Thesis (MAcc) -- Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In order for a taxpayer to be entitled to a deduction for expenditure actually incurred, the taxpayer must meet the requirements of section 11(a), read with the provisions of sections 23(f) and 23(g). The preamble of section 11 requires that the taxpayer should incur the expenditure in the carrying on of a trade, before it will be deductible. Therefore, taxpayers who do not carry on a trade will not be allowed any deductions for expenditure actually incurred in terms of section 11(a). In the case of a holding company that grants loans to its subsidiaries or associates, there is a general prevailing view that the holding company does not carry on a trade in respect of the loans granted. Therefore it is argued that the holding company is not entitled to any deductions in terms of section 11(a). This study questions the above-mentioned general view by considering case law and the opinions of various tax experts. The question is raised whether the holding company could be regarded as carrying on a trade, and if so, under what circumstances that will be the case. A secondary issue that will be considered is whether the holding company is entitled to deductions in respect of interest expenditure actually incurred. In this regard a distinction is made between moneylenders and non-moneylenders. The writer reaches the conclusion that the definition of “trade” is not all-inclusive, and that the Legislator intended that the term should be interpreted as widely as possible. Therefore, the writer is of the opinion that taxpayers who are not moneylenders could, under certain circumstances, be carrying on a trade in respect of the granting of loans and should thus be entitled to income tax deductions for expenditure incurred. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vir ‘n belastingpligtige om op ‘n aftrekking vir uitgawes werklik aangegaan, geregtig te wees, moet aan die bepalings van artikel 11(a), saamgelees met dié van artikels 23(f) en 23(g) voldoen word. Die aanhef tot artikel 11 vereis dat ‘n belastingpligtige die uitgawes in die beoefening van ‘n bedryf moet aangaan voordat ‘n aftrekking gëeis kan word. Belastingpligtiges wat dus nie ‘n bedryf beoefen nie, sal op geen aftrekkings vir uitgawes werklik aangegaan ingevolge artikel 11(a) geregtig wees nie. Met betrekking tot ‘n houermaatskappy wat lenings aan sy filiale of geassosieerdes toestaan, heers daar ‘n algemene siening dat die houermaatskappy nie ‘n bedryf beoefen met betrekking tot die toestaan van lenings nie. Daarom word geargumenteer dat die houermaatskappy nie ingevolge artikel 11(a) op enige aftrekkings geregtig is nie. In hierdie studie word bogenoemde algemene siening krities aan die hand van regspraak en menings van belastingkenners oorweeg. Die vraag word gevra of die houermaatskappy nie wel beskou kan word om ‘n bedryf te beoefen nie, en indien wel, onder watter omstandighede dit so sal wees. ‘n Sekondêre aspek wat oorweeg word, is of die houermaatskappy op ‘n aftrekking vir rente uitgawes werklik aangegaan by die toestaan van die lenings geregtig is. In hierdie verband word ‘n onderskeid tussen geldskieters en nie-geldskieters getref. Die skrywer kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat die omskrywing van “bedryf” nie allesomvattend is nie, en dat dit blyk of dit die Wetgewer se bedoeling was om die begrip so wyd as moontlik te stel. Dit is die skrywer se mening dat belastingpligtiges wat nie geldskieters is nie, wel onder bepaalde omstandighede beskou kan word om ‘n bedryf te beoefen met betrekking tot die toestaan van lenings. Daarom behoort sulke belastingpligtiges wel op inkomstebelastingaftrekkings vir uitgawes werklik aangegaan, geregtig te wees.

