En av huvuddelarna i manöverkrigföringen, som Försvarsmakten nyttjar, är indirekt och direkt metod. Men då Sverige inte har varit i krig på väldigt länge så beslöt jag att skriva denna uppsats i syfte att skapa ett underlag för en ökad förståelse för nyttjandet av indirekt och direkt metod vid manöverkrigföring. För att göra detta så försökte jag svara på följande fråga: Hur ser fördelningen mellan indirekt och direkt metod ut vid flyginsatser i krig under 1990-talet? För att få ett svar på frågan så gjorde jag en fallstudie på Operation Desert Storm där jag först analyserade vilken metod de allierade styrkorna använde mot de olika anfallsmålen. Efter detta gjorde jag en undersökning i hur många anfall och uppdrag som genomfördes mot varje mål. Resultaten visade bland annat att även om de flesta målen var kritiska sårbarheter, där indirekt metod nyttjades, så gjordes de flesta anfallen med direkt metod. / A fundamental part of the manoeuvre warfare, which the Swedish Armed Forces use, is indirect and direct approach. But since Sweden has not been in a war for a long time I decided to write this essay with the purpose to create a basis of further understanding of how to use indirect and direct approach during manoeuvre warfare. To do this I have tried to answer the following question: How are the indirect and direct approach divided in air raids in wars during the 1990s? To answer this question I made a case study on Operation Desert Storm, where I first analysed which approach the allied forces used on the different targets. After that I made a research on how many attacks and missions they made on each target. The results showed among others that even though most of the targets were critical vulnerabilities, on which the indirect approach was used, the most part of the attacks were made using the direct approach.

No description available.

Thesis (M.S. - Renewable Natural Resources)--University of Arizona, 1984. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 69).

Univ., Habil.-Schr.--Wien, 2004.

Originally presented as the author's Habilitationsschrift--Vienna. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 398-443) and indexes.

In recent times urban flooding has become more frequent and more complex due to the effects of increasing urban areas and climate change. In some established urban areas the existing drainage infrastructure is unable to cope with the volume of surface runoff and flooding events are more frequent, therefore new approaches to create more space for water within developments are required. This research was conceived in that context. It aims to investigate the potential for integrating green space planning with water planning and to develop a framework for the same in order to reduce the risk of flooding. An extensive literature review was carried out in the areas of urban planning, water planning, planning legislations, and issues related to integrating green space and water planning. The review identified the need for an inclusive framework which could integrate aspects of green space and storm water planning more holistically to achieve greater spatial planning efficiency. To satisfy this need, a conceptual framework was developed which took into consideration the opinions of various stakeholders. The conceptual framework included green spaced planning for SUDS, recreational and storm water indicators and a mechanism for integrated evaluation of SUDS for recreation and storm water management. The conceptual framework provided a joint approach where both engineers and planners will need to work together for the development of integrated storm water and green space plans. The framework showed processes for both disciplines and also indicates how spatial planning and water planning interfaced so that there was clarity of roles. In order to evaluate integrated plans, an ‘integrated evaluation tool’ was developed which uses indicators from both the areas of green space planning and water planning. The evaluation tool also contained a scoring system which can be used to select storm water management options with more recreational potential. The tool provides a mechanism to balance the requirements of recreation and storm water management so that more holistic solutions can be developed by teams of engineers and planners. The conceptual framework and the integrated evaluation tool were applied to two case study catchments. Results from the case studies showed the relationship of spatial planning and flooding. It further tested whether recreational aspects could be integrated into storm water planning. A number of drainage options were tested to show the application of the evaluation tool under various scenarios. This results of the research showed that the conceptual framework was appropriate in both case study areas even though the areas had different patterns of development. It is therefore proposed that the approach has potential for wider application in other geographical areas. Results from the two areas also showed that the integrated approach established in this research could enhance the recreational aspects associated with urban storm water management. The framework presented in this thesis will potentially be of use to a wide range of stakeholders such policy makers, local authorities, water companies, consultants and researchers. It could also be useful in informing the evolution of planning policies and technical guidance associated with water and green space planning.

No description available.

