固體表面吸附高分子常被用於控制介面的物化特性，例如，膠體粒子的位阻穩定或者絮凝作用，表面改性以及生物增容作用，表面潤滑和耐磨性能。在分子水準上，促進高分子吸附作用的機制包括：范德華作用，氫鍵相互作用，靜電作用和含表面結合位點的特殊相互作用。近年來，表面改性的研究熱點集中於尋找合適的方法，包括精確控制聚電解質刷的合成以及高分子吸附的選擇。然而，對於改性後的表面間相互作用的直接測定顯得相對滯後。這其中的原因主要是因為它們之間的相互作用太弱，無法用常規儀器測定。 / 本篇論文的主要目的是直接定量地測定固體表面吸附高分子和接枝完聚電解質高分子刷之後於水溶液中的弱相互作用。第一章主要介紹固體表面如膠體粒子間的相互作用，著重細緻討論了排空力，位阻排斥力，振盪結構力以及聚電解質刷所引起的作用力。在第二章中，我們探討了自行搭建的單粒子力學顯微鏡全內反射顯微鏡的歷史，發展及其原理。第三章闡述了表面改性中具體的化學方法。 / 第四章中，我們用直徑為5微米的聚苯乙烯小球作為探針，利用全內反射顯微鏡測定了不同的鹽溶液（氯化鈉和高氯酸鈉）對陽離子聚電解質刷（聚甲基丙烯醯氧乙基三甲基氯化銨）構象的影響。實驗結果顯示，高氯酸根與聚電解質刷的相互作用除了電荷遮罩作用外，還與聚電解質刷上的季銨鹽離子有強烈的離子配對作用能引起聚電解質刷失水造成“疏水折攏“。 / 在第五章中，我們主要運用全內反射顯微鏡研究了pH及離子強度變化對另一種陽離子聚電解質刷聚甲基丙烯酸二甲氨乙酯的溶脹作用的影響。對包覆了分子量為2000 g/mol的聚乙烯亞胺的聚苯乙烯微球以及表面改性了該種聚電解質刷之間的相互作用進行了直接測定。研究結果表明，聚電解質刷的鏈長，pH以及鹽離子強度對其作用影響很大。本實驗主要研究了兩種鏈長的聚電解質刷在溶液中的作用。對於較短的鏈長，在pH為4.2時，雙電層中的擴散層交疊排斥作用占主導且作用機理符合傳統的DLVO理論。但是，當pH逐步下降時，長程吸引作用開始出現。對於溶脹的較長鏈聚電解質刷，在高pH及低鹽離子強度時，其相互作用符合DLVO理論。然而，當降低pH或者提高鹽離子濃度時，作用勢能偏離DLVO理論，具體表現為：pH 4.0時為純靜電排斥作用，pH 3.6時出現弱吸引作用，pH 3.0時吸引變強，以上過程可循環往復。 / 第六章主要利用全內反射顯微鏡測定了一個微球與平整玻璃表面之間由聚環氧乙烷水溶液引起的相互作用。我們的結果展示了聚環氧乙烷吸附在兩固體表面上所引起的作用具有很強的濃度依賴性：在低濃度時，由靜電層排斥作用占主導；在較高濃度時，由聚合物橋接引起的長程吸引開始出現；在更高濃度時，我們檢測到額外的排斥作用出現，並推測是由於位阻排斥作用而非排斥的排空力作用引起；在繼續增大濃度後，我們觀察到了振盪結構力。 / Adsorption of polymers onto solid surfaces has often been used to control interfacial properties including steric stabilization or flocculation, surface modification and biocompatibilization, and lubrication as well as wear properties. In the molecular level, the mechanisms promoting polymer adsorption include attractive van der Waals forces, dipolar of hydrogen-bonding type attraction, electrostatic, or specific chemical interactions with surface binding sites. While a lot of efforts have been devoted in recent years to optimize the surface modification by synthesis of different types of polyelectrolyte brushes or polymers for adsorption, there have been few reports aimed at directly measuring the interaction forces between surfaces covered by the polymers and polyelectrolyte brushes in solution. This is not surprising because the forces of the interaction are extremely weak. / This thesis aims to directly and quantitatively study on the weak interaction between solid surfaces with adsorbed polymers and polyelectrolyte brushes in aqueous solutions. In the first chapter, the interactions between solid surfaces such as the colloidal particles are introduced. Specifically, forces such as depletion, steric repulsion, oscillatory structural forces and polyelectrolyte brushes induced forces are discussed in details. In the second chapter, we discuss about the historical background, development and principles of our recently home-made single particle force microscopy, Total Internal Reflection Microscopy (TIRM). The third chapter focuses on the synthesis of polymer brushes on solid surfaces. In this chapter, various chemical modification methods are covered. / In the fourth chapter, the conformational behavior of polyelectrolyte brushes in different electrolyte environments (NaCl and NaClO₄) has been investigated by directly measuring the interaction energy profile between a 5 m diameter polystyrene (PS) particle with a cationic poly (2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium chloride) (PMETAC) brush-grafted surface using TIRM. Our results show that ClO₄⁻ anions show strong ion paring with the quaternary ammonium groups on the polymer brushes, leading to what have called hydrophobic collapse where dehydration occurs in addition to pure charge screening. / In the fifth chapter, we applied TIRM to study the pH and ionic strength dependent swelling behavior of surface-grown cationic polyelectrolyte brush, poly((2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA). As can be shown by direct force measurements between PDMAEMA grafted glass surface and PEI (polyethylene, Mw: 2000 g / mol) coat PS particle, the interactions are strongly affected by length of polyelectrolyte brush, pH values and salt concentrations. Polymer brushes with two different lengths are studied. For short polymer brushes, the interactions at pH 4.2 are dominated by repulsive forces originating from diffuse layer overlap, in line with the classical theory of Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek (DLVO). However, with decreasing the pH values, a long-range attraction sets in. For swollen and longer polymer bushes, the interactions are in a good agreement with the DLVO theory at high pH and low ionic strength. However, upon decreasing the pH value or increasing salt concentration, the inte actions show a significant deviation from DLVO theory. Specifically, the interaction between the particle and brushes-grafted surface can be switched reversibly between pure repulsion at pH 4.0, medium attraction at pH 3.6 and strong attraction at pH 3.0. / In the sixth chapter, TIRM was used to directly measure the interaction between a microsphere and a flat hydrophilic surface in the presence of polyethylene oxide (PEO) solution. Our results show that the PEO adsorption onto the solid surfaces is highly concentration dependent: at low polymer concentration, the interactions between two surfaces in the presence of PEO are dominated by repulsive forces originating from diffuse layer overlap; at intermediate polymer concentration, a long range and weak attraction sets in. We attribute the forces to the polymer bridging. While at high polymer concentration, an additional repulsive force is detected, and we believe this is not originated from repulsive depletion. But rather, our results suggest that this may due to the steric repulsion. Finally, at very high concentration, oscillatory structural force is detected. