Safety training and safety climate are widely researched topics in the area of safety management. Safety training, as one of the safety interventions, is believed to be an antecedent of safety climate improvement within organisations. The rapid advancement in the safety management field has also raised many questions, mainly regarding the roles of safety training and safety climate within organisations. Recent literature has viewed safety climate as a mediating variable between organisational policies and practices (such as safety training) and safety outcomes. Nevertheless, to date far too few attempts have been made to empirically study the impacts and influence of safety training on safety climate change and to subsequently improve safety outcomes over a period of time, especially in developing countries like Malaysia. To facilitate the expansion of current theoretical perspectives, the research attempts to improve our understanding of safety training's impact on achieving a positive safety culture (via safety climate changes), particularly with regard to improved safety outcomes over a period of time. A quantitative approach, using a longitudinal panel design, was employed for the purpose of data collection. The results were based on two data collections carried out in a Malaysian manufacturing plant in 2008 and 2009. The response rate was 83 percent (N=330) in Time 1, 2008 and 98 percent (N=402) in Time 2, 2009. The findings of this study revealed that there was a significant improvement in all safety training impact subscales indicating that employees' perceived their level of safety knowledge and skill transfer, safe work practices, and their understanding of safety and risk to all be higher in Time 2. The findings of this study also revealed significant improvements in the safety climate dimensions related to Management Attitude and Management Action, indicating that the management role has been viewed as crucial in improving and supporting employees' and organisations' safety. Over a period of time the positive correlation between safety training and safety climate became stronger with a significance difference of .005, where in Time 1, r=.740 and in Time 2, r=.745. This finding adds to the theoretical proposition that safety training is an antecedent to improving safety climate. Similarly, safety outcomes have significantly improved over a period of time and have a negative correlation with safety training and safety climate. Overall, the current study has gone some way towards enhancing our understanding of safety training impacts and its influence on safety climate, particularly with regard to the improvement of safety outcomes. However, this study has thrown up a number of questions that are in need of further investigation. The need for further research to investigate the effectiveness of specific safety training intervention with the addition of motivational factors, and its relation to safety climate over a period of time in various industries, remain crucial.

Aircraft maintenance is viewed as a critical safety component in general and military aviation industries, and thus it is crucial to identify the factors that may affect aircraft maintenance. Because the safety climate is considered as a leading indicator of safety performance and safety outcomes, this study utilized this safety climate approach to develop a model which can explain the relationships between employee turnover, safety motivation, self-reported unsafe acts, reporting unsafe behaviors, incidents, and injuries in the aviation maintenance environment. This study included a sample of 283 technicians in military aircraft maintenance units who participated in a cross-sectional random survey. Data collected were analyzed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques. A structural model that fitted the data was developed which predicted 64% of the variance in employee turnover, 7% of the variance in safety motivation, 20% of the variance in unsafe acts, 41% of the variance in reporting unsafe behavior, and 21% of the variance in workplace injuries. The results indicate employees who report a perception of high turnover exhibit decreased safety motivation and increased unsafe acts which lead to higher levels of workplace injuries. The perception of safety climate was identified as an antecedent to safety performance and safety outcomes. Additionally, the effects of control variables such as age and education were tested. The implications for safety management in aircraft maintenance were also discussed. This study provides directions for future research on the turnover of aircraft maintenance technicians, safety performance, and safety outcomes.

The construction industry leads the private sector with the most fatalities of any industry in the United States. With an expected growth of the industry in the next century, safe work environments are imperative. They will impact the bottom line of the industry through the reduction of fatal and non-fatal injuries. Although the causes of injuries and illnesses in construction have long been tracked, reported and researched, the industry continues to lead in occupational related fatal and non-fatal injuries. It is critical to understand if a tradeoff exists between safety and productivity to avoid shortcut behaviors in the field. This is specifically important due to the number of contractors, subcontractors and laborers that participate in the different projects. The overall objective of this research was to increase the understanding of the relationship between perceived and observed safety and productivity and to understand the variability in perception and behavior between crews working for the same general contractor in the homebuilding construction industry. For this research, questionnaires and behavioral observations were employed. The results demonstrated a significant moderate positive relationship between safety climate and perceived risk behavior at the crew level. A model was developed that suggests that safety climate and work ownership are predictors of perceived risk behaviors. This relationship is important to understand since employee attitudes, safety commitment and organizational factors may affect acceptability of safety processes and procedures. The differences among construction crews were evaluated at two levels, individual crews and critical path groups. All tests were significant for differences among crews. To further understand these differences, crews were grouped in accordance with the critical path of a homebuilding schedule. A significant difference existed for risk behavior, productivity loss and work ownership. Behavioral observations were used to evaluate crew performance. Top contributing behaviors of productivity, safety and waste were identified. The top behaviors provide improvement areas for productivity, safety and waste. Overall, learning from this research provided insight into the relationships between safety climate, risk behavior, productivity and work ownership. Understanding this relationship can contribute to the design of safety interventions, and consequently, the reduction of injuries and fatalities. / Ph. D.

