L'utilisation des coquilles carbonatées de foraminifères planctoniques comme marqueurs paléocéanographiques repose sur l'hypothèse fondamentale que chaque espèce morphologique correspond à une espèce biologique caractéristique d'un habitat spécifique. Cette relation empirique a été récemment remise en cause par des analyses moléculaires qui ont révélé la présence systématique de plusieurs espèces génétiques (espèces cryptiques) au sein des morpho-espèces actuelles. Il a été suggéré que ces espèces cryptiques ou génotypes, présentaient (1) des préférences biogéographiques et écologiques restreintes par rapport à leur morpho-espèce respective et (2) des différences morphologiques. Dans ce travail, nous avons caractérisé la diversité génétique, morphologique et écologique de 4 morpho-espèces clefs de la paléocéanographie, i.e. Orbulina universa, Truncorotalia truncatulinoides, Globoconella inflata et Globigerina bulloides. Cette étude repose sur le développement d'un protocole d'extraction ADN non destructif pour la coquille calcaire, permettant l'analyse conjointe de la variabilité génétique et morphologique d'un même individu. Les variations de forme ou de porosité de chacun des génotypes des morphoespèces ont été quantifiées. Il apparaît que le fort degré de plasticité morphologique largement documenté chez les foraminifères planctonique et jusqu'alors interprété comme écophénotypique, est au moins en partie la conséquence du regroupement de plusieurs génotypes présentant des morphologies et préférences écologique particulières. Sur la base de ces observations, des modèles de reconnaissance morphologique permettant d'identifier les génotypes à partir de la morphologie de la coquille, utilisables à l'échelle populationnelle, ont été développés. Afin de quantifier l'impact de l'intégration de la diversité cryptique dans les reconstitutions paléocéanographiques basées sur les assemblages de foraminifères planctoniques, les fonctions de transfert couramment utilisées ont été re-calibrées en intégrant les distributions restreintes des génotypes d'O. universa, T. truncatulinoides, G. inflata et G. bulloides. Ces re-calibrations conduisent à un degré de précision jusqu'alors jamais atteint dans les reconstructions paléocéanographiques basées sur les assemblages de foraminifères planctoniques.

This thesis focuses on phylogenetic, taxonomic, ecological, and conservation aspects of the crustose lichen genus Lecania (Ramalinaceae, lichenized Ascomycota). Lecania has previously been defined on basis of relatively few morphological characters, and the genus had never been treated in molecular phylogenies. The molecular phylogeny of the genus is inferred from DNA sequences. Twenty-five species traditionally placed in Lecania are included in the study along with 21 species from closely related genera. Lecania is a polyphyletic genus. A well-supported monophyletic group containing 16 Lecania species, including the type species L. fuscella is discovered, i.e. Lecania s. str. Nine species formerly included in Lecania do not belong in the genus. A new species, L. belgica, is described. The relationships of a group of morphologically similar Lecania species, i.e. the L. cyrtella group are investigated using morphological and molecular methods. Haplotype network and phylogenetic analyses indicate that the included species, as conceived in the morphological examinations, all are monophyletic. Two new species, L. leprosa and L. madida, are described, L. proteiformis is resurrected from synonymy, and the known range of L. prasinoides is greatly expanded. The type species Lecania fuscella has become endangered in many countries. Twelve localities in Sweden where the species had been found historically are investigated, but L. fuscella is only recovered in one locality. The species composition in these 12 localities, 58 old and 5 new collections with L. fuscella is determined and analyzed. The vegetation community differs between the old and the new collections, and between the locality where the species is recovered and those where it is not. Lecania fuscella has not been able to adapt to environmental changes and now only appears in a specific type of vegetation community. The phylogenetic diversity of the species is calculated, but does not reflect the species’ evolutionary potential.

