Oilseeds may be processed to yield a number of potentially valuable compounds and fractions including oil, protein and small molecules. However, energy costs associated with industrial processing of oilseeds can be significant. For example, processes that use water to dissolve and separate materials are burdened with the costs associated with concentrating value-added products from dilute solutions. The ethanol industry produces large amounts of an aqueous solution called thin stillage that has little value and is used in animal feed. Thin stillage contains some of the necessary salts used in protein extraction but has a low pH. Protein extraction and protein isolate production is commonly conducted at higher pH. Waste alkali from biodiesel production has a high pH and can be used to adjust the pH of thin stillage to improve its ability to extract protein from oilseed meal. By combining the properties of the waste products of both the ethanol and the biodiesel industries, a complementary process is possible that may have greater economic potential than current practices in industry.<p> In this study, processes for protein extraction from mustard (<i>Brassica juncea</i> (L.) Czern.) meal using thin stillage from ethanol production and glycerol from biodiesel production were studied. The osmotic potential of thin stillage used in this research was lower than that of water, whereas both the density and the viscosity were higher. The pH was typically 3.7-3.8, and the total Kjeldahl nitrogen was approximately 0.080.10 %, w/w. Organic compounds identified in thin stillage were isopropanol, ethanol, lactic acid, 1,3-propanediol, acetic acid, succinic acid, glycerophosphorylcholine, betaine, glycerol and phenethyl alcohol. In addition, yeasts, bacteria and fungi were also found. Moreover, the salt types and their concentrations in thin stillage were predictable. The salt types present in thin stillage were CaCl2, NaCl, K2SO4, NaNO3, Mg(OH)2, Na2SO4 and KOH. A model thin stillage synthesized for the purposes of this research had components and chemical and physical properties comparable to those of thin stillage from ethanol production. Protein was extracted from ground, defatted meal using thin stillage at different pHs and salt concentrations. The results showed that pH and salt content affected protein extraction efficiency. However, no differences were found in the efficiency of extraction, SDS-PAGE profile, digestibility, lysine availability or amino acid composition of protein extracted with thin stillage, model thin stillage or sodium chloride solution. Moreover, extracted protein did not display significant hydrolysis. The results from peptide sequencing showed that napin and cruciferin were the most prevalent proteins in the extracted fractions. When increasing the scale of the extraction, the efficiency of protein extraction and the percentage of protein in the extracted protein were decreased. Protein recovery achieved with the complementary protocol was higher than that reported for a published protocol. Allyl isothiocyanate was found in protein extracts.

Oilseeds may be processed to yield a number of potentially valuable compounds and fractions including oil, protein and small molecules. However, energy costs associated with industrial processing of oilseeds can be significant. For example, processes that use water to dissolve and separate materials are burdened with the costs associated with concentrating value-added products from dilute solutions. The ethanol industry produces large amounts of an aqueous solution called thin stillage that has little value and is used in animal feed. Thin stillage contains some of the necessary salts used in protein extraction but has a low pH. Protein extraction and protein isolate production is commonly conducted at higher pH. Waste alkali from biodiesel production has a high pH and can be used to adjust the pH of thin stillage to improve its ability to extract protein from oilseed meal. By combining the properties of the waste products of both the ethanol and the biodiesel industries, a complementary process is possible that may have greater economic potential than current practices in industry.<p> In this study, processes for protein extraction from mustard (<i>Brassica juncea</i> (L.) Czern.) meal using thin stillage from ethanol production and glycerol from biodiesel production were studied. The osmotic potential of thin stillage used in this research was lower than that of water, whereas both the density and the viscosity were higher. The pH was typically 3.7-3.8, and the total Kjeldahl nitrogen was approximately 0.080.10 %, w/w. Organic compounds identified in thin stillage were isopropanol, ethanol, lactic acid, 1,3-propanediol, acetic acid, succinic acid, glycerophosphorylcholine, betaine, glycerol and phenethyl alcohol. In addition, yeasts, bacteria and fungi were also found. Moreover, the salt types and their concentrations in thin stillage were predictable. The salt types present in thin stillage were CaCl2, NaCl, K2SO4, NaNO3, Mg(OH)2, Na2SO4 and KOH. A model thin stillage synthesized for the purposes of this research had components and chemical and physical properties comparable to those of thin stillage from ethanol production. Protein was extracted from ground, defatted meal using thin stillage at different pHs and salt concentrations. The results showed that pH and salt content affected protein extraction efficiency. However, no differences were found in the efficiency of extraction, SDS-PAGE profile, digestibility, lysine availability or amino acid composition of protein extracted with thin stillage, model thin stillage or sodium chloride solution. Moreover, extracted protein did not display significant hydrolysis. The results from peptide sequencing showed that napin and cruciferin were the most prevalent proteins in the extracted fractions. When increasing the scale of the extraction, the efficiency of protein extraction and the percentage of protein in the extracted protein were decreased. Protein recovery achieved with the complementary protocol was higher than that reported for a published protocol. Allyl isothiocyanate was found in protein extracts.