Yes / Based on a literature review, likely, there is a relationship between job stress and safety climate, and in this way, the accident occurrence is affected. Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate the relations of job stress dimensions to safety climate and accidents occurrence among the workers using regression models. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 1530 male employees in 2019. People were randomly selected from various departments. The participants filled out the questionnaires, including demographical information and accident history questionnaire, the NIOSH generic job stress questionnaire, and the Nordic safety climate questionnaire. In addition, information on occupational experience and accident history was obtained from the health unit of the petrochemical company. In the end, data were analyzed using statistical tests of bivariate correlation, multivariate correlation, and logistic regression. Based on the bivariate analysis, the variables of job satisfaction (0.998), problem at work (0.900), depression (-0.836), and physical environment (-0.796) among the job stress dimensions had the highest correlation coefficients with the total score of the safety climate, respectively. The results of the logistic regression analysis with the adjustment of the effect of the safety climate indicated that the relationships between the dimensions of the job satisfaction (Wald = 6.50, OR = 4.96, and p-value<0.05) and social supports (Wald = 5.88, OR = 3.20, and p-value<0.05) with the accident occurrence were significant. To increase the positive safety climate and decrease the accident occurrence, industries must try to reduce job stress in the workplaces through controlling the important factors, such as low job satisfaction and poor social supports. / This work was supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences (97-03-61-38355).

Yes / To summarize studies that have examined patient safety culture (PSC) in maternity units and describe the different purposes, study designs and tools reported in these studies, whilst highlighting gaps in the literature. Methodology: Peer-reviewed studies published in English during 1961-2016 across eight electronic databases were subjected to a narrative literature review. Findings: Among 100 articles considered, 28 met the inclusion criteria. The main purposes for studying PSC were: (a) assessing intervention effects on PSC (n= 17); and (b) assessing PSC level (n=7). Patient safety culture was mostly assessed quantitatively using validated questionnaires (n=23). The Safety Attitude Questionnaire was the most commonly used questionnaire (n=17). Intervention varied from a single action lasting five weeks to a more comprehensive package lasting more than four years. The time between the baseline and the follow-up assessment varied from six months up to 24 months. No study reported measurement or intervention costs, and none incorporated the patient’s voice in assessing PSC. Practical Implications: Assessing PSC in maternity units is feasible using validated questionnaires. Interventions to enhance PSC have not been rigorously evaluated. Future studies should report PSC measurement costs, adopt more rigorous evaluation designs, and find ways to incorporate the patient’s voice. Originality/Value: This review summarized studies examining PSC in a highly important area and highlighted main limitations that future studies should consider.

Background: Hospitals face an increasing pressure towards efficiency and cost reduction while ensuring patient safety. This warrants a closer examination of the trade-off between production and protection posited in the literature for a high-risk hospital setting (intensive care). Purposes: Based on extant literature and concepts on both safety management and organizational/safety culture, this study investigates to which extent production pressure (i.e., increased staff workload and capacity utilization) and safety culture (consisting of safety climate among staff and safety tools implemented by management) influence the occurrence of medical errors and if/how safety climate and safety tools interact. Methodology / Approach: A prospective, observational, 48-hour cross-sectional study was conducted in 57 intensive care units. The dependent variable is the incidence of errors affecting those 378 patients treated throughout the entire observation period. Capacity utilization and workload were measured by indicators such as unit occupancy, nurse-/physician-to-patient ratios, levels of care, or NEMS scores. The safety tools considered include Critical Incidence Reporting Systems, audits, training, mission statements, SOPs/checklists and the use of barcodes. Safety climate was assessed using a psychometrically validated four-dimensional questionnaire. Linear regression was employed to identify the effects of the predictor variables on error rate, as well as interaction effects between safety tools and safety climate. Findings: Higher workload has a detrimental effect on safety while safety climate - unlike the examined safety tools - has a virtually equal opposite effect. Correlations between safety tools and safety climate as well as their interaction effects on error rate are mostly nonsignificant. Practice Implications: Increased workload and capacity utilization increase the occurrence of medical error; an effect that can be offset by a positive safety climate but not by formally implemented safety procedures and policies. (authors' abstract)

