This master‘s thesis is focused on the creation of the Emergency Response Plan (ERP) for an Approved Training Organisation (ATO). The first part of this thesis describes aviation organisations and other transport organisations that require Safety management system. The second part analyses requirements for documentation and regulations for applying Emergency Response Plan. In the third section there is an ERP general manual which helps ATO with the creation of the document. The last part contains the ERP created for a model ATO with the help of the general manual from the third chapter.

<p>CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere poses a great threat to life on earth as we know it. The reduction of CO₂ concentration is key to avoid the critical turning point of 1.5^oC temperature increase highlighted by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Gasification using CO₂ as reacting agent can potentially reduce the CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere. Naturally, biomass such as corn, uses great amounts of CO₂ for photosynthesis and produces O₂; hence, energy and fuel production using biomass can potentially be classified as carbon neutral. Moreover, if CO₂ is used as the gasifying agent, gasification can effectively be carbon-negative and collaborate to the reduction of CO2 in the atmosphere.</p> <p>The major setback of using CO₂ biomass gasification is the energy-intensive reaction between C + CO₂ -> 2CO. This reaction at atmospheric pressure and room temperature is heavily tilted towards producing char and CO2. The current investigation describes efforts to favor the right hand side of the reaction by using simple impregnation techniques and cost-effective catalysts to reduce the energy requirements of the reaction. Also, parameters such as pressure are explored to tilt the balance towards the production of CO. Corn stover is selected as the biomass for the present research due to its wide use and availability in the US.</p> <p>The results show that by using catalysts such as iron nitrate and sodium aluminate, the temperature required to achieve substantial char conversion is reduced. Also, increasing the pressure of the reactor, the temperature can be substantially decreased by 100 K and 150 K. The structure and chemical composition of the chars is studied to explain the differences in the reaction rate between chars. Further, chemical kinetics are calculated to compare the present work with previous work in the literature. Finally, data-driven analysis of the gasification data is explored. The appendices provide supplementary information on the application of deep learning to CO₂ recycling using turbulent flames and efforts to reduce the flame spread rate over a pool of Jet A by using Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTS).</p>

<p>Safety Management Systems (SMS) in the aviation industry is increasingly an essential aspect of identifying hazards and managing the associated risks. While SMS has become commonplace and is often a regulatory requirement for air carriers, it remains voluntary for many other aviation service providers such as airports. Over the past decade, commercial UAS operations have significantly increased, leading to safety and economic challenges for airports. This research studied the current state of SMS and commercial UAS operations at airports. This research utilized a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods, which included an extensive literature review, interviews, and a survey of airport stakeholders. The literature review confirmed an increase in UAS hazards and risks within the airport operating area coupled with immature SMS practices that address these UAS operations. To build on the findings from the review of literature, a survey instrument was developed, distributed to airport stakeholders, and the responses were statistically analyzed. To gain greater insight into these findings, researchers interviewed three airport subject matter experts. The study compared the airports current state of SMS with UAS operations, the airport stakeholder’s level of familiarity with related policies, and their need for additional UAS SMS guidance material or training. Research results suggest a need for further development and adoption of robust SMS practices at airports along with education and training. This study may assist airport stakeholders, UAS operators, and regulators to further develop robust safety and risk management practices that support safe UAS operations within the airport operating area.</p>

Inom hälso- och sjukvårdsområdet såväl som inom många andra yrkesområden förs idag en diskussion om säkerhet och hur denna kan upprätthållas. Anestesisjukvården är inget undantag. Den största delen av debatten ligger på en lednings eller chefsnivå, där man pratar om hela system som måste omarbetas för att finna en säkrare miljö för patienter och yrkesverksamma. Syftet med denna studie var att belysa och beskriva de metoder som de kliniskt verksamma inom anestesisjukvården kan använda sig av för att ge en så säker vård som möjligt till patienten i samband med anestesi. Metoden var en litteraturstudie som bygger på tio vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultatet visade att de fem metoder som används är incidensrapportering, checklistor, teamträning, fortbildning med och utan simulatorer samt utökat användande av videoteknik. Det visade sig att dessa metoder inte är nya. Samma metoder finns beskrivna i litteraturen sedan 1970-talet men de har vidareutvecklats. / In health care as well as in many other professions today there are a debate going on about safety management and preventive safety work. The anaesthesia department is no exception.The main discussion is on the level of leadership, and it is about how to change whole systems so the environment around the patient and the professional work will be safer. The purpose of this literature review was to elucidate and describe the methods the anaesthetisa workers can use to give the patient as safe anaetsthesia care as possible. Our method was a literature review based on ten scientific articles. The result showed five different methods, incident reporting, checklists, theoretical as well as practical education with and without simulators and more use of video technique. The methods described were not new, they had been discussed in the literature sins 1970, but they have been developed.