Danish type swiss cheese has the characteristic "eye" of a regular swiss cheese and is similar in texture. The flavor is milder and has a softer body. Because of its milder flavor and softer body it is of interest for consumption. Because it cures faster than swiss cheese it has the added advantage of cutting down curing cost and thus requires a shorter time to reach the consumers. Another advantage is that it is made in small loaves or wheels which make for better handling, for it can be sold in both wholes ale and retail establishments without cutting before wrapping. Still another advantage of Danish type swiss cheese is that small equipment needed which is also adapted to manufacturing of cheddar cheese. The problem was to make better Danish type swiss cheese by applying different types and amounts of starters using Streptococcus lactis with a mixture of (1) Streptococcus thermophilus and (2) Lactobacillus bulgaricus and also to find the best combination of these bacilli and cocci. The influence of warm room temperature upon the eye formation and body and texture was studied. The Cheese was held in brine solution for different lengths of time to find the most effective salt concentration. Different temperatures were maintained in a warm room to find out which temperature was best for a higher quality of cheese. A pancreatic enzyme was added in different amounts to a few lots of milk before pasteurization, to find out whether it affects the body and texture and reduce the curing time. Pure trypsin was used in one lot to determine its influence on the quality of cheese.

No description available.

Neste trabalho é proposto o desenvolvimento de um processo para a biofixação do dióxido de carbono através do uso de microalgas. Para o cultivo desses microrganismos foram utilizados fotobiorreatores do tipo airlift. Nos cultivos foram avaliadas espécies de microalgas (Chlorella sp. e Chlorella minutissima), influência da intensidade luminosa (2.200 a 24.500 lx), concentração salina (28 a 40 g.L-1) e temperatura (25 °C a 35 °C) sobre a concentração de biomassa, velocidade específica de crescimento, produtividade de biomassa, biofixação de CO2, conteúdo lipídico e carotenoides totais. Também foi realizada a identificação dos carotenoides. A microalga escolhida para os testes em fotobiorreatores foi a C. minutissima. A intensidade luminosa que apresentou os melhores resultados foi a de 17.000 lx. A temperatura mostrou possuir influência significativa na concentração de biomassa, na velocidade específica de crescimento e na biofixação de carbono, mas a concentração salina influenciou apenas a velocidade específica de crescimento. A temperatura de 25 °C apresentou as maiores produtividade de biomassa (0,094 g.L-1.d-1) e concentração de biomassa (0,43 g.L-1), independente da concentração salina, e as maiores velocidade específica de crescimento (0,81 d-1) e biofixação de CO2 (12 gCO2.m-3.h-1), na concentração salina de 37 g.L-1. O conteúdo lipídico médio das microalgas foi de 13,2 % e os carotenoides totais apresentaram teor de 0,25 % do peso seco das microalgas em todas as condições de concentração salina e temperatura testadas. Foi possível identificar a produção dos carotenoides luteína, zeaxantina e β-caroteno. / The present study proposes the development of a process for carbon dioxide biofixation through the use of microalgae. Flat-plate airlift photobioreactors were used. Microalgaes species (Chlorella sp. and Chlorella minutissima) and the influence of light intensity (2,200 to 24,000 lx), salt concentration (28 to 40 g.L-1) and temperature (25 to 35 °C) over biomass concentration, specific growth rate, biomass productivity, CO2 biofixation rate, lipid content and total carotenoids content were evaluated. The identification of the carotenoids was performed. C. minutissima showed the best performance in shaker and was chosen for the tests in photobioreactor. The light intensity of 17,000 lx presented the best results. The temperature showed to have significant influence over biomass concentration, specific growth rate and CO2 biofixation rate, but the salt concentration only affected the specific growth rate. The temperature of 25 °C allowed the highest biomass productivity (0.094 g.L-1.d-1) and biomass concentration (0.43 g.L-1), independent of salt concentration, and the highest specific growth rate (0.81 d-1) and CO2 biofixation rate (12 gCO2.m-3.h-1) at the salt concentration of 37 g.L-1. The average lipid content of the microalgae was 13.2 % and the total carotenoids content were about 0.25 % of the cell dry weight at all temperatures and salt concentrations tested. It was possible to identify the production of the carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin and β-carotene.