Grundskolan i Sverige är den största organisationen i landet och risker för attentat och andra förödande händelser kan förekomma. Skolattacken i Trollhättan som under hösten 2015 inträffade är ett exempel på ett sådant attentat som skett inom svensk skolverksamhet. Vid närmare granskning upptäcktes det att det finns mycket få publicerade studier kring säkerhetsklimat inom skolverksamhet, vilket väckte ett intresse att undersöka detta närmare. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att med kvantitativ ansats undersöka om Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire kan mäta säkerhetsklimat inom grundskoleverksamhet. Mätinstrumentet NOSACQ-50 består av 50 påståenden som är indelade i 7 säkerhetsklimatdimensioner och 2 undersökningsområden. Då skolor präglas av barn och ungdomar har personalen ett stort ansvar för deras säkerhet och därför var det de som blev föreliggande studies undersökningsdeltagare. I föreliggande studie gjordes ett bekvämlighetsurval och studien avgränsades till grundskoleverksamhet då det där fanns kontakter och goda möjligheter för att underlätta datainsamlingen. Urvalet bestod av 60 undersökningsdeltagare från 3 grundskolor i södra Sverige. Undersökningsdeltagarna var mellan åldrarna 22 år till 68 år där 17 var män, 43 var kvinnor och där 5 stycken har en arbetsledande befattning. Studiens resultat visade att NOSACQ-50 kan mäta säkerhetsklimat inom grundskoleverksamhet. NOSACQ-50 uppvisade en hög tillförlitlighet men två dimensioner (4 och 5) uppvisade ett lägre alfavärde. Det kan bero på att frågorna i dessa dimensioner kan vara mindre lämpade för att mäta säkerhetsklimat inom grundskoleverksamhet. NOSACQ-50 kunde inte urskilja säkerhetsklimatnivåer mellan grundskolorna. / The elementary school in Sweden is the largest organization in the country and the risks of attacks and other devastating events can occur. The school attack in Trollhattan in the autumn of 2015 is an example of such an attack that occurred in the Swedish school activity. During closer examination it was discovered that there are very few published studies about the safety climate in school activities, which created an interest to investigate this further. The aim of the present study was to investigate the quantitative approach of the Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire, which is an instrument that can measure the security climate in primary activities. The measuring instrument NOSACQ-50 consists of 50 claims that are divided into 7 security climate dimensions and 2 study areas. When children and young people characterize schools, the staff has a great responsibility for their security and therefore it was those who were present studies survey participants. In the present study a convenience sample was made and the study was restricted to primary business since there were available contacts and therefore a good opportunity to facilitate data collection. The sample consisted of 60 study participants from 3 primary schools in southern Sweden. Study participants were between the ages of 22 years old to 68 years old, where 17 were men, 43 were women and where 5 have a managerial position. The study results showed that NOSACQ-50 could measure the security climate in primary activities. NOSACQ-50 showed a high reliability but 2 dimensions (4 and 5) exhibited a lower alpha value. It may be due to issues in these dimensions may be less suited for measuring safety climate in primary activities. NOSACQ-50 could not distinguish the security climate levels from primary schools.

