In the absence of national leadership on climate policy, municipalities are adopting resolutions to reduce their carbon footprint and transition to clean energy. However, what leads to successful adoption of these resolutions and how to effectively implement climate goals at the community level needs further exploration. To investigate these questions, this thesis examines the resolutions adopted in Salt Lake City, Park City, and Moab, Utah to transition to 100% renewable electricity by 2032. Data was collected through documents, such as city reports and newspapers, and interviews with government officials, city staff, and community members involved with the resolution process. A time series analysis and thematic analysis were used to determine casual events and identify fundamental themes within the data. Each city’s plan for resolution execution was compared to the approaches and techniques outlined in the community-based social marketing framework and the theory of diffusion of innovations. These findings deliver a transferable five-step framework to assist other cities in adopting similar resolutions and strategies to engage community members with practices that will help cities achieve these ambitious resolutions.

Les microbialithes sont des dépôts organosédimentaires benthiques résultant de la minéralisation et de la lithification de tapis microbiens, et dont les plus anciennes formes, se développant il y a 3.4 Ga, constituèrent les premiers écosystèmes terrestres. Ils forment alors une archive sédimentaire unique incluant des périodes clés de l’histoire géologique. Ce travail de thèse se propose d’analyser et de comparer les processus et produits de minéralisation dans les tapis microbiens actuels de deux environnements contrastés : un exemple de lac intracontinental hypersalin, le Grand Lac salé (GSL) aux USA ; une lagune hypersaline à alimentation marine, à Cayo Coco (Cuba) (CCLN). Le devenir des minéraux au cours de la diagenèse précoce, ainsi que leur potentiel d’enregistrement de biosignatures seront particulièrement analysés. Cette thèse se focalisera spécialement sur l’influence de trois facteurs majeurs contrôlant la minéralogie et la fabrique des microbialithes : (i) le rôle de la chimie du milieu (ii) le rôle des métabolismes microbiens (le moteur de l’alcalinité) ; (iii) le rôle de la production et de la dégradation des matrices organiques extracellulaires (EOM). Les deux cas d’études démontrent un rôle prépondérant de la production d’EOM par les cyanobactéries et leur dégradation par les bactéries hétérotrophes dans la minéralisation : (1) Dans les deux systèmes, la première phase minérale a précipiter sur les EOM alvéolaires est une phase riche en magnésium et en silicium. Ce type de minéraux nécessite des pH>8.6-8.7 pour cristalliser. (2) Une autre observation commune est que les carbonates cristallisent souvent dans des zones de forte activité des bactéries sulfato-réductrices (SRB). Notre hypothèse est que les SRB dégradent les EOM, libérant des cations (Mg2+ et Ca2+) disponibles pour la cristallisation des carbonates. Dans les tapis du CCLN et contrairement au GSL, nos résultats démontrent une forte activité de photosynthèse anoxygénique par les bactéries pourpres sulfureuses (PSB). La limite entre la zone oxique et la zone anoxique est caractérisée par un pH maximum et coïncide avec la formation d’une lamine de carbonates. Deux différences majeures sont observées entre les paragenèses du GSL et du CCLN : (1) le locus initial de la précipitation des carbonates. Dans le GSL, l’aragonite précipite dans les cyanobactéries, perminéralise leur paroi et enfin la matrice organique. Pour Cuba, une calcite magnésienne péloïdale précipite sur les EOM puis rempli les bactéries ; (2) la minéralogie et l’évolution des carbonates lors de la diagenèse précoce. Les microbialithes du GSL montrent une aragonite partiellement dissoute et une dolomite venant se développer à sa périphérie. Au CCLN, de l’aragonite se développe en surcroissance des peloïdes de HMC précédemment formés. Les différences minéralogiques des carbonates entre les deux systèmes pourraient s’expliquer par un changement du rapport Mg/Ca. Les résultats pourront être utilisés afin de mieux interpréter les conditions paléoenvironnementales et les processus microbiens en jeu dans des microbialithes de registres fossiles analogues. / Microbialites are benthic organosedimentary deposits resulting of the mineralization and lithification of the microbial mats, and the most ancient forms, developing there are 3.4 Ga, are the first earthly ecosystem. They form a unique sedimentary archive including key periods of the geological history. This study proposes to analyze and compare the processes and the products of mineralization in the modern microbial mats of two different environments: an example of intracontinental modern lake, the Great Salt Lake (USA; GSL); a lagoonal marine sea fed in Cayo Coco (Cuba; CCLN). The mineral product during of the primary diagenesis, as that them potential of biosignatures recording will be particularly detailed. This work will focus on the influence of three major factors controlling the mineralogy and the fabric of the microbialites: (i) environment chemistry role, (ii) microbial metabolisms role, (iii) role of the production and degradation of the extracellular organic matrix (EOM). Both environments studied show a high role of the EOM production by cyanobacteria and them degradation by the heterotrophic bacteria in the mineralization: (1) In both systems, the first phase to precipitate on the alveolar EOM is a rich magnesium and silica phase. This type of mineral needs pH around 8.6/8.7 to precipitate. (2) An other common observation is that carbonate precipitate generally in the high sulfate-reducing activity zones. Our hypothesis is that the sulfato-reducing bacteria (SRB) degrade the EOM, releasing cations (Mg2+ and Ca2+) available for carbonate crystallization. The limit between the oxic and anoxic zones is characterized by maximum pH coinciding with the precipitation of carbonate lamina. Two mains differences have been observed between the paragenesis both systems: (1) initial locus of the carbonate precipitation. In the GSL, the aragonite precipitates in the bacteria and then permineralizes the wall of bacteria and then the EOM network. In Cuba, the peloidal magnesian calcite precipitates on the EOM then fill the bacteria; (2) the mineralogy and the evolution of the carbonate during the preliminary diagenesis. The microbialithes of GSL show the aragonite partly dissolved and a dolomite developing next to the aragonite. In the CCLN, aragonite developing around the magnesian calcite peloids. The mineralogical carbonate differences between both systems could explain by a change of the Mg/Ca. The results could be used to better understand and interpret the paleoenvironmental conditions and the microbial processes stake in ancient microbialite analogs.