Neste trabalho é proposto o desenvolvimento de um processo para a biofixação do dióxido de carbono através do uso de microalgas. Para o cultivo desses microrganismos foram utilizados fotobiorreatores do tipo airlift. Nos cultivos foram avaliadas espécies de microalgas (Chlorella sp. e Chlorella minutissima), influência da intensidade luminosa (2.200 a 24.500 lx), concentração salina (28 a 40 g.L-1) e temperatura (25 °C a 35 °C) sobre a concentração de biomassa, velocidade específica de crescimento, produtividade de biomassa, biofixação de CO2, conteúdo lipídico e carotenoides totais. Também foi realizada a identificação dos carotenoides. A microalga escolhida para os testes em fotobiorreatores foi a C. minutissima. A intensidade luminosa que apresentou os melhores resultados foi a de 17.000 lx. A temperatura mostrou possuir influência significativa na concentração de biomassa, na velocidade específica de crescimento e na biofixação de carbono, mas a concentração salina influenciou apenas a velocidade específica de crescimento. A temperatura de 25 °C apresentou as maiores produtividade de biomassa (0,094 g.L-1.d-1) e concentração de biomassa (0,43 g.L-1), independente da concentração salina, e as maiores velocidade específica de crescimento (0,81 d-1) e biofixação de CO2 (12 gCO2.m-3.h-1), na concentração salina de 37 g.L-1. O conteúdo lipídico médio das microalgas foi de 13,2 % e os carotenoides totais apresentaram teor de 0,25 % do peso seco das microalgas em todas as condições de concentração salina e temperatura testadas. Foi possível identificar a produção dos carotenoides luteína, zeaxantina e β-caroteno. / The present study proposes the development of a process for carbon dioxide biofixation through the use of microalgae. Flat-plate airlift photobioreactors were used. Microalgaes species (Chlorella sp. and Chlorella minutissima) and the influence of light intensity (2,200 to 24,000 lx), salt concentration (28 to 40 g.L-1) and temperature (25 to 35 °C) over biomass concentration, specific growth rate, biomass productivity, CO2 biofixation rate, lipid content and total carotenoids content were evaluated. The identification of the carotenoids was performed. C. minutissima showed the best performance in shaker and was chosen for the tests in photobioreactor. The light intensity of 17,000 lx presented the best results. The temperature showed to have significant influence over biomass concentration, specific growth rate and CO2 biofixation rate, but the salt concentration only affected the specific growth rate. The temperature of 25 °C allowed the highest biomass productivity (0.094 g.L-1.d-1) and biomass concentration (0.43 g.L-1), independent of salt concentration, and the highest specific growth rate (0.81 d-1) and CO2 biofixation rate (12 gCO2.m-3.h-1) at the salt concentration of 37 g.L-1. The average lipid content of the microalgae was 13.2 % and the total carotenoids content were about 0.25 % of the cell dry weight at all temperatures and salt concentrations tested. It was possible to identify the production of the carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin and β-carotene.