Workplace incidents result in significant human and financial costs. Despite these costs, it is estimated that less than 1% of organisational research focuses on issues concerning occupational health and safety (Barling & Zacharatos, 2000; Reason, 1990). Safety research has begun however to focus increasing attention on understanding the role that the wider organisational context, and in particular the role that safety climate, plays in influencing safety (Barling, Kelloway, & Iverson, 2003; Clarke, 2006a; Cox & Cheyne, 2000; Parker, Axtell, & Turner, 2001; Zohar, 2000). Safety climate refers to safety related policies, procedures and practices that signal the concern for safety (Griffin & Neal, 2000). The aim of the current program of research was to further understanding of the structure, antecedents and cross-level effects of safety climate. Specifically, this research aimed to better understand how organisational factors, and more specifically culture, influence safety climate and safety incidents. This knowledge is important as it assists organisations to purposively engineer stronger climates for safety and in doing so assists them to reduce the number of workplace incidents and accidents. The current program of research consists of three field-based studies. An overview of each study is provided below: Overview Study 1 Study 1 aimed to identify the safety climate schema for a sample of individuals working within the rail industry and explore whether safety climate schemas differ across individuals with and without leadership responsibilities. A proportional number of upper managers (n = 6), supervisors (n = 7) and workers (n = 12) were purposively sampled and interviewed. Interview data was analysed using Leximancer – an advanced computer assisted data mining tool. Results identified 10 emergent themes underlying a safety climate schema – many of these themes aligned closely with common safety climate factors in the academic literature. Results also showed differences between the safety factors that were dominant in the safety climate schemas of upper managers, supervisors and workers: upper managers were more closely associated with themes relating to ‘culture,’ and ‘people’; supervisors were more closely associated with themes relating to ‘corporate values,’ ‘management practices,’ and ‘safety communication’; whereas workers were more closely associated with themes relating to ‘procedures,’ and ‘safety training’. Results are discussed in relation to safety climate theory and in relation to how managers can use this knowledge to better communicate to the specific safety needs of different sub-groups. Overview Study 2 Study 2 aimed to better understand how perceived cultural profiles are related to safety. The Competing Values Framework adopted in this study proposes that four cultural types exist in unison in any organisation. Depending on the demands that are placed on the organisation, each type will be more or less dominant and each organisation will have a specific ‘cultural profile’ reflecting the strengths of each type. A cross-section of individuals (N = 368) working in high risk industries were sampled to identify the relationship between perceived cultural profiles and (1) psychological safety climate and (2) individual safety incidents. Modal Profile Analysis (MPA) identified four commonly perceived cultural profiles across the sample. A one-way MANOVA indicated that individuals who perceived their organisation had a strong human relations profile, or a dual focused human relations-rational goal profile, reported higher safety climate perceptions and fewer safety incidents. Comparably, individuals who perceived their organisation had a strong internal process profile, or a dual focused internal process-rational goal profile, reported lower safety climate perceptions and more safety incidents. These findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical contribution to the safety climate literature, and in relation to the practical importance that culture plays in influencing safety. Overview Study 3 Study 3 aimed to better understand how the culture of an organisation influences safety, and to explore the levels of analysis that are involved in this relationship. Specifically, this study examined the role that an internal process culture played in influencing safety climate; and in turn the mediating role that two sources of safety climate – business-unit safety climate and perceived supervisory safety climate – played in explaining the relationship between culture and individual-level outcomes (incidents, satisfaction and turnover intentions). Results showed that business-unit culture was related to business-unit safety climate; and that business-unit safety climate and perceived supervisory safety climate mediated the relationship between business-unit culture and incidents, satisfaction and turnover intentions. This research adds to the safety climate literature by providing evidence for the multi-level nature of the relationship between culture, safety climate and outcomes.

