Inaug.-diss.--Rostock. / Lebenslauf. Litteratur-verzeichnis: p. [50]-53.

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio State University, 1983. / Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Ausgehend von POxy 27,2469 lassen sich für den im Codex Paris. Suppl. Graec. 607 enthaltenen Text des Aristodemos (FGrH 104 F 1) Parallelen, Kopien und Auszüge in der antiken Überlieferung erkennen: Nicht nur in den Scholien (zu Aristophanes, Hermogenes), sondern auch bei Plutarch und in der Überlieferung von Aristophanes’ Pax ist eine antike Tradition erhalten, die sich für den Aristodemos-Text auf das 4. Jh. v. Chr. zurückführen läßt. Die Umdeutung historischer Ereignisse des 5. Jh.s (Salamis, Pausanias’ Schicksal, der Ausbruch des Peloponnesischen Krieges) in eine reine, attische Sieghaftigkeit und die Strukturierung des Textes durch literarische Inschriften (Pausanias- Epigramm, Diskus-Inschrift der Spartaner), Sprüche und Zitate (Zitate aus Aristophanes’ Pax und Acharnern, Sprüche zu Themistokles und Perikles) ist so eng mit der Atthidographie verbunden, daß für das Original, aus dem der vorliegende Text zusammengefaßt wurde, sehr wahrscheinlich eine Atthis zu vermuten ist. / The text of Aristodemos (FGrH 104 F 1), included into the Codex Paris. Suppl. Greac. 607, whose authenticity is supported by POxy 27, 2469, displays parallels, copies and abstracts of other ancient texts: Not only the Scholia of Aristophanes and Hermogenes, but also Plutarch and Aristophanes’ Pax hold an ancient tradition that with respect to the text of Aristodemos can be traced back to the 4th century BC. The reinterpretation of historical events of the 5th century BC (the battle of Salamis, the fate of Pausanias, the outbreak of the Peleponnesian War) as mere Attic victoriousness and the structure of the text, being influenced by literary inscriptions (the epigram of Pausanias, the inscription of the Spartans on a discus), sayings and quotations, can be shown as strongly connected with Atthidographers. This leads to the conclusion that the original which the text at hand was composited from derived from an Atthis.

This thesis treats the identification between the Teucrians and the Ṯ-k-(k)-r, one of the so-called Sea Peoples. The hypothesis that the Teucrians and the Ṯ-k-(k)-r would be one and the same was proposed by the Egyptologist Lauth in 1867 and has since become the standard identification for this Sea People. The hypothesis is to-day up-hold by almost all scholars, regarding of discipline, devoted to the research of the Sea Peoples. The author has limited himself to the geographical links between these two peoples. Regarding the Teucrians, the ancient authors suggested three different areas of origin, Crete, Attica, and the Troad. Besides this, the Cypriot Salamis as well as the Cilician Olba have also been linked to this people. By studying the ancient texts relating to these five geographical areas and their respective connections to the Teucrians, the author has set out to test the historicity of the geographical connections. He has gone through the ancient texts and tried to find out the sources for their statements, the background and origin of these connections and their historical value. This has then been compared to the primary sources regarding the Ṯ-k-(k)-r, all of which originate from Egypt and the 20th Dynasty. The results of this survey is that none of the ancient accounts can be verified, with certainty, with information received from sources contemporary with the Sea Peoples. Furthermore, it is also impossible to prove that the Teucrians were an historical people and thusly their identification with the Ṯ-k-(k)-r is very problematic. Of the geographical areas, it is only Cyprus that with certainty can be linked to the Sea Peoples, but probably not with the Ṯ-k-(k)-r but with the D-n-n.

The objects discovered in Tomb 79 at the necropolis of Salamis, Cyprus have garnered much attention since their discovery. The material from this tomb, however, needs an in-depth, object-by-object analysis that will lead to a greater understanding of the burial as a whole. In my thesis, I offer a detailed case study of a single item, an ivory-covered wooden chair—so-called Throne Γ—as exemplifying an approach to this analysis. Based on the excavation team’s exacting reconstruction, the chair is four-legged with armrests and a slightly curved backrest. Ivory overlays the entirety of the chair except on a few sections of the backrest where the wood shows through. Here as well, both figural and geometric designs decorate the ivory, and the top bar was originally overlaid with gold. As a whole, Throne Γ would have appeared as a solid ivory object, embellished with wood and gold, and was likely draped with textiles. In this study, I analyze Throne Γ as an agent of identity. To do so, I follow the example of other scholars such as Irene Winter and Marian Feldman and employ the theory of object agency, addressing Throne Γ as an affective entity. When placed in a social context—i.e., when involved in human interaction—such agentive objects actively influence their surroundings. In this case, I analyze how Throne Γ affected the individual in whose tomb it was buried. I argue that through its various affective “mechanisms”—its nature as a luxury object, the value of its ivory material, its sensory qualities (including luminosity, texture, and fragrance), its iconography, and its ritual function—Throne Γ projected a king-like identity upon the deceased individual from Tomb 79. His actual political and social power during his lifetime, however, may have been less than that suggested by the mechanisms of the chair. The inclusion of Throne Γ in the burial was therefore a conscious choice and the identity the chair projected deliberate. It was meant to agentively mark, and thus legitimize, the deceased as a politically-able, diplomatically-savvy, and divinely-touched figure in the early days of monarchy on Cyprus. / text