Submitted by Nara Lays Domingues Viana Oliveira (naradv) on 2015-07-06T15:55:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 veronicaerthal.pdf: 2340460 bytes, checksum: ff6754fc67036abfed42e3e7991991eb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-06T15:55:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 veronicaerthal.pdf: 2340460 bytes, checksum: ff6754fc67036abfed42e3e7991991eb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-31 / Nenhuma / O presente estudo procurou entender como se estabelece o alinhamento da estratégia definida pela multinacional brasileira em sua subsidiária no exterior, tendo como foco o estudo de caso da empresa brasileira Artecola e sua subsidiária Pegatex, na Colômbia. Esta dissertação é um estudo de caso único, onde a coleta dos dados foi realizada através de pesquisa documental, observação direta em ambas as fábricas e entrevistas semi-estruturada com membros envolvidos com a estratégia no Brasil e na Colômbia. Para tanto, foi realizada uma análise do processo de internacionalização da Artecola e em especial do contexto econômico colombiano e da aquisição da Pegatex. Sobre o tema central do alinhamento na relação matriz-subsidiária, verificou-se que a Artecola tem desenvolvido alguns métodos para alinhamento operacional com as suas unidades obtendo relativo sucesso, também foi identificado que estes métodos poderiam ser mais flexíveis e adaptados a cada realidade aplicada (país e subsidiária). Além disso, a relação entre as empresas demonstrou participação ativa de ambas, de um lado o intenso apoio da matriz a questões gerenciais, e por outro lado aprende com a subsidiária na melhoria dos processos operacionais, know-how de produto e atuações estratégicas no mercado local. Desta forma, se evidenciou que mesmo sem um planejamento estratégico, existe alinhamento estratégico entre as unidades com relação aos objetivos corporativos, bem como a execução destes pela Pegatex, visando ampliar atuação regional desta unidade para global. / The current study sought to understand how the strategic alignment defined by a Brazilian multinational company is established with its foreign-owned subsidiary. Specifically, the Brazilian headquarter Artecola and its subsidiary Pegatex, in Colombia. For this, an analysis of Artecola internationalization process was performed, in particular, in the Colombian economic context and Pegatex acquisition. The current work is a single case study where data collection was conducted through documental research, direct observation in both units and semi-structured interviews realized with members involved with the corporate strategy in Brazil and Colombia. In the discussion core of alignment between headquarter and subsidiary relationship is verified that Artecola has developed some methods for operational alignment with relative success. Yet these methods could be more flexible and adapted to each reality applied (country and subsidiary). Furthermore, the relationship between these companies demonstrated active participation of both sides. While the head-office has provided intense support to Pegatex management issues, Artecola has learned from the subsidiary on how to improve operational processes, products know-how and strategic actions in the local market. Thus, it became clear that even without a formal strategic planning, there is strategic alignment between both enterprises regarding their corporative objectives, as well as the implementation of these by Pegatex, who aims to expand regional performance of this unit to a global participation.

