Orientador: Ruy de Oliveira Andrade Filho / Banca: Ana Paula Tavares Magalhães / Banca: Terezinha Oliveira / Resumo: A presente dissertação trata sobre as peregrinações a Santiago de Compostela no contexto da chamada Reforma Papal (séculos XI e XII). O objetivo é evidenciar que o programa de reformas instituído pela Igreja de Roma entre meados do século XI e início do XII contribuiu para a ascensão de Santiago de Compostela como um dos principais centros de peregrinação da Cristandade. Ademais, demonstraremos que a aproximação entre as monarquias cristãs da Hispânia e o clero na referida época também auxiliou em tal feito. Utilizamos como fonte de pesquisa a Historia Compostelana, o período histórico abordado pela obra compreende o final do século XI e início do XII, momento esse que coincide com o reinado de Alfonso VI de Leão (1065-1109) e do bispo e, posteriormente arcebispo da igreja de Compostela, Diego Gelmirez (1100-1140), personagens esses que com o auxílio dos papas reformadores fizeram de Compostela o principal centro de peregrinação da Cristandade no século XII / Abstract: This dissertation deals with pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela in the context of the socalled Papal Reform (11th - 12th centuries). We argue that the reform of the Roman Church between the middle of the 11th century and the beginning of the 12th century contributed to the ascension of Santiago de Compostela as one of the main pilgrimage centers in Western Christendom. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a closer relationship between the Spanish monarchy and the clergy at the time also contributed to such an outcome. We draw on the Historia Compostelana as our primary historical source. The period considered here (middle 11th century - early 12th century) coincides with Alfonso VI's rule as king of León (1065-1109) and Diego Gelmirez (1100-1140) as bishop and eventually archbishop of Compostela. It was Alfonso VI and Diego Gelmirez, together with reformist popes, who made Compostela the main pilgrimage center in Western Christendom in the 12th century / Mestre

Thesis--University of Michigan. / Includes bibliographical references.

Uma das principais peregrinações da Idade Média, as viagens a Santiago de Compostela foram responsáveis pela criação de rotas que permitissem um deslocamento mais confortável àqueles que seguiam rumo às relíquias do apóstolo. No intuito de atender as privações que estes viajantes apresentavam no decorrer do percurso, estabeleceu-se uma rede de assistência que provesse a eles suas necessidades físicas e espirituais, influência dos ensinamentos bíblicos em relação à caridade, além do incentivo à visitação de santuários menores que se encontravam nas rotas. Hospitalidade iniciada nos mosteiros, logo permitiu o surgimento de ordens religiosas e militares que se destinaram a auxiliar os peregrinos. Reis e nobres também tiveram um papel fundamental na edificação de instalações hospitaleiras, a fim de auxiliar os caminhantes de Deus. Neste sentido, este trabalho propõe uma reflexão acerca da importância que foi dada à assistência aos peregrinos jacobeus durante os séculos XII e XIII, período em que as peregrinações a Compostela encontravam-se em apogeu. A partir de um guia para peregrinos e documentos que demonstram a preocupação monárquica e nobiliárquica em relação a eles, procuraremos analisar como o auxilio ao peregrino foi observado e abordado naquela época e, ainda, o papel de reis e nobres na constituição das instituições de assistência. / One of the major pilgrimages of the Middle Ages, the travels to Santiago de Compostela were responsible for the creation of routes that would allow a most comfortable ride to those who followed towards the apostle´s relics. In order to meet the hardships that these travelers had on the route course, it was established a support network that could provide them their physical and spiritual needs, influence of biblical teachings regarding charity, besides encouraging visitation of smaller shrines that were on the routes. Hospitality started in monasteries soon allowed the emergence of religious and military orders which were intended to assist the pilgrims . Kings and nobles also had a key role in building hospitable facilities in order to assist the walkers of God. Thus this work proposes a reflection about the importance given to the assistance to the Jacobean pilgrims during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, a period when the pilgrimages to Compostela were at peak. From a guide for pilgrims and documents showing the monarchy and nobility concern about them, we will try to analyze how the aid to the pilgrim was observed and discussed at that time and also the role of kings and nobles in the constitution of welfare institutions.