This study aimed to isolate and characterize probiotic strains from fermented milk and multiplies in the swine plasma medium for inoculation in Italian salamis, with the starter culture Staphylococcus xylosus isolated from artisanal salamis. Colonies count of the fermented milks was in the MRS (De Man Rogosa Sharpe Agar, Oxoid) medium by the technique of 'pour-plate'. The strains were isolated through the technical spread plate in selective medium, MRS. Individual strains were confirmed by Gram staining, catalase test and identified by kits Api 20 A and 50 CHL (Bio Merieux SA, Marcy L'Etoile, France). After, passed the tests of resistance to sodium chloride added to the MRS agar, in concentrations of 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3% and resistance to nitrite and nitrate, which were conducted by the same procedure at concentrations of 80, 100, 120, 150 and 200 ppm. They also passed through of 0.3% bile and acid resistance tests, pH: 3.0, 2.5 and 2.0 of 3M HCl for 3 and 6 hours. In the second experiment, the isolate strain of Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis 2 passed through multiplication in fermented machine for use as a starter in probiotics dry fermented sausages. The probiotic strains were multiplied in plates with swine plasma medium plus agar and isolate starter Staphylococcus xylosus in BAIRD-PARKER plate. In the treatments were used as starters the S. xylosus and Lactococcus lactis, and as probiotic strains: Lactobacillus paracasei ssp paracasei 1 and Bifidobacterium spp 2. Control treatment was added with commercial starters, the Treatment 1: with isolate starters; Treatment 2: with isolate starters adding more probiotic strain a Lactobacillus paracasei ssp paracasei 1 and Treatment 3: starters more probiotic isolate strain Bifidobacterium spp 2. Were evaluated microbiological, physic-chemical and sensory aspects. Samples of fermented milks examined showed higher counts to 107CFU.g-1 and the strains were: Actinomyces israelli, 7 Actinomyces naeslundii, Lactobacillus acidophylus/jensenii, Bifidobacterium spp 2, Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis 2 e Lactobacillus paracasei ssp paracasei 1. The strains Bifidobacterium spp 2 and Lactobacillus paracasei ssp paracasei 1 were resistant to all concentrations of sodium chloride, nitrite and nitrate, and the pH of 3.0 for 3 hours and 6 hours. The L. paracasei ssp paracasei 1 showed lower counts to 106 UFC.mL-1 at pH 2.0, with 5.63 Log UFC.mL-1 in 3 hours of incubation and 3.79 Log UFC.mL-1 in 6 hours. The strain of Bifidobacterium spp 2 lost its probiotic viability after exposure of 6 hours in the pH of 2.0 and 2.5, showing reduction of 9.4 Log UFC.mL-1 to 3.67 and 4.18 Log UFC.mL-1, respectively. The strains analyzed showed resistance to bile salts and remained in a viable state after 4 hours of exposure to 0.3% of bile salts. The propagation in a culture medium made with swine plasma achieved levels of 5.52 Log CFU.mL-1 to 8.58 Log CFU.mL-1 and optical density of 0.14 to 0.882, in 27 hours of fermentation. All final physical and chemical parameters were up to standards with pHs and activities of water in accordance with the safety standards of the product. Sensory characteristics showed that the isolated strains notes were statistically equal and/or above the commercial strains and probiotics salamis had cells in a viable state for 30 days of storage. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo isolar e caracterizar cepas probióticas de leites fermentados comerciais e multiplica-lás em meio de cultura à base de plasma suíno para inoculação em salames tipo Italiano, juntamente com a cultura starter Staphylococcus xylosus isolada de salames artesanais. A contagem das colônias dos leites fermentados foi em meio MRS (De Man Rogosa Sharpe Agar, Oxoid) pela técnica de semeadura em profundidade. As cepas foram isoladas através da técnica spread-plate em meio seletivo, MRS. Cepas individuais foram confirmadas por coloração de Gram e prova da catalase, e identificadas pelos kits Api 20 A e 50 CHL (Bio Merieux SA, Marcy L Etoile, France). Após, foram realizados os testes de resistência ao cloreto de sódio adicionado ao ágar MRS, nas concentrações de 1%, 1,5%, 2 %, 2,5% e 3% e resistência ao nitrito e nitrato, que foram realizados pelo mesmo procedimento, nas concentrações de 80, 100, 120, 150 e 200 ppm. Realizou-se também os testes de resistência a bile 0,3% e a acidez, em pH: 3,0, 2,5 e 2,0 de HCl 3M durante 3 e 6 horas. No segundo experimento, a cepa de Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis 2 isolada foi multiplicada em fermentador para uso como starter nos salames. As cepas probióticas foram multiplicadas em placas com meio de plasma suíno acrescido de ágar e o starter isolado de Staphylococcus xylosus em placas de BAIRD-PARKER. Nos tratamentos foram usados como starters o S. xylosus e Lactococcus lactis, e como cepas probióticas: Lactobacillus paracasei ssp paracasei 1 e Bifidobacterium spp 2. O tratamento Controle foi adicionado de starters comerciais; o Tratamento 1: com starters isolados; Tratamento 2: com starters isolados mais adição da cepa probiótica Lactobacillus paracasei ssp paracasei 1 e Tratamento 3: starters isolados mais cepa probiótica Bifidobacterium spp 2. Foram avaliados os aspectos microbiológicos, físico-químicos e sensoriais. As amostras de leites fermentados analisadas apresentaram contagens superiores a 107 UFC.g-1 e as cepas encontradas foram: Actinomyces israelli, Actinomyces naeslundii, Lactobacillus acidophylus/jensenii, Bifidobacterium spp 2, Lactococcus lactis ssp lactis 2 e Lactobacillus paracasei ssp paracasei 1. As cepas Bifidobacterium spp 2 e Lactobacillus paracasei ssp paracasei 1 foram resistentes a todas as concentrações de cloreto de sódio, nitrito e nitrato, e ao pH de 3,0 durante 3 horas e 6 horas. O L. paracasei ssp paracasei 1 apresentou contagens inferiores a 106 UFC.mL-1 em pH 2,0, com 5,63 Log UFC.mL-1 em 3 horas de incubação e 3,79 Log UFC.mL-1 em 6 horas. A cepa de Bifidobacterium spp 2 perdeu sua viabilidade probiótica após a exposição de 6 horas nos pH de 2,0 e 2,5, apresentando redução de 9,4 Log UFC.mL-1 para 3,67 e 4,18 Log UFC.mL-1, respectivamente. As cepas analisadas apresentaram resistência aos sais biliares, permanecendo em estado viável após 4 horas de exposição à 0,3% de sais biliares. A multiplicação em meio de cultura com plasma suíno alcançou níveis de 5,52 Log UFC.mL-1 a 8,58 Log UFC.mL-1 e densidade óptica de 0,14 a 0,882, em 27 horas de fermentação. Os parâmetros físico-químicos finais estavam todos de acordo com os padrões de pH e atividade de água, conforme as normas de segurança do produto. Com relação às características sensoriais, as cepas isoladas apresentaram notas estatisticamente iguais e/ou superiores às comerciais e os salames probióticos apresentaram células em estado viável durante 30 dias de armazenamento.