第一章緒論：敘述本研究之研究動機、研究目的及相關之研究問題、相關名詞定義以及論文主要結構。 第二章文獻探討：首先探討海外子公司內部控制機制之方式，其次再針對影響海外子公司控制機制相關變數作一探討。再來是對企業經營績效評估之探討，最後則是了解控制機制和子公司績效間之關係。 第三章研究方法：根據文獻探討所得的初步結論，與研擬對個案公司的訪談計劃可行性分析，提出本研究的研究架構，並提出關鍵性假設命題。並說明研究變數定義及個案研究方法設計，及個案研究資料分析方法。 第四章個案描述：對包含神通電腦集團旗下子公司在內的四大企業集團，其在海外九個據點所作的投資個案，依訪談結果作一彙整描述，並且對各海外據點所面對環境前提及策略角色扮演之不同，所運用之控制協調機制，作深入之了解。並進一步了解其績效評估之實際運作方式。 第五章個案分析與命題發展：本章進一步將個案初步分析所得加以彙總、比較。並進一步根據個案分析中發現，驗證理論與實務上的相關性或邏輯性。 第六章結論與建議：綜合本研究結論與成果，提出我國企業海外投資的協調控制權變模式，和協調控制與績效評估之關係。並據以為其他海外投資企業實務運用上之建議。 目 錄 第壹章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機 1 第二節 研究目的及研究問題 4 第三節 論文結構 6 第貳章 文獻探討 8 第一節 多國企業內部控制機制 8 第二節 影響控制機制之因素 23 第三節 績效評估 40 第參章 研究方法 55 第一節 研究架構 55 第二節 研究變數定義與衡量 61 第三節 樣本設計與研究對象之選擇 70 第四節 資料蒐集 72 第五節 問卷設計 74 第六節 研究限制 76 第肆章 個案描述 77 第一節 燦坤集團 77 第二節 聯華神通電腦集團 97 第三節 大潁集團 112 第四節 慶豐集團 126 第伍章 個案分析與命題發展 140 第一節 個案分析 140 第二節 基本命題 155 第陸章 結論與建議 172 第一節 研究結論 172 第二節 研究建議 180 表 目 錄 表2-1 BALIGA ＆ JAEGER的控制型態 10 表2-2 企業控制子公司的模式 15 表2-3 環境對多國籍企業控制機制之影響 17 表2-4 多國企業控制機制之相關研究彙總表 22 表2-5 資訊特性的控制機制（工作可規劃性） 27 表2-6 各國際企業的組織特質 33 表2-7 子公司的策略角色（以知識流構面） 35 表2-8 子公司策略角色分類表 36 表2-9 影響控制機制變數之相關研究彙總表 37 表2-10 績效衡量指標彙總表 53 表3-2 個案公司受訪人員名單 73 表4-1 燦坤A、B兩子公司投資和營運現況 82 表4-2 燦坤A、B子公司投資策略因素 84 表4-3 燦坤A、B公司績效評估的特殊考量因素 87 表4-4 燦坤A、B子公司財務性指標之運用 89 表4-5 燦坤A、B子公司非財務性指標 91 表4-6 燦坤A、B子公司營運目標控制重要性程度 93 表4-8 神達電腦A、B子公司投資和營運現況 100 表4-9 神達A、B子公司國外投資策略因素 102 表4-10 神達A、B子公司績效評估特殊考量因素 104 表4-11 神達A、B子公司財務性指標 106 表4-12 神達A、B子公司非財務性指標 108 表4-13 神達A、B公司營運目標控制之重要性程度 110 表4-14 神達A、B子公司功能性控制因素 111 表4-15 大穎A、B子公司投資和營運現況 115 表4-16 大潁A、B子公司國外投資策略因素 117 表4-17 大潁A、B子公司績效評估特殊考量因素 119 表4-18 大潁A、B子公司財務性指標 121 表4-19 大穎A、B子公司非財務性指標 122 表4-20 大穎A、B子公司營運目標之協調控制 124 表4-21 大穎A、B子公司功能性之控制 125 表4-22 慶豐集團個案子公司投資和營運現況 129 表4-23 慶豐集團國外投資策略 131 表4-24 慶豐集團績效評估的特殊考量因素 133 表4-25 慶豐集團各子公司財務性指標 135 表4-26 慶豐集團各子公司非財務性指標 137 表4-27 慶豐集團對子公司營運目標之管理控制 138 表4-28 慶豐集團對子公司功能性控制 139 表5-1 個案公司營運現況彙總表 141 圖 目 錄 圖2-1 資訊處理觀點的組織設計 25 圖2-2 在不同關係下，對子公司控制系統和授權程度 28 圖2-3 高階管理者觀點之管理型態 29 圖3-1 研究架構 58 圖5-1 觀念性架構 156 / 1.studying the taiwan four large mncs hq, what about the investment strategy factor in the foreign oversea subsidiaries. 2.the taiwan four large mncs ,in the foreign oversea how to set up their internal control mechandism. 3.what is the relative avaliable factor to impact foreign oversea subsidiaries internal control mechandism. 4.studying between the mncs hq and subsidiaries about the ways coordination and control(include hq to subsidiary operation goals,and functional operation). 5.what is the difference to do performance evoluation in the different investment areas.what is the meaning finance- performance index,and what is the non-finance performance index.