Uma das principais peregrinações da Idade Média, as viagens a Santiago de Compostela foram responsáveis pela criação de rotas que permitissem um deslocamento mais confortável àqueles que seguiam rumo às relíquias do apóstolo. No intuito de atender as privações que estes viajantes apresentavam no decorrer do percurso, estabeleceu-se uma rede de assistência que provesse a eles suas necessidades físicas e espirituais, influência dos ensinamentos bíblicos em relação à caridade, além do incentivo à visitação de santuários menores que se encontravam nas rotas. Hospitalidade iniciada nos mosteiros, logo permitiu o surgimento de ordens religiosas e militares que se destinaram a auxiliar os peregrinos. Reis e nobres também tiveram um papel fundamental na edificação de instalações hospitaleiras, a fim de auxiliar os caminhantes de Deus. Neste sentido, este trabalho propõe uma reflexão acerca da importância que foi dada à assistência aos peregrinos jacobeus durante os séculos XII e XIII, período em que as peregrinações a Compostela encontravam-se em apogeu. A partir de um guia para peregrinos e documentos que demonstram a preocupação monárquica e nobiliárquica em relação a eles, procuraremos analisar como o auxilio ao peregrino foi observado e abordado naquela época e, ainda, o papel de reis e nobres na constituição das instituições de assistência. / One of the major pilgrimages of the Middle Ages, the travels to Santiago de Compostela were responsible for the creation of routes that would allow a most comfortable ride to those who followed towards the apostle´s relics. In order to meet the hardships that these travelers had on the route course, it was established a support network that could provide them their physical and spiritual needs, influence of biblical teachings regarding charity, besides encouraging visitation of smaller shrines that were on the routes. Hospitality started in monasteries soon allowed the emergence of religious and military orders which were intended to assist the pilgrims . Kings and nobles also had a key role in building hospitable facilities in order to assist the walkers of God. Thus this work proposes a reflection about the importance given to the assistance to the Jacobean pilgrims during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, a period when the pilgrimages to Compostela were at peak. From a guide for pilgrims and documents showing the monarchy and nobility concern about them, we will try to analyze how the aid to the pilgrim was observed and discussed at that time and also the role of kings and nobles in the constitution of welfare institutions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-07T19:20:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-07-27. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-03-07T19:23:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000856269.pdf: 859821 bytes, checksum: e42d7eafd4a91c1d04c1367fbbfc93da (MD5) / A presente dissertação trata sobre as peregrinações a Santiago de Compostela no contexto da chamada Reforma Papal (séculos XI e XII). O objetivo é evidenciar que o programa de reformas instituído pela Igreja de Roma entre meados do século XI e início do XII contribuiu para a ascensão de Santiago de Compostela como um dos principais centros de peregrinação da Cristandade. Ademais, demonstraremos que a aproximação entre as monarquias cristãs da Hispânia e o clero na referida época também auxiliou em tal feito. Utilizamos como fonte de pesquisa a Historia Compostelana, o período histórico abordado pela obra compreende o final do século XI e início do XII, momento esse que coincide com o reinado de Alfonso VI de Leão (1065-1109) e do bispo e, posteriormente arcebispo da igreja de Compostela, Diego Gelmirez (1100-1140), personagens esses que com o auxílio dos papas reformadores fizeram de Compostela o principal centro de peregrinação da Cristandade no século XII / This dissertation deals with pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela in the context of the socalled Papal Reform (11th - 12th centuries). We argue that the reform of the Roman Church between the middle of the 11th century and the beginning of the 12th century contributed to the ascension of Santiago de Compostela as one of the main pilgrimage centers in Western Christendom. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a closer relationship between the Spanish monarchy and the clergy at the time also contributed to such an outcome. We draw on the Historia Compostelana as our primary historical source. The period considered here (middle 11th century - early 12th century) coincides with Alfonso VI's rule as king of León (1065-1109) and Diego Gelmirez (1100-1140) as bishop and eventually archbishop of Compostela. It was Alfonso VI and Diego Gelmirez, together with reformist popes, who made Compostela the main pilgrimage center in Western Christendom in the 12th century