Nowadays, rail transport has become one of the most widely utilised forms of transport thanks to its high safety level, large capacity, and cost-effectiveness. With the railway network's continuous development, including urban rail transit, one of the major areas of increasing attention and demand is ensuring safety or risk management in operation long-term remains for the whole life cycle by scientific tools, management of railway operation (Martani 2017), specifically in developed and developing countries like Vietnam. The situation in Vietnam demonstrates that the national mainline railway network has been built and operated entirely in a single narrow gauge (1000mm) since the previous century, with very few updates of manual operating technology. This significantly highlights that up to now, the conventional technique for managing the safety operation in general, and collision in particular, of the current Vietnamese railway system, including its subsystems, is only accident statistics which is not a scientific-based tool as the others like risk identify and analyse methods, risk mitigation…, that are already available in many countries. Accident management of Vietnam Railways is limited and responsible for accident statistics analysis to avoid and minimise the harm caused by phenomena that occur only after an accident. Statistical analysis of train accident case studies in Vietnam railway demonstrates that, because hazards and failures that could result in serious system occurrences (accidents and incidents) have not been identified, recorded, and evaluated to conduct safety-driven risk analysis using a well-suited assessment methodology, risk prevention and control cannot be achieved. Not only is it hard to forecast and avoid events, but it may also raise the chance and amount of danger, as well as the severity of the later effects. As a result, Vietnam's railway system has a high number of accidents and failure rates. For example, Vietnam Rail-ways' mainline network accounted for approximately 200 railway accidents in 2018, a 3% increase over the previous year, including 163 collisions between trains and road vehicles/persons, resulting in more than 100 fatalities and more than 150 casualties; 16 accidents, including almost derailments, the signal passed at danger… without fatality or casual-ty, but significant damage to rolling stock and track infrastructure (VR 2021). Focusing and developing a new standardised framework for safety management and availability of railway operation in Vietnam is required in view of the rapid development of rail urban transport in the country in recent years (VmoT 2016; VmoT 2018). UMRT Line HN2A in southwest Hanoi is the country's first elevated light rail transit line, which was completed and officially put into revenue service in November 2021. This greatly highlights that up to the current date, the UMRT Line HN2A is the first and only railway line in Vietnam with operational safety assessment launched for the first time and long-term remains for the whole life cycle. The fact that the UMRT Hanoi has a large capacity, more complicated rolling stock and infrastructure equipment, as well as a modern communica-tion-based train control (CBTC) signalling system and automatic train driving without the need for operator intervention (Lindqvist 2006), are all advantages. Developing a compatible and integrated safety management system (SMS) for adaption to the safety operating requirements of this UMRT is an important major point of concern, and this should be proven. In actuality, the system acceptance and safety certification phase for Metro Line HN2A prolonged up to 2.5 years owing to the identification of difficulties with noncompliance to safety requirements resulting from inadequate SMS documents and risk assessment. These faults and hazards have developed during the manufacturing and execution of the project; it is impossible to go back in time to correct them, and it is also impossible to ignore the project without assuming responsibility for its management. At the time of completion, the HN2A metro line will have required an expenditure of up to $868 million, thus it is vital to create measures to prevent system failure and assure passenger safety. This dissertation has reviewed the methods to solve the aforementioned challenges and presented a solution blueprint to attain the European standard level of system safety in three-phase as in the following: • Phase 1: applicable for lines that are currently in operation, such as Metro Line HN2A. Focused on operational and maintenance procedures, as well as a training plan for railway personnel, in order to enhance human performance. Complete and update the risk assessment framework for Metro Line HN2A. The dissertation's findings are described in these applications. • Phase 2: applicable for lines that are currently in construction and manufacturing, such as Metro Line HN3, Line HN2, HCMC Line 1 and Line 2. Continue refining and enhancing engineering management methods introduced during Phase 1. On the basis of the risk assessment by manufacturers (Line HN3, HCMC Line 2 with European manufacturers) and the risk assessment framework described in Chapter 4, a risk management plan for each line will be developed. Building Accident database for risk assessment research and development. • Phase 3: applicable for lines that are currently in planning. Enhance safety requirements and life-cycle management. Building a proactive Safety Culture step by step for the railway industry. This material is implemented gradually throughout all three phases, beginning with the creation of the concept and concluding with an improvement in the attitude of railway personnel on the HN2A line. In addition to this overview, Chapters 4 through Chapter 9 of the dissertation include particular solutions for Risk assessment, Vehicle and Infrastructure Maintenance methods, Inci-dent Management procedures, and Safety Culture installation. This document focuses on constructing a system safety concept for railway personnel, providing stringent and scientific management practises to assure proper engineering conditions, to manage effectively the metro line system, and ensuring passenger safety in Hanoi's metro operation