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Wei, Xiaoling. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / 摘要 --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / Acknowledgement --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Background and Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Introduction to colloidal particles interaction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Polymer induced forces in colloidal systems --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- Steric repulsion --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Bridging interaction and depletion interaction --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3. --- Oscillatory structural forces --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.4. --- Polyelectrolyte brushes induced forces --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3. --- Discussions --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4. --- Works in this thesis --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5. --- References and Notes --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Total Internal Reflection Microscopy (TIRM) --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1. --- Introduction --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2. --- Evanescent wave and total internal reflection --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3. --- Apparatus --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4. --- Data analysis --- p.25 / Chapter 2.5. --- Noise Analysis and Removal --- p.28 / Chapter 2.6. --- Interaction potentials; theory and TIRM measurement results --- p.30 / Chapter 2.7. --- References and Notes --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Surface Initiated Polymerization --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1. --- Introduction --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2. --- Living anionic polymerization --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3. --- Controlled radical polymerization methods --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Nitroxide-mediated polymerization --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4. --- Experimentals --- p.46 / Chapter 3.5. --- Properties and applications of polymeric brushes --- p.48 / Chapter 3.6. --- References and Notes --- p.49 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Ion-Induced Hydrophobic Collapse of Surface-Confined Polyelectrolyte Brushes Measured by Total Internal Reflection Microscopy --- p.56 / Chapter 4.1. --- Introduction --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2. --- Experimental Section --- p.58 / Chapter 4.3. --- Results and Discussion --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4. --- Conclusions --- p.75 / Chapter 4.5. --- References and Notes --- p.76 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Direct Measurement of the Interactions between Polyelectrolyte Brush and Microsphere Studied by Using Total Internal Reflection Microscopy (TIRM) --- p.79 / Chapter 5.1. --- Introduction --- p.79 / Chapter 5.2. --- Experimental Section --- p.82 / Chapter 5.3. --- Results and Discussion --- p.89 / Chapter 5.4. --- Conclusions --- p.104 / Chapter 5.5. --- References and Notes --- p.105 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Interactions between Solid Surfaces Mediated by Polyethylene Oxide (PEO): Concentration Effects --- p.109 / Chapter 6.1. --- Introduction --- p.109 / Chapter 6.2. --- Experimental Section --- p.112 / Chapter 6.3. --- Results and Discussion --- p.114 / Chapter 6.4. --- Conclusions --- p.126 / Chapter 6.5. --- Reference and Notes --- p.126 / Chapter Appendix --- p.130 / Chapter Experimental Section for the Swelling Ratio Calculation of PDMAEMA Brushes --- p.130 / Chapter References and Notes --- p.137 / List of Publications --- p.138 / Conferences and Symposiums Attended --- p.140