This thesis investigates the structure of knowing, and it argues that existential trust is an epistemological category. The aim of the dissertation is to develop a view according to which all human activity is seen as an activity of a lived body, and in which the understanding of the structure of such activity is regarded as central for the solution even of epistemological problems. This view is not rooted in any one philosophical tradition, but circles around activity of the lived body. It connects thinkers who in other respects belong to different "isms" in philosophy. Central to the dissertation are Aristotle, Dewey, Merleau-Ponty, Wittgenstein, Ryle, Anscombe, Polanyi, and Grene. Michael Polanyi's concept of tacit knowledge, and connected concepts like attend to, attend from, and subsidiary awareness, are presented. Different kinds of subsidiary awareness, not noted by Polanyi, are distinguished. It is also argued that Polanyi has not seen all the implicatons of his view that instruments can be interiorized and be part of the lived body. Conversely, parts of the normally lived body can be exteriorized. Nor has Polanyi seen that one has subsidiary awareness of oneself as a certain kind ofperson. This fact, in turn, is shown to have implications for the way we constitute ourselves as agents. Since we are engendered agents, we always attend from gender. In the last decade, the concept of trust has definitely entered epistemology. Mostly, it has been in terms of trusting testimony and/or testifier. This thesis wants to deepen that account. There is a more fundamental kind of trust, namely trust in oneself and trust in the world. It is called existential trust, and it is of epistemological importance, too. Existential trust, it is claimed, is necessary in all acts of knowing. Probably, this fact is hard to discover without having recourse to a distinction like that between attending from and attending to. Existential trust is shown in the way we attend from something. Observation and thinking are central epistemological categories, of course, but they should be supplemented by trust. Without trust they cannot perform any epistemological work. Linguistically, 'to know' is a state verb. Superficially, it describes only a state, not an activity. This fact, however, does not contradict the view of knowledge put forward in the dissertation. To know is to have a disposition to perform successfully either some kind of action (= knowing how), or to perform some kind of true assertive speech act (= knowing that). Basically, knowing is an activity. / digitalisering@umu

Background: Family Businesses represent the highest proportion of businesses in the world (Lin, 2012). Globalisation offers new business opportunities for growth and in-ternational diversification. Generally the internationalisation of family businesses is a well-studied field in family business research (Kontinen & Ojala, 2009). Still, there are certain shortcomings when it comes to the specific area of corporate governance adapta-tion in family firms that open subsidiaries (Calabro & Mussolino, 2011). Hence, this paper analyses the proceedings of family firms that internationalise through a subsidi-ary. From a methodological standpoint, existing studies concerned with family business internationalisation focus on quantitative research approaches. The results of these in-clude some limitations, since they cannot account for questions such as how and why family firms proceed during diversification (Kontinen & Ojala, 2009). Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the rationale behind corporate gov-ernance structures in family businesses, focusing on the special case of internationalisa-tion through a subsidiary. Frame of Reference: A summary of recent research regarding the three main issues family businesses, internationalisation, and corporate governance will be given in the frame of reference. This theoretical background will serve as the basis for a solid analy-sis of our empirical data. Method: A qualitative approach with an extensive literature review and a case study based on in-depth interviews with employees of the company Väderstad-Verken AB was chosen in order to fulfil the purpose. Conclusion: The rationale behind corporate governance structures when setting up a subsidiary abroad is driven by the ambition to preserve a family firms’ stewardship ori-ented culture and its informal structures. The result of this is better collaboration, which serves the mission of the business.

Originally presented as the author's Thesis (doctoral)--Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [278]-303) and index.

In this study, a process in which a headquarters was changing its way and extent of control exertion on a foreign subsidiary was investigated from an agency theoretical perspective. Two particular characteristics of principal-agent relationships were particularly scrutinized; information asymmetry and aligning interests. These issues were investigated in-depth through interviews, direct observations and document analysis, in order to examine whether they were identified by the headquarters as major problems and accordingly triggered the change initiative. The agency theoretical perspective was subsequently related to theories on organizational interest alignment, in order to examine whether the agency theoretical prescriptions on appropriate control mechanisms seemed appropriate with respect to individuals’ motivation to align their interests’ with organizational goals. The findings suggested that hedonic intrinsic motivation, which is achieved through enjoyable, self-decided and competence-enhancing work tasks, played a more important role than extrinsic rewards, which is contrary to agency theory which emphasizes extrinsic incentives.

Univ., Diss.--Marburg, 2004.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiẗat Marburg, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 225-243).

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiẗat Düsseldorf, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 251-266).