81 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- COMPARISON OF SELECTED ISOFLAVONES BETWEEN SOYBEANS HARVESTED FROM IRRIGATED LAND --- p.81 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- COMPARISON OF SELECTED ISOFLAVONES BETWEEN SOYBEANS HARVESTED FROM DROUGHT LAND --- p.82 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- COMPARISON OF SUM OF SELECTED ISOFLAVONES BETWEEN SOYBEANS HARVESTED FROM IRRIGATED LAND AND DROUGHT LAND --- p.83 / Chapter 5.4 --- COMPARISON OF ANTI-PROLIFERATION ACTIVITIES OF 19 SOYBEAN SAMPLES / Chapter 5.4.1 --- COMPARISON OF ANTI-PROLIFERATION ACTIVITIES OF19 SOYBEAN SAMPLES AMONG 5 CANCER CELL LINES --- p.84 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- COMPARISON OF ANTI-PROLIFERATION POTENCIES OF19 SOYBEAN SAMPLES --- p.85 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- COMPARISON OF ANTI-PROLIFERATION ACTIVITIES OF19 SOYBEAN SAMPLES AND CORRESPONDING SUM OF SELECTED ISOFLAVONES --- p.86 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- COMPARISON OF IC50S FROM SOYBEANS HARVESTED FROM IRRIGATED LAND AND DROUGHT LAND --- p.87 / Chapter 5.4.5 --- CORRELATION OF ISOFLAVONES AND ANTI-PROLIFERATION POTENCIES --- p.88 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.90 / Chapter 7 --- References --- p.91 / Chapter 8 --- Appendix --- p.S1

Com o crescimento da população mundial aumenta a preocupação com a produção de alimentos. Hoje em dia aproximadamente 40 % da área de superfície do planeta livre de gelo é usada para a agricultura. O Brasil se destaca no cenário mundial como um dos grandes produtores e um dos países com maior potencial de crescimento em área para produção de alimentos. As culturas brasileiras que ocupam maior espaço territorial são a soja, cana-de-açúcar, milho e pastagem. Este trabalho tenta representar esses agrossitemas no modelo da biosfera SiB2 (Simple Biosphere Model) com a implementação de algumas rotinas para melhor representar as culturas agrícolas como: épocas de plantio e colheita, alocação de carbono nas diferentes partes da planta (raiz, folha, caule e grãos), acúmulo de biomassa, dinâmica da vegetação(crescimento da vegetação, emergência, crescimento e senescência das folhas), enchimento de grãos, cálculo do perfil de velocidade do vento dentro do dossel, decomposição da matéria orgânica e transformação em Nitrogênio. A validação do modelo se deu por meio da comparação com dados mensurados de biomassa e índice de área foliar (IAF). Comparando as observações da matéria seca dos ciclos da cana-de-açúcar, o ciclo 2005/2006 foi mais produtivo que o ciclo 2006/2007 (48,1±10,9 e 32,0±5,4 Mg ha-1). As simulações da cana-de-açúcar foram superestimadas (52,3 e 35,8 Mg ha-1) quando comparadas com as observações, devido ao fato da biomassa seca das folhas estar superestimada. A simulação da produtividade (17,1 Mg ha-1) do milho ficou um pouco abaixo do valor observado porém dentro do intervalo do intervalo de confiança das medidas de campo (17,6±2,5 Mg ha-1). A simulação da soja (3,9 Mg ha-1) foi aquela que mais se aproximou da observação (3,7±0,5 Mg ha-1). A comparação entre os valores simulados e observados de IAF da pastagem mostrou a sazonalidade dessa variável, sendo que os meses de maiores e menores valores estão compatíveis com a observação. Outra analise feita neste trabalho, foi a análise de sensibilidade do modelo às variações do clima.Para tanto, foram simulados cenários de mudanças climáticas, alterando-se as variáveis precipitação e temperatura, considerando-se a cultura da soja. Os resultados que o modelo demonstrou uma maior sensibilidade ao déficit hídrico, pois diminuindo-se a precipitação houve menor acúmulo de biomassa durante o ciclo. Porém com mais precipitação não ocorre mudanças significativas no acúmulo de biomassa. Há maior produção de biomassa quando o ambiente é mais frio e menor produção quando a temperatura é mais elevada, devido ao fato de tardar o florescimento o que faz com que aumente a biomassa acumulada nas folhas e com o IAF maior a planta acumula mais biomassa. / The constant increasing of world population raises the concern about food production. Nowadays approximately 40% of the planet surface that is free of ice is used for agriculture. Brazil stands out on the world stage as a major producer, and presents a potential to grow even more in food production. The Brazilian crops that occupy the largest territorial area are sugar cane, soybeans, corn and pasture. This work tries to represent these agrosystems in a biosphere model (Simple Biosphere Model, SiB2) with implementation of some routines for better representation of agricultural crops such as planting and harvesting times, allocation of carbon in different parts of the plant (root , leaf, stem and grains), accumulation of biomass, vegetation dynamics (vegetation growth, emergence, growth and senescence of leaves), grain filling, wind speed profile within the canopy, organic matter decomposition and transformation into Nitrogen. Model validation was carried out through comparison with measured data of biomass and leaf area index (LAI). Comparing the simulations of sugar cane cycles, the 2005/2006 was more productive than the 2006/2007 cycle (48.1 ± 10.9 and 32.0 ± 5.4 Mg ha-1). Simulations of sugar cane yield overestimated (52.3 and 35.8 Mg. ha-1) observed values when compared with the observations due to the fact that the biomass in leaves is overestimated. The simulation of corn productivity (17.1 Mg ha-1) was a little lower than observed but within the range of error (17.6 ± 2.5 Mg ha-1). Simulation of soybean (3.9 Mg ha-1) is the one closest to observation (3.7 ± 0.5 Mg ha-1). The comparison of pasture LAI showed the seasonality of the IAF and the months of highest and lowest values are compatible with observations. Another analysis in this study was the sensitivity of this model to climate change scenarios. Scenarios were simulated by changing the climatic variables precipitation and air temperature. Soybean crop was used as an example. The model showed sensitivity to water deficit, since decreasing rainfall the plants accumulated less biomass in the total cycle, and with more precipitation significant changes do not occur in biomass accumulation. There is a greater biomass production when the environment is cooler and less production when the temperature is higher, due to the fact that the latest flowering causes increase biomass accumulated in the leaves and the IAF greater plant biomass accumulates more.

Thesis (M.S.); Submitted to Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (US); 12 Dec 2003. / Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "IS-T 2608" Maria Ambert Sanchez. 12/12/2003. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.

Orientadora: Margarida Maria Barros / Banca: Dalton José Carneiro / Banca: Edma Carvalho de Miranda / Resumo: A pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da soja crua (SC) e a substituição (0,0; 15,0; 25,0; 35,0%) da proteína do farelo de soja pela proteína da soja crua em dietas práticas, sobre o desempenho produtivo, resposta hematológica e análise histopatológica do fígado. A pesquisa foi dividida em dois estudos: Estudo I - ensaio de digestibilidade. Foram utilizados 80 juvenis (± 50,0 g) de tilápia-do-nilo num sistema para determinação dos CDA, sendo a ração teste acrescida de 0,1% de cr2o3. Estudo II - ensaio de desempenho produtivo e saúde. Por 90 dias. Foram utilizados 160 peixes com peso médio inicial de 17,0 ± 1,55 g, distribuídos em 32 tanques-rede de 200L (cinco peixes/aquário). Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. Ao final do período experimental determinou-se o desempenho produtivo (ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar aparente, taxa de eficiência proteica, taxa de retenção proteica e porcentagem de sobrevivência). Posteriormente, foram efetuadas as análises hematológicas dos peixes (contagem de eritrócitos, porcentagem de hematócrito, taxa de hemoglobina e contagem diferencial de leucócitos) e aos 45 e 90 dias as lâminas histológicas dos fígados. Os peixes alimentados com ração sem SC apresentaram melhor ganho de peso e consumo de ração. Sinais de estresse, confrontos agonísticos, dominância entre os animais e lesão dérmica foi observado nos peixes alimentados com rações contendo níveis crescentes de soja crua. O fígado dos peixes não apresentou edema ou necrose, apenas degeneração. A soja crua prejudicou o desempenho produtivo da tilápia-do-nilo, porém no período de 90 dias, não determinou alterações no eritrograma e histologia do fígado / Abstract: The research aimed to evaluate the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of raw soybean (RS) and the replacement of protein from soybean meal by raw soybean protein in increasing levels of RS (0.0, 15.0, 25 , 0, 35.0%) in practical diets on productive performance, hematological response and histopatological analysis of liver. The present research was divided into two studies: Study I - the digestibility trial. In this study 80 juveniles (± 50.0 g) of Nile tilapia were used to determining the ADC. Chromic oxid was added in test diet at a rate of 0.1%. Study II - productive performance and health trial. In this study the experimental period was 90 days. One hundred and sixty fish with initial average weight of 17.0 ± 1.55 g were used. The animals were distributed into 32 cages of 200L containing five fish per aquarium. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with four treatments and eight replicates. At the end of the experimental period fish were weighed to determine productive performance (weight gain, feed intake, apparent feed conversion, efficiency protein ratio, protein retention ratio and survival percentage). Hematological parameters evaluated after 90 days were total (erythrocyte and leukocytes count, differential leucocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, total plasmatic protein, albumin and globulin). Hematimetric indices were calculated. At the 45th and the 90th days histological slides of fish livers were performed. Fish fed diet with no RS showed better weight gain and feed intake. Signs of stress, agonistic behaviors, dominance among animals and skin lesions were observed in fish fed diets containing raw soybean. Fish livers showed no edema or necrosis, only degeneration. Raw soybean impaired growth performance, however 90 days did not determined alterations neither on erythrogram nor in histological characteristics of liver / Mestre

O crescimento mundial da população constitui preocupação global, pois, para além de outros fatores possíveis de existir, aumenta a demanda por alimentos. Os avanços na agricultura, biotecnologia e outras áreas, têm contribuído em grande medida para o aumento da produção de alimentos de origem animal e vegetal e promoção do aumento da produtividade, fator considerado fundamental para a segurança alimentar. A medida que aumenta a preocupação com a alimentação da população crescente, aumenta igualmente a preocupação com o uso racional dos recursos naturais e conservação da biodiversidade criando, assim, espaço para o surgimento e fortalecimento da agricultura orgânica em diversas regiões do mundo. Constitui objetivo deste trabalho, analisar as condições e oportunidades existentes para a promoção da agricultura orgânica no distrito de Sussundenga, província de Manica, em Moçambique. Para cumprir o objetivo, fez-se o uso de abordagens sobre cadeias produtivas agroindustriais e políticas públicas (especificamente agrícolas), associado ao trabalho de pesquisa de campo onde, além da observação das unidades de produção, foram realizadas entrevistas (i) aos produtores de milho e soja; (ii) ao envolvidos no ambiente organizacional. O resultado do estudo revelou, de um lado, a existência de condições no Distrito que favorecem a produção orgânica de milho e soja e, de outro, a existência de condições que não a favorecem. Diante das condições verificadas, chegou-se à conclusão de que apesar da fragilidade no ambiente institucional e falta de instituições de pesquisa e treinamento para a promoção da agricultura orgânica no distrito de Sussundenga, existem oportunidades para a introdução da agricultura orgânica, pois, as condições não favoráveis podem ser ultrapassadas pelo maior envolvimento do Estado (como provedor de política pública), envolvimento das universidades e outras instituições de pesquisa, que possam buscar informações e tecnologias em países próximos de Moçambique (sob ponto de vista geográfico e político). / The world population growth constitute a global concern because in addition to other possible factors, increases the demand for food. Advances in agriculture, biotechnology, and other sector, has contributed in a great way to increase the production of food of animal and vegetable origin and promoting increased productivity, a factor considered crucial for the growing population food security. As more concern about feeding the growing population also increases the concern for the rational use of natural resources and biodiversity conservation, creating opportunity for the emergence and strengthening of organic agriculture in many regions of the world. The objective of this work is to analyze the existing conditions and opportunities for the promotion of organic agriculture in Sussundenga district, in Manica province, Mozambique. To fullfil the objective was analysed the agribusiness production chains and public policy (mainly the agricultural policies), associated to a field work in which in addition to the observation of the production units, interviews were made to (i) corn and soybeans producers from Sussundenga district: (ii) those involved in organizational environment. The study results showed the existence of both favorable and not favorable conditions for corn and soybeans organic production in Sussundenga. According to the conditions observed can be concluded that despite the weakness in the institutional environment and lack of research and training institutions to promote organic agriculture in Sussundenga district, there are opportunities to introduce organic agriculture, because unfavorable conditions can be overcome by greater government involvement (as public policy provider), involvement of universities and other research institutions, which can bring information and technology from geographically and politically neighbor countries.