Over the past two decades, violence at work has become the object of an increasing level of attention. The objective of the thesis is to analyse how the development of violence at work as a social problem might be understood. The studies in the thesis examine trends in exposure to violence at work among different occupational groups (I), the attention focused on violence at work in trade journals (II), the measures proposed to combat the problem in trade journal articles (III) and in the occupational injury reports made by the victims themselves (IV). The first study shows that, according to victim surveys, levels of exposure to work-related violence have increased since the beginning of the 1980s. The increases are greatest in relation to the female-dominated occupations found in the care provision sectors. Study II presents a quantitative content analysis of trade journals from the period 1978–2004. The results show that there has been an increase in the amount of attention focused on violence at work. The results indicate that definitions of violence have expanded and that attention has become focused on new groups of victims and perpetrators. Study III examines the ways in which trade journals describe measures to combat violence at work. The results indicate that there has been a shift from viewing violence as a problem that should be resolved at the workplace as a health-and-safety issue, to increasingly viewing it as a problem that should be resolved externally with the help of the justice system. Study IV is based on an analysis of occupational injury reports from staff in the care sector who have been exposed to violence at work. Irrespective of the nature of the risk situation that preceded the violent incident, the staff who have been exposed to violence at work would prefer to see the problem resolved internally at the workplace. / Våld i arbetslivet har under de senaste två decennierna fått en större uppmärksamhet. Syftet med avhandlingen är att analysera hur utvecklingen av våld i arbetslivet som samhällsproblem kan förstås. I fyra delstudier behandlas omfattningen och utvecklingen av utsatthet för våld i arbetslivet bland olika yrkesgrupper (I), hur våld i arbetslivet uppmärksammats i facklig press (II) och vilka åtgärder som förespråkas i facklig press (III) samt i arbetsskadeanmälningar (IV). Gemensamt för avhandlingens studier är att de tar upp frågor som rör förändring över tid, hur utvecklingen kan förstås och vilka konsekvenser förändringarna för med sig. I den första studien visas att utsatthet för arbetsrelaterat hot och våld enligt svenska offerunderökningar har ökat sedan 1980-talets början. Ökningarna är störst för de kvinnodominerade jobben inom välfärdssektorerna. I studie II görs en kvantitativ innehållsanalys av facklig press 1978-2004. Resultaten visar att uppmärksamheten för våld har ökat och pekar på vidgade definitioner av våld och att nya grupper uppmärksammas som offer och förövare. I studie III undersöks hur åtgärder mot hot och våld i arbetslivet uppmärksammas i facklig press. Resultaten indikerar att våld i arbetslivet har gått från att ses som ett problem som skall lösas som en intern arbetsmiljöfråga på arbetsplatsen till att allt oftare ses som ett problem som ska lösas externt med hjälp av polis och rättsväsende. Det har skett en förskjutning mot ett förrättsligande när det gäller hur våld i arbetlivet ska åtgärdas. Utvecklingen kan sammanfattas som en rörelse ett arbetsmiljöproblem till ett brottsproblem. Studie IV utgår från en analys av arbetsskadeanmälningar från vård- och omsorgspersonal som utsatts för våld i arbetet. När man ser till de åtgärdsförslag som de utsatta själva föreslår för att undvika att våldet skall inträffa igen så framgår att det finns en diskrepans mellan de åtgärder som uppmärksammas i facklig press och de åtgärder som personalen efterfrågar. De våldsutsatta ser främst att våldsproblemet, oavsett vilken risksituation som föregått våldet, löses internt på arbetsplatsen. Adekvata resurser i form av tid och personal för att utföra arbetet efterfrågas gång på gång. Insatser av externa aktörer såsom polis och rättsväsende efterfrågas däremot inte. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Submitted.

Up to now the issue of the safety and healthy is important in this sociality. More and more young people first select the high economical scale, high popularity, high potential and good system company when entering the work place. The primary reason is that those large enterprises provider good salary, good welfare and upgrade overall value by myself. The most important that the large enterprises obtain the TOSHMS certified and have the perfect occupational safety and healthy management system. In 2010 the Council of Labor Affairs has a mission to enhance the quality of its manpower, to create a friendly working environment, to promote harmonious labor relations, to achieve the dignity of labor and labor to constract equality, human, safety, dignity of working life. In recently years the workplace health promotion activity, employee health concepts into the workplace, it is the best choice for creating a friendly workplace. Moreover, if it can improve employee health through the means of achieving the purpose of workplace safety, not only to benefit both employers and employees, the public is in line with national expectations. Therefore, the research led by the research variables of safety leadership, safety climate, workplace health promotion measures, the Occupational Safety and Health performance, through TOSHMS certified institutions for the research to explore adding workplace health promotion measures on occupational safety and health performance is there a better show. So, the research used an A volumn with multiple B volumns way of sending survey questionnaires 140 volumns of A (the occupational safety and healthy performance of the enterprises), 841 volumns of B (the view of employees for safety leadership, safety climate and workplace health promotion measures). After recycled the valid questionnaires were 50 volumns of A, 266 volumns of B and analysis was conducted via Confirmatory Factor Analysis, CFA, Descriptive Statistics, Independent t-test, One-way ANOVA, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), Multiple Linear Regression Analysis and so on. Research results reveal that safety leadership and saety climate in the occupational safety and health performance has significant positive impact and safety climate has mediation affection between safety leadership and the occupational safety and healthy performance. Other, workplace health promotion measures and safety climate in the interaction of occupational health and workplace health promotion measures has moderating affection between safety climate and the occupational safety and healthy performance. The contributions of this research include providing Taiwan enterprises with a reference for development strategy on workplace health promotion measures, and to apply the knowledge to labor-related fields and enterprise practices.