O gênero Porphyra (Rhodophyta) apresenta uma considerável importância econômica, sendo extensivamente cultivado e consumido como alimento. O gênero é representado por mais de 70 espécies e apresenta ampla distribuição geográfica, desde regiões tropicais até polares. Sua taxonomia, baseada em poucos caracteres da fase macroscópica do seu ciclo de vida, é ainda bastante problemática. Para tentar entender melhor a taxonomia e a história evolutiva de Porphyra foram utilizadas metodologias de biologia molecular e características da fase conchocelis do ciclo de vida. Verificou-se que caracteres da fase microscópica podem ser utilizados para complementar os conhecimentos taxonômicos tradicionais. Para tentar elucidar a posição filogenética do gênero Porphyra na divisão Rhodophyta e, dentro do gênero, entre espécies do Atlântico, o gene nuclear que codifica para o RNA ribossomal da subunidade pequena do ribossomo (rDNA 18S) foi amplificado através de PCR, clonado e completamente sequenciado. Foram utilizadas três espécies de Porphyra da Nova Escócia (Canadá) e duas de São Paulo (Brasil). As sequências obtidas foram alinhadas com as de alguns eucariontes e de outras algas vermelhas, incluindo uma sequência publicada de \"Porphyra umbilicalis\" da França. As árvores filogenéticas foram construídas através dos métodos de parcimônia, distancia e máxima verossimilhança. As analises mostraram que o gênero Porphyra é monofilético para as cinco espécies estudadas e constitui um dos ramos mais antigos dentro das algas vermelhas já analisados. O gênero Porphyra, subclasse Bangiophycidae, apresentou uma diferença substancial em relação aos gêneros da subclasse Florrideophycidae, sustentando assim, a divisão de Rhodophyta em duas subclasses pela taxonomia tradicional. Entre os eucariontes, Porphyra divergiu ao mesmo tempo que o nuclemorfo de Cryptomonas. O alto grau de divergência genética encontrada entre espécies de Porphyra, além de indicações do registo fóssil, na literatura, sugerem que o gênero é bastante primitivo dentro das algas vermelhas. Surpreendentemente, a sequência publicada para \"Porphyra umbilicalis\" apresentou mais de 99% de identidade com uma espécie de Palmaria que pertence à subclasse Florideophycidae; neste caso, a biologia molecular serviu para comprovar a identificação errônea do exemplar cuja sequência foi publicada. Durante a análise filogenética, verificou-se a ocorrência de um intron do grupo ICI nos genes rDNA 18S de Porphyra spiralis var. amplifolia. Esse intron ocorre na mesma posição que os introns do grupo IC1 nos rDNA 18S dos fungos Pneumocystis carinii, Protomyces inouyei e da alga verde Chlorella ellipsoidea, e apresenta identidade de sequências nos domínios P1 e P2, fora da região conservada, com o intron de Pn. Carinii. Três variantes, diferindo do tamanho da seqüencia do domínio P1, foram observados em três populações com distribuição geográfica diferente. O variante maior pode se auto-processar (\"self-splice\") in vitro. Quadros abertos de leitura estão presentes nos introns, mas não correspondem a nenhum gene conhecido. Introns estão presentes no rDNA 18S de outras espécies de Porphyra, que também podem apresentar variantes do rDNA 18S sem introns / The red algas genus Porphyra has considerable economic importance, and some species are extensively cultivated for human food. The genus is represented by more than 70 species, and occurs worldwide. Its taxonomy, based mainly on morphological characters of the macroscopic phase of its life-cycle is still unsettled. Alternatives to try to understand better the taxonomy and evolutive history of the genus were ascertained. It was verified that characters of the microscopic, filamentous phase, of the life-cycle of Porphyra may be used to complement the traditional taxonomic studies. To try to elucidate the phylogenetic position of Porphyra relative to the other red algae, and within the genus, among isolates from different locations, nuclear-encoded small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes (18S rDNAs) were PCR-amplified, cloned and completely sequenced. Three species of Porphyra from Nova Scotia and two species from Brasil were aligned with 18S sequences of other eukaryotes, including one published sequence of \"Porphyra umbilicalis\" from France. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by parsimony, distance and maximum-likelihood procedures. Analysis of our data revealed that these Porphyra species represented one of the deepest branches so far discovered within red algae. There was a great degree of primary sequence difference between Porphyra (subclass Bangiophycidae), and the other red algae belonging to the subclasses Florideophycidae. These results support the division of red algae into two subclasses by traditional taxonomy. Among eukaryotes Porphyra diverges at the same point as the Cryptomonas nucleomorph. The great among of sequence divergence, and the fossil record suggest that Porphyra, my indeed, be a very primitive red alga. Surprisingly, the 18S RNA sequence of the French \"Porphyra umbilicalis\" does not fit in our Porphyra category; instead, it has more than 99% identity with a species of Palmaria belonging to the subclass Florideophycidae. Therefore it was concluded that \"P. umbilicalis\" with the published sequence was actually a Palmaria palmate that was misidentified. During the phylogenetic analysis it was found that a group IC1 intron occurs in nuclear 18S rRNA genes of Porphyra spiralis var. amplifolia. This intron occurs at the same position of the group IC1 introns in 18S rDNAs of the fungus Pneumocystis carinii, Protomyces inouyei and the green alga Chlorella ellipsoidea, and shares primary-structural identity with the Pn. Carinii intron in domains P1 and P2, outside the conserved core. Three size-variants, differing in amount of optimal sequence in P1, exist and are differentially distributed in geographically distinct populations. The largest variant can self-splice in vitro. Open reading frames are present, but do correspond to known genes. Introns are present in the 18S rDNAs of several other Porphyra species, that may also have intronless rDNA copies