Submitted by ÉRICA AMANDA DE BARROS null (erica27ab@gmail.com) on 2016-03-17T21:03:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese completa- ficha catalografica e ass da banca.pdf: 1132305 bytes, checksum: 5d57fcba149b07374e3b66cf5d039104 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-18T19:31:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 barros_ea_dr_bot.pdf: 1132305 bytes, checksum: 5d57fcba149b07374e3b66cf5d039104 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-18T19:31:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 barros_ea_dr_bot.pdf: 1132305 bytes, checksum: 5d57fcba149b07374e3b66cf5d039104 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A irradiação é uma técnica de conservação ainda pouco aceita para alimentos e bebidas no Brasil, devido a grande parte da população desconhecer seus mecanismos de ação. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os aspectos físico-químico, bioquímico, microbiológico e sensorial de bebida mista de extrato hidrossolúvel de soja (EHS) e suco de uva, submetida à radiação gama. Neste estudo, foram realizados quatro experimentos, visando selecionar o melhor cultivar de soja (BRS-213, BRS-258 e EMBRAPA-48) em relação às características bioativas após a aplicação de diferentes doses de radiação gama (experimento 1). No segundo experimento, selecionou-se o método mais apropriado de produção do EHS a partir de duas formas de extração; determinou-se também a dose de radiação adequada para se aplicar ao EHS (etapa 1) e ao suco de uva (etapa 2), no experimento 3. No experimento 4 foi determinada a temperatura ideal de armazenamento e a adição ou não do conservante ácido benzoico em bebida mista de EHS e suco de uva. Para o experimento 1, realizou-se análises bioquímicas, sendo que nos demais, foram realizadas análises físico-químicas, bioquímicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais. No experimento 4, realizou-se também o teste de vida de prateleira. A partir dos resultados submetidos à estatística descritiva e inferencial (testes paramétricos - t e ANOVA; e testes não paramétricos -Kruskall-Wallis e Friedmann) constatou-se que a elevação da dose de radiação gama aumentou o teor dos compostos fenólicos para os cultivares de soja BRS-213 e BRS-258, bem como a atividade da enzima superóxido dismutase no cultivar BRS-213 (experimento 1). O EHS extraído a frio apresentou maior teor de proteína, lipídios e compostos fenólicos que o EHS extraído a quente. Por outro lado, a segunda extração apresentou melhores resultados na análise sensorial (experimento 2). No experimento 3 o EHS (etapa 1) submetido a 8 kGy apresentou menor teor de proteína e de compostos fenólicos. O EHS e o suco de uva (etapa 2) submetidos a 8 kGy demonstraram variação na cor e redução das notas do atributo sabor quando comparados aos demais tratamentos. A partir da dose de 2 kGy eliminou-se os bolores e leveduras do suco de uva. A bebida mista refrigerada e com adição de ácido benzoico apresentou maior vida de prateleira (9 meses). Concluiu-se que a dose de 4 kGy associada a refrigeração e ao conservante foi indicada para bebida mista de EHS com suco de uva, preservando suas características fitossanitárias, físico-químicas, bioquímicas e sensoriais. / The gamma irradiation is a conservation technique still not accepted for food and beverages in Brazil, due to much of the population ignore their mechanisms of action. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the physic-chemical, biochemical, microbiological and sensory aspect of mixed beverage of soybean hydrosoluble extract and grape juice, submitted to gamma radiation. In this study, four experiments were conducted in order to select the best soybean cultivar regarding the bioactive characteristics (BRS-213, BRS 258 and EMBRAPA-48) after application of different doses of gamma radiation (experiment 1). In the second experiment, we selected the most appropriate method of producing soybean soybean hydrosoluble extract (EHS) from two forms of extraction. Also determined the adequate dosage of radiation to be applied to the EHS (step 1) and grape juice (step 2), in experiment 3. And the experiment 4 was determined the ideal storage temperature and with or without addition of the preservative benzoic acid in the mixed beverage of EHS and grape juice. For the experiment 1 was performed biochemical analyzes, and in the other were conducted in physical-chemical, biochemical, microbiological and sensory analiyses. In experiment 4, it was also carried shelf life