The following thesis is a study of the founding years of the Mormon supplementary religious education between 1890 and 1930. It examines Mormonism's shift away from private denominational education towards a system of supplementary religious education programs at the elementary, high school, and college levels. Further, this study examines the role that supplementary religious education played in the changes between the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries. During the 1870s and 1880s, Utah's territorial schools became an important part of the battles over polygamy and the control of Utah. As the Federal Government began to wrest control of the schools from the Mormon community, the Church established a system of private academies. Economic problems during the 1880s and 1890s, however, made it difficult for the Church to maintain many of these schools, necessitating the Mormon patronage of the public schools. As a result, in 1890 the Church established its first supplementary religious education program, known as the Religion Class program. The Religion Class program suffered from a variety of problems and was criticized by both Mormon and non-Mormon officials. Despite the failings of the Religion Class program, the need for supplementary religious education became increasingly important during the first two decades of the twentieth century. In 1912, the Granite Stake established the Church's first high school seminary. Within ten years, the seminary program replaced the majority of the academies and became the Church's preeminent educational program. During the 1920s, the Church began extending supplementary religious education to its students in colleges and universities through the establishment of the institute program and the near-complete abandonment of its private colleges and schools. The successive establishment of these three programs demonstrates a shift in Mormon educational priorities and attitudes throughout this period. Whereas the academies and the Religion Class program emphasized a general fear of Americanization, the seminary and institute programs accepted the public schools and much of the Americanization that accompanied them, while at the same time providing means for the continued inculcation of Mormon values into the lives of Latter-day Saint youth.