Ce mémoire vise à appliquer l’étude des oracles en Grèce au cas longtemps malmené de l’oracle du rempart de bois. Alors que les historiens modernes deviennent de plus en plus critiques face à la littérature oraculaire grâce aux découvertes de l’épigraphie, cet oracle semble résister à cette nouvelle vague : tout et son contraire ont été allégué afin de le préserver de l’étiquette de post eventum. À la lumière du cadre historique dans lequel Hérodote a conçu ses Histoires, nous serons en mesure de décortiquer les éléments constitutifs de cet oracle qui prédit l’issue de la Seconde Guerre médique et selon lequel les Athéniens trouvèrent leur salut derrière le désormais célèbre « rempart de bois ». Nous nous attarderons finalement au dit « Décret de Thémistocle », trouvé à Trézène et commandant l’évacuation d’Athènes. Au terme de ce mémoire, l’épisode du rempart de bois apparaîtra définitivement comme post eventum. / The aim of this thesis is to apply the study of oracles in Greece to the long mistreated case of the oracle of the Wooden Wall. While modern historians are becoming increasingly critical of oracular literature since the discoveries of epigraphy, this oracle appears to resist this new wave: anything and everything were alleged to preserve it from the label of post eventum. The components of this oracle, which predicts the outcome of the second Persian War, and according to which the Athenians would find their salvation behind the now famous Wooden Wall, will be dissected in light of the historical context surrounding Herodotus’ work. The “Decree of Themistocles” found in Troezen, which ordered the evacuation of Athens, will also be addressed. In the conclusion of this thesis, the episode of the wooden wall will be seen to be definitely post eventum.