The environmental issues of storm water in the urban environment is addressed in political policies on many different governance levels. The concept of “sustainable storm water” in Europe uses the natural water cycle as a template for urban drainage, and the EU has a water framework directive (WFD) with a systems approach, using drainage basins as the starting point of all actions. In Stockholm, a new storm water strategy was adopted in 2015 with a sustainability approach, using much of the terminology from the WFD and the Swedish Water & Wastewater Association. To find new aspects related to sustainable development of storm water management in Stockholm, this study used a resilience framework of seven principles to analyse the implementation of the Stockholm storm water strategy (SSWS). A mixed method approach was used for a qualitative study, using interviews and a review of policy documentation as the main data sources, complemented by a desk study of literature on the subject of storm water management, as well as participation in some relevant workshops. To broaden the study, examples from a developing area within the Stockholm municipality, Stora Sköndal, was used, as well as another municipality in the Baltic Sea region; Helsinki (Finland). The SSWS leans on the legislation of the environmental quality standards (EQS) but is lacking in authority coordination on a national and municipal level in Stockholm. Diversity in problem formulations and solutions for infrastructure is high, so is the diversity of involved stakeholders, which is an indication of resilience. This in combination with the structure and communicational links having questionable functionality, leads to a complex and inefficient structure in management of storm water, which undermines the resilience of the system. However, since the SSWS and other connected policies (such as local programmes of measures and sustainability requirements) are new, the system is undergoing change, which shows some level of adaptability and complex adaptive systems (CAS) thinking, another resilience indicator. The implementation of the WFD on a municipal level is also connected to CAS thinking, as well as a polycentric governance system -one of the seven resilience principles of the framework used. Some of the main issues found within this study for building resilience in the SES are related to follow-up and responsibility division. / Miljöfrågor inom dagvatten hanteras i policyarbete på flera olika institutionella nivåer. Begreppet ”hållbart dagvatten” utgår i Europa från den naturliga vattencykeln och EU:s vattendirektiv (WFD) har en systeminriktning som utgår från avrinningsområden istället för andra geografiska gränsdragningar. Stockholms Stad antog en ny dagvattenstrategi 2015 med en hållbarhetsinriktning, som innehåller mycket terminologi från WFD och publikationer från branchorganisationen Svenskt Vatten AB. För att hitta nya aspekter för en hållbar utveckling av dagvattenhantering i Stockholm använder denna studie ett teoretiskt ramverk inom resiliens,, som bygger på sju principer, i en analys av stadens dagvattensstrategi (SSWS). Blandade metoder användes för att genomföra en kvalitativ studie, där policydokument granskades tillsammans med intervjuer av nyckelpersoner, vilket kompletterades med en skrivbordsstudie av litteratur om dagvattenhantering samt deltagande i relevanta workshops. För att bredda studien användes exempel från ett planprogramsområde inom Stockholms kommun, Stora Sköndal, liksom en annan kommun i Östersjöområdet; Helsingfors (Finland). SSWS bygger juridiskt på miljökvalitetsnormerna, men brister i myndighetssamordning på nationell och kommunal nivå i Stockholm. Problemformuleringar och infrastrukturlösningar har hög mångfald, precis som involverade aktörer, vilket är en indikation på att systemet bygger upp resiliens. Detta i kombination med att struktur och kommunikationslänkar är något bristfälliga leder till en komplex och ineffektiv dagvattenhantering, vilket underminerar resiliensen i systemet. Eftersom SSWS och andra relaterade styrdokument (t.ex. lokala åtgärdsprogram och hållbarhetskrav) är nya, genomgår systemet förändringar, vilket visar på anpassningsförmåga och komplext, adaptivt systemtänk (CAS), vilket är en ytterligare resiliensindikator. Implementeringen av WFD på kommunal nivå är också kopplad till CAS-tänkande, liksom ett polycentriskt styrsystem - en av de sju principerna för resiliens i det teoretiska ramverket som används. Några av de huvudsakliga problem för att bygga resiliens som hittades i denna studie är relaterade till uppföljning och ansvarsfördelning.

Many municipalities have established stormwater user fees (SUFs), commonly known as stormwater utilities, to raise revenue for stormwater management programs, however little is known about the trends among the fees currently in existence. This research observes trends in the establishment, type and magnitude of user fees by analyzing location, population density, home value, and establishment for a comprehensive national stormwater user fee database with data for 1,490 user fees. The Equivalent Residential Unit (ERU), a SUF that charges based on impervious area, was the most prevalent fee type in all NOAA Climate regions of the U.S. except the West and West North Central. The Tier system, a SUF that charges differently for properties by defined categories, was the second most prevalent in all regions except the East North Central and West North Central. The ERU was found in larger cities with high population densities whereas flat fees, SUFs that charge a single rate for all properties, were found in smaller towns. Higher home values led to higher monthly fees for 28% of the municipalities analyzed. The Residential Equivalence Factor (REF), a SUF that charges based on runoff produced, was popular in municipalities with higher home values and the flat fee was popular in those with lower home values. The number of SUFs established increased near Phase I MS4 permit and Phase II small MS4 permit deadlines. / Master of Science

Climate model projections revealed a likelihood of increased frequency and magnitude of hydrological extremes in future climate due to continued emissions of greenhouse gases. Considering that it will significantly affect the planning and designing of flood management systems, for instance stormwater management infrastructures, and designation of flood risk area, it is vital to investigate the climate change impact on the hydrological processes and respective consequences on the flood management systems. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the climate change impact at watershed scale, and the goal was achieved by investigating the climate change impact on hydrological processes, assessing the potential impact of changed hydrological processes on drainage systems and flooding scenarios. The study area in this research includes Spencer Creek watershed, West Central Mountain drainage area and Clearview Creek drainage area located in Southern Ontario, Canada. The climate projections used in this study were the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) climate simulations based on SRES A2 scenario. For Spencer Creek watershed, NARCCAP provided eight RCM+GCM pair’s climate projections were bias- corrected, and used as input in a calibrated hydrological model HBV to simulate flows at the outlet of the watershed. A significant improvement of bias-corrected precipitation and temperature was revealed by Brier and Rank Probability Skill Score. The results revealed an increase in winter daily average flows and decrease in other seasons, and approximately 13% increase in annual evapotranspiration, and an increase in high flows and decrease in low flows under future climate conditions. Consequences for changed hydrological processes on urban stormwater management systems were investigated for West Central Mountain drainage area. Design storm depths were calculated by using the best fitted distribution among twenty seven distributions and by applying delta change factor. The PCSWMM model was used for flow simulation and hydraulic analysis for the storm-water management system, specifically storm sewer and detention pond. The assessment results indicate that the performance of the detention pond as well as the storm sewer network will deteriorate under future climate condition as design storm depths increase. For Clearview Creek drainage area, a single event hydrologic model Visual OTTHYMO and hydraulic analysis tool HEC-RAS were used to simulate flow and water level. The results revealed an increase of peak flows ranging from about 26 % to 64% for 2yr and 100yr return periods at the outlet of the Creek, and an average increase of water surface elevation and extents by 30 cm and 37.1 m, respectively, for a 100 year return period flood. Finally, non-stationary frequency analyses for design storm calculation were recommended for more robust and accurate investigation of climate change impact. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)