Neste trabalho é proposto o desenvolvimento de um processo para a biofixação do dióxido de carbono através do uso de microalgas. Para o cultivo desses microrganismos foram utilizados fotobiorreatores do tipo airlift. Nos cultivos foram avaliadas espécies de microalgas (Chlorella sp. e Chlorella minutissima), influência da intensidade luminosa (2.200 a 24.500 lx), concentração salina (28 a 40 g.L-1) e temperatura (25 °C a 35 °C) sobre a concentração de biomassa, velocidade específica de crescimento, produtividade de biomassa, biofixação de CO2, conteúdo lipídico e carotenoides totais. Também foi realizada a identificação dos carotenoides. A microalga escolhida para os testes em fotobiorreatores foi a C. minutissima. A intensidade luminosa que apresentou os melhores resultados foi a de 17.000 lx. A temperatura mostrou possuir influência significativa na concentração de biomassa, na velocidade específica de crescimento e na biofixação de carbono, mas a concentração salina influenciou apenas a velocidade específica de crescimento. A temperatura de 25 °C apresentou as maiores produtividade de biomassa (0,094 g.L-1.d-1) e concentração de biomassa (0,43 g.L-1), independente da concentração salina, e as maiores velocidade específica de crescimento (0,81 d-1) e biofixação de CO2 (12 gCO2.m-3.h-1), na concentração salina de 37 g.L-1. O conteúdo lipídico médio das microalgas foi de 13,2 % e os carotenoides totais apresentaram teor de 0,25 % do peso seco das microalgas em todas as condições de concentração salina e temperatura testadas. Foi possível identificar a produção dos carotenoides luteína, zeaxantina e β-caroteno. / The present study proposes the development of a process for carbon dioxide biofixation through the use of microalgae. Flat-plate airlift photobioreactors were used. Microalgaes species (Chlorella sp. and Chlorella minutissima) and the influence of light intensity (2,200 to 24,000 lx), salt concentration (28 to 40 g.L-1) and temperature (25 to 35 °C) over biomass concentration, specific growth rate, biomass productivity, CO2 biofixation rate, lipid content and total carotenoids content were evaluated. The identification of the carotenoids was performed. C. minutissima showed the best performance in shaker and was chosen for the tests in photobioreactor. The light intensity of 17,000 lx presented the best results. The temperature showed to have significant influence over biomass concentration, specific growth rate and CO2 biofixation rate, but the salt concentration only affected the specific growth rate. The temperature of 25 °C allowed the highest biomass productivity (0.094 g.L-1.d-1) and biomass concentration (0.43 g.L-1), independent of salt concentration, and the highest specific growth rate (0.81 d-1) and CO2 biofixation rate (12 gCO2.m-3.h-1) at the salt concentration of 37 g.L-1. The average lipid content of the microalgae was 13.2 % and the total carotenoids content were about 0.25 % of the cell dry weight at all temperatures and salt concentrations tested. It was possible to identify the production of the carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin and β-carotene.

