Extensive coastal sabkhas in the northern Gulf of California in North America are colonized by Distichlis palmeri, an endemic perennial grass that produces a grain that was harvested as a staple food by native Cocopah people. Previous short-term trials have shown good vegetative growth but low grain yields. During outdoor trials under anaerobic saline soil conditions of paddy-style irrigation, D. palmeri exhibited high salt tolerance, grain and biomass production. Reproductive maturity was reached four years after initial establishment of plants from seed and a 1:3 mixture of male and female plants produced 231-310 g m⁻² of grain, with nutritional content similar to domesticated grains, confirming the feasibility of developing D. palmeri as a perennial grain and biomass crop for salinized soils and water supplies. Salicornia bigelovii Torr., a cosmopolitan annual coastal marsh succulent, produces seed with high oil content and has been suggested as a potential cash crop for fuel production from saline irrigation but its domestication and development into a cost effective commodity has been slow. A breeding and selection program for agronomic traits that will provide multiple landscape and ecosystem services that could enhance cost benefits of the agronomy of S. bigelovii was initiated during a two year period while producing seed for a pilot system at the Masdar Institute in Abu Dhabi, U.A.E. A concept for a saline landscape designed to consume and concentrate saline waste streams was developed and demonstrates the feasibility and potential to support agronomy of halophytes within a built landscape ecology akin to coastal marsh systems. Exploration and development of potential services halophytes could provide and field testing of selected halophytes for their potential to produce food, fuel, fiber and habitat under designed and managed domestication in our salinized soils with saline waste irrigation needs our continued investigation.

El Poecílido Gambusia holbrooki, mundialmente introducido en sistemas acuáticos epicontinentales, presenta una alta capacidad invasora y supone una seria amenaza para las comunidades nativas. En la Península Ibérica, destaca su impacto sobre los Ciprinodóntidos nativos, aunque también supone una amenaza para los sistemas salinos, principalmente en regiones áridas. Para contribuir al establecimiento de criterios científicos para el manejo de esta especie, la presente tesis doctoral aporta información básica sobre la estructura y parámetros de la biología de poblaciones habitantes de sistemas salinos del sureste peninsular. Se plantearon tres objetivos generales: (1) Ampliar el conocimiento sobre la biología y ecología de G. holbrooki en sistemas lóticos de carácter salino. (2) Estudiar la interacción trófica entre G. holbrooki y la especie nativa Aphanius iberus en un sistema salino. (3) Realizar y analizar una experiencia de control sostenido sobre una población de G. holbrooki aislada en la cabecera de un arroyo salino. / The Poeciliid Gambusia holbrooki, globally widespread in freshwater aquatic systems, is highly invasive and represents a serious threat to native communities. In the Iberian Peninsula, its impact on the native Cyprinodontids has been emphasized, although it also poses a threat to arid saline systems. To contribute to the establishment of scientific criteria in management plans of its invasive populations, the present PhD thesis aims to provide basic information about population structure and biological traits of G. holbrooki populations inhabiting saline systems in the southeastern Iberian Peninsula, with three general objectives: (1) To increase knowledge of the biology and ecology of G. holbrooki in saline lotic systems. (2) To analyse trophic interaction between G. holbrooki and the native Aphanius iberus in a saline system. (3) To conduct and examine the results of an experience of sustained control of a population of G. holbrooki isolated in the headwaters of a saline stream.