Ce mémoire vise à appliquer l’étude des oracles en Grèce au cas longtemps malmené de l’oracle du rempart de bois. Alors que les historiens modernes deviennent de plus en plus critiques face à la littérature oraculaire grâce aux découvertes de l’épigraphie, cet oracle semble résister à cette nouvelle vague : tout et son contraire ont été allégué afin de le préserver de l’étiquette de post eventum. À la lumière du cadre historique dans lequel Hérodote a conçu ses Histoires, nous serons en mesure de décortiquer les éléments constitutifs de cet oracle qui prédit l’issue de la Seconde Guerre médique et selon lequel les Athéniens trouvèrent leur salut derrière le désormais célèbre « rempart de bois ». Nous nous attarderons finalement au dit « Décret de Thémistocle », trouvé à Trézène et commandant l’évacuation d’Athènes. Au terme de ce mémoire, l’épisode du rempart de bois apparaîtra définitivement comme post eventum. / The aim of this thesis is to apply the study of oracles in Greece to the long mistreated case of the oracle of the Wooden Wall. While modern historians are becoming increasingly critical of oracular literature since the discoveries of epigraphy, this oracle appears to resist this new wave: anything and everything were alleged to preserve it from the label of post eventum. The components of this oracle, which predicts the outcome of the second Persian War, and according to which the Athenians would find their salvation behind the now famous Wooden Wall, will be dissected in light of the historical context surrounding Herodotus’ work. The “Decree of Themistocles” found in Troezen, which ordered the evacuation of Athens, will also be addressed. In the conclusion of this thesis, the episode of the wooden wall will be seen to be definitely post eventum.

Au début de l’âge du Fer chypriote, la nouvelle topographie qui marque l’île est représentée par des sites identifiés notamment grâce à la découverte de nécropoles, alors que la mise au jour des contextes d’habitat et de sanctuaires fait défaut. À ce déséquilibre de la documentation s’ajoute l’absence de sources écrites, ce qui rend difficile l’appréhension des contextes culturel et historique de l’époque chypro-géométrique. Cela n’est cependant pas le cas pour la période chypro-archaïque : les inscriptions royales assyriennes nous renseignent que l’île était divisée en royaumes dont l’existence est également corroborée par d’autres manifestations culturelles. Dans ce cadre s’insère l’étude de vastes assemblages céramiques, qui constituent par ailleurs la donnée archéologique la plus abondante, provenant des contextes funéraires à l’échelle de l’île (Paphos, Kourion, Amathonte, Kition, Lapithos, Kythrea, Alaas, Salamine) dans le but d’identifier l’existence d’ateliers régionaux. Grâce à l’étude de l’artisanat céramique à un niveau micro-spatial et pour une chronologie qui s’étend approximativement du XIe au VIIIe s. av. J.-C., la présente recherche parvient à définir des identités culturelles régionales et à proposer une révision du système typo-chronologique de l’époque Chypro-géométrique. Dans un dernier temps, elle fournit de nouveaux éléments sur la géographie politique de l’île et les relations entre les divers sites durant l’époque Chypro-géométrique, contribuant en même temps à approcher les processus de la consolidation des royaumes de l’époque Chypro-archaïque. / Cyprus at the inception of the Early Iron Age is known almost exclusively through sites of a mortuary character; settlement and sanctuary contexts are practically absent. In addition, the absence of written sources for the Cypro-Geometric period obstructs the understanding of the historical and cultural contexts for this horizon. This is not the case for the subsequent Cypro-Archaic period, when the existence of the Cypriot kingdoms is attested by royal Assyrian inscriptions and other manifestations in the archaeological record of the island. Within this framework, the present research examines the pottery assemblages from island-wide mortuary contexts of the Cypro-Geometric period (Paphos, Kourion, Amathous, Kition, Lapithos, Kythrea, Alaas, Salamis), in order to determine the operation of regional workshops. Ceramic remains constitute the most abundant and informative evidence for this period. Through the study of site-specific pottery production ranging from the 11th to the 8th centuries BC, this dissertation achieved the definition of regional cultural identities and proposes a revision of the traditional typo-chronological system of the Cypro-Geometric period. Finally, the present study provides new evidence for the political geography of Cyprus and the relations among the Cypro-Geometric polities. Simultaneously, a substantial contribution is provided for the understanding of the processes that led to the consolidation of the kingdoms during the Archaic period.

In my diploma thesis I recommend operating system of the choice of feedstock for the production of durable and fermented salamis. I Choose raw materials for the production of durable salamis according to established criteria for evaluating quality of raw materials and influences, which are affected. Next, I examined the possibilities of evaluation of quality standards and for the production technology of salami Vysočina I put together HACCP plan. In conclusion, I describe the current market and the consumption of raw materials for meat production in the Czech and the entire European Union