A comprehensive study of accident records which have occured in Coal Mining Industries of Europe and U. S. A are analysed. The intention of the research was to establish relationships between the various accidents and prevention methods adopted by each country are evaluated and to assess the impact of industrial legislation in these various countries on accident rate are examined. The study analyses in paricular the fatal accident rate, and major and minor rate. The Major health hazards associated with coal mining are described in detail and discusses together with the Measurement of safety performance and its application in the Safety field. The study also examines the role of human factors in accidents also includes a summaries of fatal and major injury rates for 46 countries. Arising from the research a number of recommendations for improving safety are requires further research are indentified. / Ministry of Culture and Higher Education Of Islamic Republic of Iran

The electrical industry is considered a high-risk industry, with workers constantly working in close relation to high voltages and in a workplace which constantly changes. This emphasizes the need for a proper safety management system, in order to identify and manage risk at each and every workplace. The aim of this study is to explore the safety management dynamics and interplay between management and workers in regard to safety in the electrical grid industry. This, with the purpose of identifying which deficiencies exist in the interaction, and how existing safety management theories can be applied in order to explain the deficiencies identified. This is done though a qualitative, single case study. The research method uses an abductive approach, and data is collected through both participant observations and semi-structured interviews with managers and workers in order to compare the difference in perception of the current safety management system at the studied organization. The result is analyzed using a thematic analysis, in which four different themes are found, communication, organizational culture, organizational dynamics, and safety practices. The study identifies flawed communication as an underlying issue which results in multiple following deficiencies. A lack of organizational transparency and inefficient communication methods, fuels a confusion regarding the purpose and efficiency of safety measures, and undermines the workers trust in management’s commitment to safety. Consequently, workers perceived organizational support decreases, as well as their willingness to engage in constructive voice behavior and following safety protocol. This gap in understanding between management and workers forms organizational silos between the two actors, where not only communication and collaboration further decrease, but also a social identity within the groups where the other side isn’t seen as a collaborator, but rather a hinderance. The study concludes that the deficiencies in the organizational communication has created a downward spiral, exacerbating the gap between management and workers, and hinders the safety management system. Addressing the deficiencies identified in this study, one should focus on enhancing communication, fostering a mutual trust, and actively promote and prioritize workers engagement to safety practices.

Patients have the potential to provide a rich source of information on both organisational aspects of safety and patient safety incidents. This project aims to develop two patient safety interventions to promote organisational learning about safety - a patient measure of organisational safety (PMOS), and a patient incident reporting tool (PIRT) - to help the NHS prevent patient safety incidents by learning more about when and why they occur. METHODS: To develop the PMOS 1) literature will be reviewed to identify similar measures and key contributory factors to error; 2) four patient focus groups will ascertain practicality and feasibility; 3) 25 patient interviews will elicit approximately 60 items across 10 domains; 4) 10 patient and clinician interviews will test acceptability and understanding. Qualitative data will be analysed using thematic content analysis.To develop the PIRT 1) individual and then combined patient and clinician focus groups will provide guidance for the development of three potential reporting tools; 2) nine wards across three hospital directorates will pilot each of the tools for three months. The best performing tool will be identified from the frequency, volume and quality of reports. The validity of both measures will be tested. 300 patients will be asked to complete the PMOS and PIRT during their stay in hospital. A sub-sample (N = 50) will complete the PMOS again one week later. Health professionals in participating wards will also be asked to complete the AHRQ safety culture questionnaire. Case notes for all patients will be reviewed. The psychometric properties of the PMOS will be assessed and a final valid and reliable version developed. Concurrent validity for the PIRT will be assessed by comparing reported incidents with those identified from case note review and the existing staff reporting scheme. In a subsequent study these tools will be used to provide information to wards/units about their priorities for patient safety. A patient panel will provide steering to the research. DISCUSSION: The PMOS and PIRT aim to provide a reliable means of eliciting patient views about patient safety. Both interventions are likely to have relevance and practical utility for all NHS hospital trusts.