This thesis takes its starting-point in the post-secular changes in society and how these interplay with tourism. In spite of the intensive academic debate on and theorisation of the post-secular and post-secularism, the role of tourism in this change, called the return of religion, has not been studied. Conversely, neither has the role of post-secularism in tourism been addressed. The overall aim of this thesis is to describe and understand the relation between post-secularism and tourism. Specifically, the aim is to clarify and understand the relation between religious faith, place and tourism in our time on the basis of a case study of pilgrimage in the area of Santiago de Compostela. In other words, the thesis highlights the role of tourism in the emergence of what is now called the post-secular condition. Santiago de Compostela is a Catholic Church instituted holy city, which has increase in number of visitors. The growing number of pilgrimages and their significance lend vitality to the return of religion phenomenon. The empirical material derives primarily from individual interviews as narratives are considered to be a vital dimension to constitute and construct human realities and modes of being. This thesis shows that contemporary pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela is a post-secular performative and place-creating phenomenon. Post-secular tourist places are subjective and spiritually meaningful destinations. Unlike traditional pilgrimage destinations a key attribute is that neither traditional religious faith nor loyalty to institutionalised faith are (pre)ordained. Rather, place is constructed by the narratives and experiences of post-secular tourists. / This thesis takes its starting-point in the post-secular changes in society and how these interplay with tourism. In spite of the intensive academic debate on and theorisation of the post-secular and post-secularism, the role of tourism in this change, called the return of religion, has not been studied. Conversely, neither has the role of post-secularism in tourism been addressed. The overall aim of this thesis is to describe and understand the relation between post-secularism and tourism. Specifically, the aim is to clarify and understand the relation between religious faith, place and tourism in our time on the basis of a case study of pilgrimage in the area of Santiago de Compostela. In other words, the thesis highlights the role of tourism in the emergence of what is now called the post-secular condition. This thesis shows that contemporary pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela is a post-secular performative and place-creating phenomenon. Post-secular tourist places are subjective and spiritually meaningful destinations. Unlike traditional pilgrimage destinations a key attribute is that neither traditional religious faith nor loyalty to institutionalised faith are (pre)ordained. Rather, place is constructed by the narratives and experiences of post-secular tourists.

Yes / Santiago de Compostela is, together with Rome and Jerusalem, one of the three main pilgrimage and religious centres for Catholicism. The belief that the remains of St James the Great, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ, is buried there has stimulated, since their reported discovery in the 9th century AD, a significant flow of people from across the European continent and beyond. Little is known about the practical experiences of people living within the city during its rise to prominence, however. Here, for the first time, we combine multi-isotope analysis (δ13C, δ15N, δ18Oap, δ13Cap, and 87Sr/86Sr) and radiocarbon dating (14C) of human remains discovered at the crypt of the Cathedral of Santiago to directly study changes in diet and mobility during the first three centuries of Santiago’s emergence as an urban centre (9th-12th centuries AD). Together with assessment of the existing archaeological data, our radiocarbon chronology broadly confirms historical tradition regarding the first occupation of the site. Isotopic analyses reveal that the foundation of the religious site attracted migrants from the wider region of the northwest corner of the Iberian Peninsula, and possibly from further afield. Stable isotope analysis of collagen, together with information on tomb typology and location, indicates that the inhabitants of the city experienced increasing socioeconomic diversity as it became wealthier as the hub of a wide network of pilgrimage. Our research represents the