test. When results submitted to descriptive and inferential statistics (tests parametric- t and ANOVA, and nonparametric tests -Kruskall-Wallis and Friedman) it was found that the elevation of gamma radiation dose increased the content of phenolic compounds for the soybean cultivars BRS-213 and BRS-258 and SOD activity in cultivar BRS-213 (experiment 1). The EHS cold extraction has a higher protein, lipid and phenolic compounds content that the EHS hot extraction. On the other hand, the second extraction showed better results in sensory analysis (experiment 2). In experiment 3 EHS (step 1) submitted to 8 kGy showed lower protein and phenolic compounds content. The EHS and grape juice (step 2) submitted to 8 kGy showed variation in color and reduction of notes of flavor attribute when compared to other treatments. From the dose of 2 kGy eliminates molds and yeast of grape juice. The refrigerated mixed beverage and with the addition of benzoic acid had longer shelf life (9 months). It was concluded that the dose of 4 kGy associated with refrigeration and preservative was nominated for mixed beverage of EHS with grape juice, preserving their phytosanitary characteristics, physical-chemical, biochemical and sensory.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The occurrence of root weevils in the systems of production of soybeans has shown a significant increase in the southern region of the country in the last decade, however, there is little information about the species, its distribution and damage of this group of insects in soybeans. This study aimed to identify the species of root weevils associated with soybean, to study geographical distribution and develop an identification key of species of adult root weevils in Rio Grande do Sul. The survey of the occurrence and geographical distribution of root weevils was conducted in commercial soybean plantations of 55 municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul, during the agricultural harvest 2011/12. In each location / municipality, 15 points per farming were sampled, using the sampling method of insect net. The collected samples were placed in plastic containers containing 70% alcohol and sent to the laboratory, for later identification, quantification and assembly of entomological collection. After the identification, the occurrence of 12 species of weevils roots associated with soybean in RS was recorded, belonging to four genera. The genus Naupactus had the highest number of insects, totaling 9 species. Naupactus cervinus was the species that occurred in more locations, being found in 22 municipalities in the RS, distributed in all regions of leguminous production in the state. The species of root weevils presented in the key of identification are: Aramigus conirostris (Hustache), Atrichonotus sordidus (Hustache), Naupactus alternevittattus Hustache, Naupactus ambiguus Boheman, Naupactus cervinus Boheman, Naupactus cinerosus Boheman, Naupactus leucoloma Boheman, Naupactus minor (Buchanan), Naupactus peregrinus Buchanan, Naupactus purpureoviolaceus Hustache, Naupactus tremolerasi Hustache and Pantomorus viridisquamosus (Boheman). / A ocorrência de curculionídeos-das-raízes nos sistemas de produção de grãos de soja, na região sul do País, vem apresentando um aumento expressivo na última década, no entanto, há poucas informações sobre as espécies, sua distribuição e danos desse grupo de insetos na cultura da soja. Este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar as espécies de curculionídeos-das-raízes associados à cultura da soja, estudar sua distribuição geográfica e elaborar uma chave de identificação das espécies de curculionídeoes-das-raízes adultos para o Rio Grande do Sul. O levantamento da ocorrência e distribuição geográfica de curculionídeosdas- raízes foi realizado em lavouras comerciais de soja de 55 municípios do Rio Grande do Sul, durante a safra agrícola 2011/12. Em cada local/município foram amostrados 15 pontos por lavoura, utilizando o método de amostragem da rede entomológica. Os exemplares coletados, foram acondicionados em potes plásticos contendo álcool 70% e encaminhados ao laboratório para posterior identificação, quantificação e montagem da coleção entomológica. Após a identificação foi registrada a ocorrência de 12 espécies de curculionídeos-das-raízes, pertencentes a quatro gêneros, associados à cultura da soja no RS. O gênero Naupactus apresenta o maior número de insetos, totalizando nove espécies. Naupactus cervinus é à espécie que ocorre em maior número de locais, sendo encontrada em 22 municípios do RS, distribuídos em todas as regiões produtoras da leguminosa no estado. As espécies de curculionídeos-das-raízes presentes na chave de identificação são: Aramigus conirostris (Hustache), Atrichonotus sordidus (Hustache), Naupactus alternevittattus Hustache, Naupactus ambiguus Boheman, Naupactus cervinus Boheman, Naupactus cinerosus Boheman, Naupactus leucoloma Boheman, Naupactus minor (Buchanan), Naupactus peregrinus Buchanan, Naupactus purpureoviolaceus Hustache, Naupactus tremolerasi Hustache e Pantomorus viridisquamosus (Boheman).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