Background: The status of Safety Management is highly relevant to evaluate an organization’s ability to deal with unexpected events or errors, especially in times of crisis. However, it remains unclear to what extent Safety Management was developed and suffciently implemented within the healthcare system during the COVID-19 pandemic. Providing insights of potential for improvement is expected to be directional for ongoing Safety Management efforts, in times of crisis and beyond. Method: A nationwide survey study was conducted among healthcare professionals and auxiliary staff on German Intensive Care Units (ICUs) evaluating their experiences during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Error Management and Patient Safety Culture (PSC) measures served to operationalize Safety Management. Data were analyzed descriptively and by using quantitative content analysis (QCA). Results: Results for n = 588 participants from 53 hospitals show that there is a gap between errors occurred, reported, documented, and addressed. QCA revealed that low quality of safety culture (27.8%) was the most mentioned reason for errors not being addressed. Overall, ratings of PSC ranged from 26.7 to 57.9% positive response with Staffng being the worst and Teamwork Within Units being the best rated dimension. While assessments showed a similar pattern, medical staff rated PSC on ICUs more positively in comparison to nursing staff. Conclusion: The status-analysis of Safety Management in times of crisis revealed relevant potential for improvement. Human Factor plays a crucial role in the occurrence and the way errors are dealt with on ICUs, but systemic factors should not be underestimated. Further intensified efforts specifically in the fields of staffng and error reporting, documentation and communication are needed to improve Safety Management on ICUs. These findingsmight also be applicable across nations and sectors beyond the medical field.

<p dir="ltr">Measuring human kinematics and kinetics is critical for ergonomists to evaluate ergonomic risks related to physical workloads, which are essential for ensuring workplace health and safety. Human kinematics describes human body postures and movements in 6 degrees of freedom (DOF). In contrast, kinetics describes the external forces acting on the human body, such as the weight of loads being handled. Measuring them in the workplace has remained costly as they require expensive equipment, such as motion capture systems, or are only possible to measure manually, such as measuring the weight through a force gauge. Due to the limitations of existing measurement methods, most ergonomics assessments are conducted in laboratory settings, mainly to evaluate and improve the design of workspaces, production tools, and tasks. Continuous monitoring of workers' ergonomic risks during daily operations has been challenging, yet it is critical for ergonomists to make timely decisions to prevent workplace injuries.</p><p dir="ltr">Motivated by this gap, this dissertation proposed three studies that introduce novel low-cost, minimally intrusive, and automated methods to measure human kinematics and kinetics for ergonomics assessments. Specifically, study 1 proposed ErgoNet, a deep learning and computer vision network that takes a monocular image as input and predicts the absolute 3D human body joint positions and rotations in the camera coordinate system. It achieved a Mean Per Joint Position Error of 10.69 cm and a Mean Per Joint Rotation Error of 13.67 degrees. This study demonstrated the ability to measure 6 DOF joint kinematics for continuous and dynamic ergonomics assessments for biomechanical modeling using just a single camera. </p><p dir="ltr">Studies 2 and 3 showed the potential of using pressure-sensing gloves (i.e., tactile gloves) to predict ergonomics risks in lifting tasks, especially the weight of loads. Study 2 investigated the impacts of different lifting risk factors on the tactile gloves' pressure measurements, demonstrating that the measured pressure significantly correlates with the weight of loads through linear regression analyses. In addition, the lifting height, direction, and hand type were found to significantly impact the measured pressure. However, the results also illustrated that a linear regression model might not be the best solution for using the tactile gloves' data to predict the weight of loads, as the weight of loads could only explain 58 \% of the variance of the measured pressured, according to the R-squared value. Therefore, study 3 proposed using deep learning model techniques, specifically the Convolution Neural Networks, to predict the weight of loads in lifting tasks based on the raw tactile gloves' measurements. The best model in study 3 achieved a mean absolute error of 1.58 kg, representing the most accurate solution for predicting the weight of loads in lifting tasks. </p><p dir="ltr">Overall, the proposed studies introduced novel solutions to measure human kinematics and kinetics. These can significantly reduce the costs needed to conduct ergonomics assessments and assist ergonomists in continuously monitoring or evaluating workers' ergonomics risks in daily operations.</p>