potential of multidisciplinary analyses to reveal insights into the origins and impacts of the emergence of early pilgrimage centres on the diets and status of communities within Christian medieval Europe and beyond. / This project has been supported by a grant from the ‘la Caixa’ Banking Foundation (ID 100010434; Code: LCF/BQ/ES16/11570006). Patxi Pérez-Ramallo and Patrick Roberts would also like to thank the Max Planck Society for funding for this project. Patxi Pérez-Ramallo, Hannah Koon and Julia Beaumont would like to thank the University of Bradford for funding a support the first osteological and stable isotope analysis conducted in 2015. Two of the isotopic analyses and 14C dates have been carried out with funding from the Xunta de Galicia to the CulXeo Group (ED431B 2018/47) and to the research network ‘Cultural Heritage, archaeological and technical services’ (R2016/023). Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

This disertation thesis investigates a latin guide for pilgrims to Santiago de Compostela The Guide was written in the first half of 12th century and is a part of the fifth book Liber Sancti Iacobi, also noun as Codex Calixtinus. The Guide is considered as the first middle-age itinerary containig information about pilgrimage to Santigo de Compostela. The autorship of the guide is credited to French pilgrim Aymericus Picaud. The text is divided into eleven chapters and brings information about a four main piglrim roads from France to Santiago. It informs how long and how difficult they are and where are the main hospices for pilgrims located. It includes not only these practictical information but also informs about important places for pilgrims and most known churches, which visitor schould visit. The large part of the Guide describes in detail Santiago de Compostela and St. James cathedrale. The aim of this study is to make a translation of the guide with interpretative commentary, where will be explained in particul special parts of the text, especially topography, pilgrimage churches and historical context. In this thesis the lexicology will be discused and described. The introductury study consists of the three parts and it is a vital part of the translation. In the first part of the...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Waldinei Comercio de Souza Guimaraes.pdf: 878301 bytes, checksum: 7519b5149c942547c00e726be758b242 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-15 / The rediscovery of pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela observed during the last couple of decades of the twenty century inspire the investigation upon the causes and to follow the events that come in the lives of those who are determined to accomplish the journey in the course of Post Modern age. This investigation takes place effectively when we define the field of knowledge that is able to help us to understand the phenomena; according to this statement we started with Anthropology, which help us to illuminate the pilgrimage considering the social movements around the rites, the religion, spirituality and the search of meaning present in the human history until these days. The meanings of each rite, symbol, and gesture, have suffered modifications along the history, however they preserve their essence. The pursuit of the modern pilgrim s vision concerning the transformations that happen along the Caminho , lead us to do research among some of the pilgrims of Santiago and check the hypotheses proposed in this project. In this sense, we observed that the experience is capable of reconnecting the person to his or her religiosity and the transcendence enabled through the rite. Finally, we analyze the Hero s Journey of Joseph Campbell and according to the Jung s thoughts, establishing relations between the myth structure and the archetypical expressions. Beginning with an analysis of the data obtained in this research, we found elements that reveal the capability of transformation generated by the rite of pilgrimage to Santiago, a fundamental component in the development process of the self / A redescoberta da peregrinação no Caminho de Santiago de Compostela, observada no final do século XX, desperta um desejo de investigação sobre suas causas e desdobramentos na vida de quem se propõe a percorrê-lo em plena pósmodernidade. Essa investigação toma corpo na medida em que definimos as áreas de conhecimento que podem nos auxiliar a compreender o fenômeno, e nesse sentido a análise inicia-se pela Antropologia, que permitiu iluminar a peregrinação considerando os movimentos sociais em torno dos ritos de passagem, da religião, espiritualidade e busca de sentido ao longo dos séculos até os dias de hoje. Os significados