Thesis. 1977. B.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / B.S.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Assembly of noble metal nanocrystals gives rise to extraordinary plasmonic properties that are distinct from those of isolated ones. We have prepared clusters that are composed of two-dimensionally-ordered gold nanocubes on flat substrates and investigated their plasmonic properties. It is found that the plasmon resonances of the nanocube clusters are highly dependent on both the number and ordering of the nanocubes in the clusters. FDTD calculations reveal that the rich plasmon modes in the clusters originate from the interparticle couplings in the cluster and the couplings between the entire clusters and the substrate. / I believe that my research work has provided an in-depth fundamental understanding of the localized surface plasmon resonances of gold nanocrystals and will have a number of implications for the applications of metallic nanostructures in optics, optoelectronics, and biotechnology. / Noble metal nanocrystals have attracted much interest due to their rich optical properties, which arise from the localized surface plasmon resonances, the collective oscillations of free electrons confined on the nanoscale. Under resonant excitation by light, noble metal nanocrystals exhibit extremely large light scattering and absorption, as well as large near-field enhancements. These fascinating properties bring about a variety of applications, including plasmonic sensing, plasmonic waveguiding, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, plasmon-enhanced fluorescence, photothermal cancer therapy, and plasmonic-enhanced energy harvesting. Among various noble metal nanocrystals, gold nanocrystals exhibit high chemical stability and large biological compatibility. Moreover, their plasmon resonance wavelengths can be synthetically tuned from the visible to near infrared spectral regions. In this thesis, a systematic study on the localized surface plasmon resonances of gold nanocrystals is presented, both experimentally and theoretically. / Photothermal conversion of gold nanocrystals can be applied in the areas of photothermal polymerization, photothermal imaging, drug release from capsules, and photothermal therapy. We have investigated the photothermal conversion properties of different gold nanocrystals and their composites. The studies show that the plasmon wavelength, particle volume, shell coating, and assembly of gold nanocrystals all play important roles in their photothermal conversion efficiency. / The refractive index sensitivity of gold nanocrystals is a key factor in their practical sensing applications. I will first introduce the systematic studies on the dependence of the index sensitivity on the shapes and sizes of gold nanocrystals that have varying plasmon resonance wavelengths. The index sensitivity has been found to generally increase as the plasmon resonance wavelength for a fixed nanocrystal shape becomes longer and as the curvature of the nanocrystals gets larger. I have further studied the dependence of the index sensitivity on the different shapes of gold nanocrystals that have the same longitudinal plasmon resonance wavelength. The refractive index sensitivities have been found to vary with the nanocrystal shape. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations have been performed on these nanocrystals to reveal the origin of this dependence. A linear relationship is found between the index sensitivity and the product of the electric polarizability with the curvature. On the basis of these studies, a novel plasmonic optical fiber device has further been fabricated to detect small changes in the local dielectric environment. / When fabricating plasmonic devices, such as waveguides, optical switches, plasmonic sensors, and plasmon-enhanced solar cells, one needs to attach metal nanocrystals onto different substrates. The interactions between gold nanocrystals and the substrates can strongly modify the plasmonic responses of the nanocrystals and therefore need to be taken into account when designing of various plasmonic devices. We have further investigated the coupling between gold nanocrystals and substrates with different dielectric properties, including insulating, semiconducting, and metallic ones. It is found that the substrates play an important role in both the scattering patterns and scattering spectra of the supported gold nanocrystals. Specifically, Fano-type resonances can be observed for large nanocrystals sitting on silicon substrates that have a large dielectric constant. / Chen, Huanjun. / Adviser: Jianfang Wang. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Kam Yiu-wing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 200-215). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Publications --- p.iv / Abbreviations --- p.v / Contents --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- G protein-coupled receptors --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- G protein-coupled receptors --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Heterotrimeric G-proteins --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Second messenger systems --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Mechanism of GPCR activation --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.6 --- GPCR cross talk --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2 --- Receptor theory --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Introduction --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Two-state model --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Three-state model --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Extended ternary complex model --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Multiple receptor state --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- Constitutively active mutant receptors --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3 --- Agonist trafficking --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Effect of agonist efficacy on receptor coupling --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Effect of receptor expression level on receptor coupling --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Receptor promiscuity --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Agonist-induced conformational changes --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.5.1 --- Conformational induction --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.5.2 --- Conformational selection --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.6 --- Receptor/G-protein system --- p.20 / Chapter 1.3.7 --- Implication of agonist trafficking --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4 --- Receptor switching --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Introduction --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Receptor switching --- p.23 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Prostacyclin receptors --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1 --- General properties of prostacyclin --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Synthesis of prostacyclin --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Prostacyclin and its mimetics --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Characterization of IP-receptors --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- Classification of IP-receptors --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- Distribution of IP-receptors in the peripheral system --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.3.3 --- Distribution of IP-receptors in the central nervous system --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.3.4 --- Structure of IP-receptors --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Anti-thrombotic role of prostacyclin --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Cytoprotective role of prostacyclin --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Role of prostacyclin in adipogenesis --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2 --- Coupling capacity of IP-receptors --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Introduction --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Interaction with Gs --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Interaction with Gi --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Interaction with Gq --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Interaction with PPARs --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- IP-receptor isoprenylation --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3 --- Regulation of IP-receptors --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Mechanism of signal termination --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Desensitization of IP-receptors --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Internalization of IP-receptors --- p.53 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Materials and solutions --- p.59 / Chapter 3.1 --- Materials --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2 --- "Culture media, buffers and solutions" --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Culture media --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Buffers --- p.64 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Solutions --- p.65 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Methods --- p.67 / Chapter 4.1 --- Cell culture --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2 --- Mammalian cell transfection --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Preparation of plasmid DNA --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Transient transfection of mammalian cells --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- β-galactosidase assay --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Preparation of cell lysate --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.3.3 --- Micro β-galactosidase assay --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3 --- Measurement of adenylate cyclase activity --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- [3H]-adenine prelabelling method --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Preparation of columns --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Incubation