Trichomonads (Parabasalia) are anaerobic microeukaryotes classified in the supergroup Excavata. Inclusion of parabasalids within Excavata is exclusively based on the molecular- phylogenetic evidence. Over 400 species of parabasalids have been described so far, and the vast majority of them are endobiotic. In contrast, only few species of free-living parabasalids forming four independent lineages have been described (Pseudotrichomonas keilini, Ditrichomonas honigbergii, Monotrichomonas carabina, Honigbergiella sp., Tetratrichomonas undula, and Lacusteria cypriaca). Lacusteria cypriaca is a new species and genus described in our recent paper. In this paper we published the first two sequences of SSU rDNA from Pseudotrichomonas keilini as well. All of these lineages are likely secondarily free-living, and they developed from endobiotic ancestors. In addition to the already published Lacusteria cypriaca and Pseudotrichomonas keilini strains, we have recently obtained seven another isolates of free-living trichomonads (LAGOS2D, E2NT, CK, LAGOS2M, GR8, GOU23 LIVADIAN, and VAV1A1); from all of these isolates we sequenced SSU rDNA and performed phylogenetic analyses. These isolates split into four independent evolutionary lineages, which indicate that free-living parabasalids are more diversed and...

Studies have shown a discrepancy between what journalism education provides and what the industry desires. The root of this problem lies in the absence of providing procedural knowledge to students in classrooms. To provide a solution to this issue, this study examined the Self-Directed Learning (SDL) interactive model adopted by the Student Sports Union. Employing a semi-structured in-depth interview, this study examined the process through which eight journalists in the Student Sports Union (SSU) became experts. The results show that the SSU journalists’ SDL model promotes theoretical knowledge, hands-on experience, and an applied skill set for journalism, which are useful for transforming student journalists from novice to expert.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences. / Department of Government and Public Administration

Chan Kai Yiu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references. / Chapter 1. --- Introduction: Big Business Financing in Modern China --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- The Demand for Capital and Credit --- p.18 / Chapter 3. --- Internal Financing --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1. --- Shareholders' Initial Investment / Chapter 3.2. --- Accumulated Capital / Chapter 4. --- External Financing --- p.56 / Chapter 4.1. --- Economic Background and Rationale behind External Financing / Chapter 4.2. --- Loans and Credits from Qianzhuang / Chapter 4.3. --- Loans from Modern Chinese Banks / Chapter 4.4. --- Loans from the Foreign Banks in China / Chapter 4.5. --- Credits in Machinery Buying / Chapter 5. --- Attempts of Closed Financing --- p.110 / Chapter 5.1. --- Guangsheng Qianzhuang: The First Attempt / Chapter 5.2. --- Gechang Wanglai: A Channel of Closed Financing / Chapter 5.3. --- The Headquarters Company: An Institutional Device / Chapter 5.4. --- Staff's Savings Department: One Step Further / Chapter 6. --- "Conclusion: Entrepreneurship, Social Networking, and Economic Rationalization" --- p.136 / Chapter 6.1. --- Entrepreneurship / Chapter 6.2. --- Social Networking / Chapter 6.3. --- Economic Rationalization / Appendix --- p.148 / Glossary --- p.150 / Selected Bibliography --- p.157