de cada rito, símbolo, gesto, sofreram modificações ao longo da história, mas preservam sua essência. Em busca da visão do peregrino moderno sobre as transformações do Caminho de Santiago, realizamos uma pesquisa com peregrinos de Santiago, cidadãos de classe média urbana brasileira. Observamos pelas entrevistas que o Caminho, de fato, é capaz de reconectar o indivíduo com sua religiosidade e com a possibilidade de transcendência através do rito. Estes resultados são analisados em conjunto com a descrição da jornada do herói em Joseph Campbell, segundo o pensamento Junguiano, aproximando a estrutura do mito com as manifestações arquetípicas. Buscando o aprofundamento no conteúdo obtido com a pesquisa, encontramos elementos que revelam a capacidade de transformação proporcionada pelo ritual de peregrinação a Santiago, um ingrediente fundamental no processo de encontro com o si-mesmo e de reintegração com as próprias experiências religiosas dos entrevistados

Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo central analisar a ascensão eclesiástica da Igreja de Santiago de Compostela na primeira metade do século XII. Tendo isto em vista, propomos como chaves-explicativas para tal processo, por um lado, a latinização litúrgica da sé compostelana e, por outro, as peregrinações ao sepulcro do apóstolo Tiago, além da política gelmiriana desenvolvida em prol da exaltação da igreja jacobéia. Como referencial teórico adotamos os ensinamentos da nova História Política para compreendermos as articulações e relações múltiplas de poder entre os diferentes agentes históricos envolvidos. Por meio da Historia Compostelana e do Liber Santi Iacobi, bem como dos materiais bibliográficos estudados acreditamos que a latinização litúrgica da Igreja de Santiago, somada as peregrinações a Compostela foram às principais causas, ao lado da política desenvolvida pelo bispo e posteriormente arcebispo, Diego Gelmírez (1101-1140), para o ganho de importância adquirido pela sé compostelana no século XII. Sendo assim, a documentação nos permitiu constatar as tensões, negociações e acordos envolvendo a ascensão eclesiástica da igreja de Compostela, além de nos possibilitar a construção do objeto de aprendizagem digital – Em busca das relíquias - que contribuiu para darmos formato digital e escolar aos dados obtidos na pesquisa atrelados ao furto das relíquias de Braga por meio de um jogo. Gelmírez entendeu que para alcançar dignidades que o distinguisse em solo ibérico necessitava construir uma rede extensa de homens que apoiassem suas pretensões (mesmo as mais indecorosas, como o foi o pium latrocinium) formada por cônegos de sua inteira confiança e por alianças com aristocratas locais, com a monarquia e com legados papais para que trabalhassem em seu favor na cúria pontifícia junto ao papa. / Esta tesis de maestría tiene como objetivo principal analizar la ascensión eclesiástica de la Iglesia de Santiago de Compostela, en la primera mitad del siglo XII. Con esto en mente, proponemos como claves-explicativas para tal proceso, por una parte, la latinización litúrgica de la sede compostelana y, en segundo lugar, las peregrinaciones a la tumba del apóstol Tiago, además de la política gelmiriana desarrollada en favor de la exaltación de la iglesia jacobea. Como marco teórico adoptamos las enseñanzas de la nueva Historia Política para comprender las articulaciones y múltiples relaciones de poder entre los diferentes actores históricos involucrados. A través de la Historia Compostelana y del Liber Sancti Iacobi, así como de los materiales bibliográficos estudiados creemos que la latinización litúrgica de la Iglesia de Santiago, sumadas a las peregrinaciones a Compostela fueron las principales causas, junto a la política desarrollada por el obispo y luego arzobispo, Diego Gelmírez (1101-1140), para el gano de importancia adquirida por la sede compostelana en el siglo XII. Por lo tanto, la documentación nos permitió observar las tensiones, negociaciones y acuerdos que implican en la ascensión de la iglesia de Compostela, y nos permitirá construir el objeto de aprendizaje digital – Em busca das reliquias – lo que contribuyó a dar formato digital y didácticos a los datos logrados en la investigación vinculada con el robo de las reliquias de Braga por intermedio de un juego. Gelmírez ha entendido que para alcanzar dignidades que lo distinguiera en suelo ibérico, necesitaba construirse una red extensa de hombres que le apoyasen en sus demandas (incluso las más indecorosas, como fue el pium latrocinium) formada por los cánones de su completa confianza y alianzas con los aristócratas locales, con la monarquía y el legado papal para que trabajasen a su favor en la curia pontifical con el Papa.