of cells --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Measurement of [3H]-cyclic AMP production --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3.1.4 --- Data analysis --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- cAMP [125I]-scintillation proximity assay (SPA) --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Introduction --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Cell lysis method --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3.2.3 --- cAMP [I25I]-scintillation proximity assay --- p.78 / Chapter 4.4 --- Measurement of phospholipase C activity --- p.78 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Introduction --- p.78 / Chapter 4.4.1.1 --- Preparation of columns --- p.78 / Chapter 4.4.1.2 --- [3H]-inositol phosphate assay --- p.79 / Chapter 4.4.1.3 --- Measurement of [3H]-inositol phosphate production --- p.79 / Chapter 4.4.1.4 --- Data analysis --- p.80 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- "D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) [3H] assay system" --- p.81 / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- Introduction --- p.81 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- Sample preparation --- p.81 / Chapter 4.4.2.3 --- "D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) [3H] assay system" --- p.82 / Chapter 4.5 --- Measurement of changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration --- p.82 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Introduction --- p.82 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Cell preparation --- p.83 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Measurement of Fura-2 fluorescence --- p.83 / Chapter 4.6 --- Radioligand binding --- p.84 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Introduction --- p.84 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- [3H]-iloprost ligand binding --- p.85 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Data analysis --- p.86 / Chapter 4.7 --- Cytotoxicity test using trypan blue exclusion test --- p.86 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Multiple coupling capacity of prostacyclin receptors in CHO cells --- p.88 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.88 / Chapter 5.2 --- Method --- p.88 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.89 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- IP agonist log concentration-response curves for [3H]-cAMP and [3H]-inositol phosphate production in mIP-CHO cells --- p.89 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Effect of varying Gαs cDNA concentration on cicaprost-stimulated [3H]-cAMP and [3H]-inositol phosphate production in mlP-CHO cells --- p.90 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Effect of varying Gαq cDNA concentration on cicaprost-stimulated [3H]-cAMP and [3H]-inositol phosphate production in mlP-CHO cells --- p.92 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.95 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Multiple coupling capacity of prostacyclin receptors in neuroblastoma cells --- p.113 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.113 / Chapter 6.2 --- Method --- p.114 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.114 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Characterization of prostanoid receptors in SK-N-SH cells --- p.114 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Property of IP-receptor signaling in SK-N-SH cells --- p.116 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Effect of Gαq subunits on PLC activation in SK-N-SH cells --- p.117 / Chapter 6.3.4 --- Coupling capacity of IP-receptorin rat/mouse neuroblastoma (NG108-15) cells --- p.119 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.123 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Agonist trafficking --- p.133 / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.133 / Chapter 7.2 --- Method --- p.134 / Chapter 7.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.134 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Simultaneous measurement of AC and PLC activation in metabolically-labelled mIP-CHO cells --- p.134 / Chapter 7.3.1.1 --- Effect of IBMX on PLC activation --- p.135 / Chapter 7.3.1.2 --- Effect of Li+ ion on AC activation --- p.135 / Chapter 7.3.1.3 --- Separation of [3H]-adenine and [3H]-inositol using column chromatography method --- p.136 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- Measurement of AC and PLC activation using different assay systems --- p.137 / Chapter 7.3.2.1 --- cAMP 125I-Scintillation Proximity Assay System --- p.137 / Chapter 7.3.2.2 --- "D-myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) [3H]-assay system" --- p.138 / Chapter 7.4 --- Conclusion --- p.139 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Regulation of prostacyclin receptor coupling --- p.147 / Chapter 8.1 --- Introduction --- p.147 / Chapter 8.2 --- Methods --- p.149 / Chapter 8.