The late 1800s have been noted as a major transitional period for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. When the beleaguered pioneers first arrived in Utah they were isolated from the influence and expectations of the United States. During that time, leaders of the Church became influential in every aspect of life in Utah. By the end of the nineteenth century, however, the period of isolation had come to an end. Nationally, the social norms had changed and religion was expected to stay in the churches and out of politics. Church leaders were faced with serious questions regarding what policies and practices could be altered without betraying doctrines and principles of the gospel. Education was at the forefront of this tension in Utah. Members of the Church tried to hold on to an integrated approach to education that incorporated both the spiritual and the secular. Others, however, adamantly opposed such an approach in public schools. In 1892, the First Presidency announced a new educational institution that would become the administrative head of all Church schools: The University of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Willard Young became the President and James Talmage was placed over the science department. Talmage traveled to Europe to purchase the best scientific equipment. With the scientific apparatus and a new building the leaders of the Church hoped to persuade the youth of the Church to obtain higher education at home rather than traveling east to attend secularized universities. The Church's first private university seemed destined to become a major influence in Utah education. However, after one successful semester, President Woodruff closed the school and donated over sixty thousand dollars to the University of Utah. The following research explores the history of the Church University and the circumstances surrounding its closure. The paper shows how a combination of the financial panic of 1893, the effort to obtain statehood, and a rare opportunity to quietly gain influence at the University of Utah factored into the decision to close the Church's first private university.

The Ghost Water exhibition of artworks by Michael Sharp was comprised of four main works titled: 30 x 60 Minute Grid Series, Suspension, History/Prehistory, and Lake Bonneville Remnants. The artwork was created as a reaction to the land that once held the prehistoric Lake Bonneville and to its current remnant Great Salt Lake. The work explores the dialogue between absence and presence.

This thesis answers the question of how a vision recorded in Joseph Smith's journal found its home in the Doctrine and Covenants and become recognized as canonized scripture. The April 3, 1836, journal entry became known as Section 110. Section 110 serves as a foundation for the current practices and doctrines of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, involving temple building and temple ordinances. Thus it is important to understand the history of this Section from journal entry to canonization because it is an example of recovering revelation. This thesis also explores contributing factors that could have led to the rediscovery of the 1836 vision. While Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery were in the Kirtland Temple with veils drawn around them at the Melchizedek Priesthood pulpits on April 3, 1836, they both saw Jesus Christ, Moses, Elias, and Elijah. Jesus Christ accepted the newly built temple and Moses, Elias, and Elijah committed keys to Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery. The vision was recorded, but as of yet, there is no evidence that the vision was publicly taught by Joseph Smith nor by Oliver Cowdery. This thesis follows the pattern established by Section 110 and the reclamation of the revelation and looks at how this section paved the way for other revelations and visions to move from handwritten pages to doctrinal levels of canonization, such as Sections 137 and 138. Joseph Smith had the vision recorded in his journal by Warren Cowdery, who served as a scribe to him. Joseph Smith also had the journal entry written in the Manuscript History of the Church. Although Joseph Smith did not publically declare that the 1836 vision had occurred to him and Oliver Cowdery, he still taught about the visitors in the vision and of their importance. After Joseph Smith's death, the leaders of the Church had his history printed in Church owned newspapers. The first time the vision was published in print was on November 6, 1852, in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the Deseret News. Outside influences of the late 1850s through the 1860s put pressure on the Church. Some of these potentially destructive influences were the Utah War, Civil War, transcontinental railroad, Spiritualism movement, and the lack of understanding of the foundational doctrines of the Church by the rising generation that had been a part of the Church from its beginnings with Joseph Smith as its Prophet. This thesis explores these potentially destructive forces on the Church and its doctrine, and looks at how the leadership of the Church responded to them and how their response influenced the canonization of the 1836 vision. Under the direction of Brigham Young, Orson Pratt oversaw the publication of the new 1876 edition of the Doctrine and Covenants. This new edition contained twenty-six new sections, including Section 110. After the death of Brigham Young in 1877, John Taylor sat at the head of the Church as president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. While Orson Pratt was in England, preparing to print a new edition of the Book of Mormon on electrotype plates, he asked John Taylor about printing the Doctrine and Covenants with the electrotype plates as well. John Taylor agreed on condition that Orson Pratt add cross references and explanatory notes, as he had done with the Book of Mormon. Using the 1876 edition, Orson Pratt made the requested additions and the new edition of the Doctrine and Covenants was printed in 1880 and canonized on October 10, 1880, in a General Conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, where all present voted unanimously to accept the 1880 edition as canonized scripture.