Prokaryotic microorganisms, which are at the base of deep-sea hydrothermal vent food webs, adapt rapidly to environmental fluctuations. This study aimed at comparing bacterial communities in contrasting hydrothermal habitats to better understand compositional adaptations to local conditions. I first used small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences to compare mat-forming bacterial communities associated with iron oxides at two hydrothermal vent sites on the Tonga Arc, southwest Pacific. Operational taxonomic units (OTUs), defined at 97% sequence similarity, were affiliated to a great diversity of autotrophic and heterotrophic groups. Metabolically diverse Gammaproteobacteria dominated the sample from Volcano 19, collected at 992 m depth. The sample from Volcano 1, collected at 197 m depth, was dominated by iron-oxidizing bacteria from the class Zetaproteobacteria. The depth of the sampling sites was proposed to explain clone library dissimilarities. In the following studies, I compared bacterial communities associated with the vestimentiferan tubeworm Ridgeia piscesae, a foundation species at the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Samples of the polychaete were collected from tubeworm habitats in contrasting flow regimes that influenced temperature and hydrogen sulphide concentrations. Free-living bacteria were analyzed using both sequencing and 454 pyrosequencing of the SSU rRNA gene. Statistical analyses suggested a predictable pattern of bacterial community composition for the two habitats, with higher proportions of sulphur and hydrogen oxidizers in High Flow and more heterotrophic groups in Low Flow environments. Temperature, available energy for metabolism, and stability of the habitat were suggested to explain these distinctive bacterial communities. Symbiotic assemblages were investigated using the same sequencing methods together with catalyzed reporter deposition-fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH). Gammaproteobacteria dominated all sequence libraries, followed by Epsilonproteobacteria. CARD-FISH confirmed the co-occurrence of these groups within R. piscesae trophosomes. Statistical analyses indicated distinctive membership and structure of trophosome assemblages between sampling sites. Analysis of R. piscesae juvenile showed distinctive structural properties when compared to adult individuals, but similar membership, within sampling sites. These results suggested that the composition of trophosome assemblages might be affected by specific physical and chemical conditions at each vent site and that a selection process might occur during R. piscesae’s development. / Graduate / 0410 / 0416 / 0329 / nathalieforget@gmail.com

The aim of this thesis is to examine the politics and activities of the Social Democratic students´ association Spartakus. Their relationships and political and ideological differences towards the Swedish Social Democratic Party (SAP) and the remaining parts of the Social Democratic youth organisation (SSU) in Linköping during 1969-1971 are examined. To fulfil this aim I have studied relevant literature and interviewed people who were active in Spartakus, as well as people from SSU and SAP in the municipal during the period. I have also studied written material produced by the students´ association itself during the period. The theoretical frame of reference consists of Dahl´s theory on a democratic political order, and party theories like the mass party theory of Duverger, theories from Sjöblom, Panebianco, Lipset and Tingsten and also Gidlund&Möller´s theory about different kinds of party members. The results of the thesis shows that Spartakus originally was a traditional Social Democratic students´ association whose relations towards its party and SSU were working well. However new active members who were very much inspired by the left-wing views that were spreading during that period. They changed Spartakus into a club that was very active, radical and critical towards the party, with a goal to bring the social democratic party politically further to the left. Spartakus acted during a couple of intense years, but when they used communist rhetoric to try to take control over SSU in the region and with governmental critics bid defiance towards the democratic order of the party, these organisations had had enough. The most left-wing part of Spartakus was made to leave the party and their positions on the boards of SSU.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences. / Department of Government and Public Administration