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.150 / Chapter 8.3.1 --- Role of protein kinases on IP-receptor activity --- p.150 / Chapter 8.3.2 --- Effect of SQ22536 on IP-receptor activity --- p.155 / Chapter 8.3.3 --- Role of PKA phosphorylation site in mIP-receptor activity --- p.156 / Chapter 8.4 --- Conclusion --- p.157 / Chapter Chapter 9 --- Prostacyclin receptor isoprenylation --- p.171 / Chapter 9.1 --- Introduction --- p.171 / Chapter 9.2 --- Method --- p.172 / Chapter 9.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.173 / Chapter 9.4 --- Conclusion --- p.175 / Chapter Chapter 10 --- IP/DP chimeric receptors --- p.178 / Chapter 10.1 --- Introduction --- p.178 / Chapter 10.2 --- Method --- p.179 / Chapter 10.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.180 / Chapter 10.3.1 --- Property of IP/DP chimeric receptors --- p.180 / Chapter 10.3.2 --- "ID1 chimeric receptor mutant receptors (M4, M5, M6)" --- p.182 / Chapter 10.3.3 --- "Mutant mIP-receptors (Ml, M2, M3)" --- p.183 / Chapter 10.3.4 --- Comparison between M5 and ID1 receptors --- p.184 / Chapter 10.4 --- Conclusion --- p.184 / Chapter Chapter 11 --- General Discussion and Conclusions --- p.193 / Chapter 11.1 --- Introduction --- p.193 / Chapter 11.2 --- Multiple coupling capacity of prostacyclin receptors --- p.193 / Chapter 11.3 --- Factors influencing prostacyclin receptor coupling --- p.196 / Chapter 11.4 --- Prostacyclin receptor cross talk and regulation --- p.198 / References --- p.200

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As video games become more realistic, their applications are ever expanding. They can now show detail at an almost photorealistic level, and allow the player to make any number of decisions that can affect the outcome. Simulations are using this to create more and more realistic scenarios as training for high-risk professions. This creative project will research what is necessary for models that are to be used in educational or training simulations.

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<p>Examensarbetets mål är att rengöra en diamantkomposit med en ytrengöringsmetod. Metoden skulle vara mera effektiv än den manuella sandblästring som används idag för att ytrengöra detaljen.</p><p>Detaljen är liten och har ett vitalt spår som ska rengöras. Detta ställer höga krav på effektiva metoder. De metoder som tas upp teoretiskt i examensarbetet är bland annat blästring, trumling och laserrengöring. Ett urval av metoderna testades. Den metod som utmärkte sig främst I testerna var automatisksandblästring. Det gav lika bra resultat som manuell sandblästring men på en bråkdel av tiden som det tog för manuellsandblästring. Det gjordes även en investeringsberäkning i examensarbetet och den gav att trumling var den billigaste metoden.</p><p>Slutsatsen är att automatisk sandblästring bör användas som metod. Metoden gav ett bättre resultat än övriga metoder och var mindre arbetskrävande än manuell sandblästring.</p> / <p>This goal of the thesis´ is to surface finish a diamond with an appropriate method. The method should be more effective than manual sandblasting, the current method in use. The part is small and it has a vital track that must be surface cleaned. This puts great demands on effective methods. The methods that are mentioned theoretically in the thesis are automatic sandblasting, tumbling and laser cleaning. A couple of methods were tested and evaluated. Automatic sandblasting was found to be most effective. That method gave an equal result compared to the manual sandblasting but with a fraction of the time compared to manual sandblasting. Within the thesis a capital budgeting have been done.</p><p>The conclusion of the thesis was that the automatic sandblasting machine should be used.</p>

<p>Nowadays, the polishing process is one of the most important steps of the manufacturing of moulds and dies. Occupying up to 40% of the total production time and cost, it is decisive for the final appearance and quality of a surface. Because of its complexity, the polishing is mainly carried out manually; and the final quality depends of the expertise of the operator. That is why an automation of the polishing process is necessary.</p><p>The purpose of this project was to find out the optimized sequence of polishing for a Mirrax ESR steel (Uddeholm Tooling AB) using the Strecon RAP-200 (robot assisted polishing equipment). Using a Design of Experiment, the machine parameters were tested in order to better understand their influences and interactions. The report starts with a description of general polishing knowledge and ends up with the results from a Design of Experiment.</p><p>The information from this test are a first step in the evaluation of the Strecon RAP-200. Even if many results have been found out, only four parameters have been tested, and to be able to optimize the polishing sequence, further studies need to be carried out.</p>