O crescimento mundial da população constitui preocupação global, pois, para além de outros fatores possíveis de existir, aumenta a demanda por alimentos. Os avanços na agricultura, biotecnologia e outras áreas, têm contribuído em grande medida para o aumento da produção de alimentos de origem animal e vegetal e promoção do aumento da produtividade, fator considerado fundamental para a segurança alimentar. A medida que aumenta a preocupação com a alimentação da população crescente, aumenta igualmente a preocupação com o uso racional dos recursos naturais e conservação da biodiversidade criando, assim, espaço para o surgimento e fortalecimento da agricultura orgânica em diversas regiões do mundo. Constitui objetivo deste trabalho, analisar as condições e oportunidades existentes para a promoção da agricultura orgânica no distrito de Sussundenga, província de Manica, em Moçambique. Para cumprir o objetivo, fez-se o uso de abordagens sobre cadeias produtivas agroindustriais e políticas públicas (especificamente agrícolas), associado ao trabalho de pesquisa de campo onde, além da observação das unidades de produção, foram realizadas entrevistas (i) aos produtores de milho e soja; (ii) ao envolvidos no ambiente organizacional. O resultado do estudo revelou, de um lado, a existência de condições no Distrito que favorecem a produção orgânica de milho e soja e, de outro, a existência de condições que não a favorecem. Diante das condições verificadas, chegou-se à conclusão de que apesar da fragilidade no ambiente institucional e falta de instituições de pesquisa e treinamento para a promoção da agricultura orgânica no distrito de Sussundenga, existem oportunidades para a introdução da agricultura orgânica, pois, as condições não favoráveis podem ser ultrapassadas pelo maior envolvimento do Estado (como provedor de política pública), envolvimento das universidades e outras instituições de pesquisa, que possam buscar informações e tecnologias em países próximos de Moçambique (sob ponto de vista geográfico e político). / The world population growth constitute a global concern because in addition to other possible factors, increases the demand for food. Advances in agriculture, biotechnology, and other sector, has contributed in a great way to increase the production of food of animal and vegetable origin and promoting increased productivity, a factor considered crucial for the growing population food security. As more concern about feeding the growing population also increases the concern for the rational use of natural resources and biodiversity conservation, creating opportunity for the emergence and strengthening of organic agriculture in many regions of the world. The objective of this work is to analyze the existing conditions and opportunities for the promotion of organic agriculture in Sussundenga district, in Manica province, Mozambique. To fullfil the objective was analysed the agribusiness production chains and public policy (mainly the agricultural policies), associated to a field work in which in addition to the observation of the production units, interviews were made to (i) corn and soybeans producers from Sussundenga district: (ii) those involved in organizational environment. The study results showed the existence of both favorable and not favorable conditions for corn and soybeans organic production in Sussundenga. According to the conditions observed can be concluded that despite the weakness in the institutional environment and lack of research and training institutions to promote organic agriculture in Sussundenga district, there are opportunities to introduce organic agriculture, because unfavorable conditions can be overcome by greater government involvement (as public policy provider), involvement of universities and other research institutions, which can bring information and technology from geographically and politically neighbor countries.