Komplexe aus entgegengesetzt geladenen Polyelektrolyten haben sowohl in der Biologie als auch in den Materialwissenschaften eine große Bedeutung. Im Mittelpunkt des Interesses stehen besonders die Kondensation der DNA in vitro, die Struktur des Nukleosoms im Zellkern, nicht-virale Systeme zur Transfektion von DNA in Zellen oder der Vorgang der layer-by-layer Adsorption. Verschiedene Theorien befassen sich mit den treibenden Kräften solcher Komplexbildungen. Allerdings standen experimentelle Untersuchungen auf diesem Gebiet bisher noch aus. Dieser Arbeit liegt die Fragestellung zu Grunde, ob es mit Hilfe der Rasterkraftmikroskopie möglich ist, die Struktur einzelner Polyelektrolytkomplexe, bestehend aus den beiden Polyelektrolyten DNA und dendronisierten Polymer, aufzuklären und ihre Komplexbildung zu untersuchen. Die Komplexe bildeten sich in Lösung und wurden anschließend auf einer unbeschichteten oder mit positiven Polymeren beschichteten Glimmeroberfläche adsorbiert. Auf der positiv beschichteten Glimmeroberfläche hafteten DNA-dendronisierte Polymer Komplexe mit einem Ladungsverhältnis von 1:1 bis 1:0.7 (DNA:dendronisiertes Polymer). Anhand der hochaufgelösten rasterkraftmikroskopischen Aufnahmen wurde ein Modell entwickelt, das die Umwicklung der DNA um das dendronisierte Polymer beschreibt. Der DNA-DNA Abstand ergab sich zu (2.30 ± 0.27) nm für den Komplex mit DNA und zweiter Generation dendronisierter Polymere und zu (2.16 ± 0.27) nm mit vierter Generation. Die theoretische Vorhersage der Überladung der Komplexe konnte experimentell bestätigt werden. Mit Hilfe der Rasterkraftmikroskopie konnte überdies der Einfluss des Salzgehaltes der Lösung auf die Bildung der Komplexe mit DNA und zweiter Generation dendronisierter Polymere untersucht werden. Wie man anhand des Zusammenwirkens von elektrostatischen Kräften und entropischen Wechselwirkungen bei der Adsorption von Polyelektrolyten vorhersagen kann, durchlief der DNA-DNA Abstand ein Minimum bei ansteigendem Salzgehalt. Bei sehr hohem Salzgehalt (2.4 M NaCl) konnte das Ablösen der DNA von dem Komplex beobachtet werden. Die untersuchten DNA/dendroniserten Polymer Komplexe bilden ein neues Modellsystem, mit dem einzelne Polyelektrolyt-Wechselwirkungen direkt untersucht werden können. Ein Vergleich der experimentellen Daten mit den vorhandenen Theorien zeigte, dass der Prozess des Überladens weitgehend durch elektrostatische Wechselwirkung zwischen den beiden Polyelektrolyten beschrieben werden kann. Sowohl entropische Beiträge als auch die Biegeenergie der umwickelnden DNA sind vernachlässigbar. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen können neue Trägerstrukturen für effizientere nicht-virale DNA-Transfektionssysteme entwickelt werden. / Complexes of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes play an important role in both biology and material science, for instance DNA condensation in vitro, nucleosomal structure, non-viral gene transfection systems as well as layer-by-layer adsorption. Although there are theories predicting overcharging of polyelectrolyte complexes, the driving forces are still under debate and systematic experimental studies on single polyelectrolytes remain challenging. Therefore the question arose if it is possible to analyze single polyelectrolyte complexes, using DNA and dendronized polymers, with the scanning force microscope in order to investigate the complexation in detail. For the complex analysis, the polyelectrolytes were allowed to interact in solution and then to adsorb on negatively charged mica or on mica coated with a positively charged polymer. Scanning force microscopy was used to investigate the adsorbed species. DNA/dendronized polymer complexes of charge ratio of 1/1 through 1/0.7 adsorbed on mica coated with a positively charged polymer. The analysis of high resolution molecular images indicated that DNA wraps around the dendronized polymer with an estimated pitch of (2.30 ± 0.27) nm and (2.16 ± 0.27) nm for dendronized polymers of generation two and four, respectively. In the proposed model the polyelectrolyte with the smaller linear charge density is wrapped around the more highly charged dendronized polymer, resulting in a negatively overcharged complex. This overcharging is consistent within recent theories of spontaneous overcharging of complexes of one polyelectrolyte wrapping around the other. Using the complex of DNA and dendronized polymers of second generation, the influence of monovalent salt concentration on the molecular structure was studied. By increasing the salt concentration the pitch showed a minimum as predicted by the interplay of electrostatic forces and entropic interactions of polyelectrolyte adsorption. At high salt concentration (2.4 M NaCl) the release of DNA from the complex can be observed. The results showed that the DNA/dendronized polymer system can be used as a new, high potential model system to investigate single polyelectrolyte interactions. With regard to recent theories, the experimental results indicate that the overcharging of the complex is mainly driven by electrostatic forces whereas contributions of counterion entropy and bending energy seem to be negligible. This understanding may be useful for the design of single polyelectrolyte complexes for non-viral gene delivery systems and might help to optimize the transfection efficiency based on the structure of the vector system.

No description available.

No description available.