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Mogrosides, the main active components in S. grosvenorii SWINGLE, are considered to be some 250 times sweeter than sucrose and to possess several medicinal attributes. Previous isolation processes used large quantities of toxic solvent that resulted in toxic residues of organic solvent in this high value food. Supercritical fluids fulfill the requirements of non-toxicity, recycle ability, and useful solvent characteristics. The work presented in this thesis is directed to the extraction of mogrosides from the powdered S. grosvenorii concentrate (SG) and the crude extract after resin treatment (MG) with sub critical water and supercritical CO2. / Because no source of mogroside V reference material is available commercially, the first objective of this research was to isolate mogroside V of sufficient purity that it could be crystallized. This objective was achieved by selecting suitable eluates from resin chromatography coupled with preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC). Crystalline white isolate was further characterized by 13C-NMR and by MS and determined to be mogroside V, which was suitable as a reference material for subsequent experiments. / The process variables for both sub critical water and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction were evaluated and optimized so that conclusions could be formulated regarding the relative merits of the two proposed extraction methods. The efficiency of extraction was determined spectrophotometrically based on the recovery of mogrosides from the starting material following the vanillin-HClO4 method. / When compared with Soxhlet solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction with either sub critical water or supercritical CO2 provided improved recoveries and consumed less organic solvent. In addition, the purity of the extracts differed greatly. For identical SG samples, sub critical water extraction was demonstrated to be more efficient (62.4% recovery) compared with 37.0% recovery by EtOH modified scCO2 extraction or 5.1% for Soxhlet extraction with hexane.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de la thématique du laboratoire de Pharmacognosie de l’UFR Pharmacie, au sein de l’Université de Bourgogne. Elle vise essentiellement la recherche de molécules d’origine végétale issue de la biodiversité tropicale dotées d’une activité antitumorale, dont principalement les saponines. Ce sont des glycosides triterpéniques ou stéroïdiques connus pour leurs nombreuses propriétés pharmacologiques. L’étude de 6 espèces végétales appartenant à 3 familles à savoir Acanthophyllum elatius, A. lilacinum, A. sordidum et Arenaria montana (Caryophyllaceae), Securidaca welwitschii (Polygalaceae) et Allium schoenoprasum (Alliaceae) a conduit à l’isolement et à la caractérisation de 24 glycosides naturels. Il s’agit de 13 saponines triterpéniques parmi lesquelles 10 sont de structure nouvelle ainsi que 11 saponines stéroïdiques dont 7 nouvelles. Les structures ont été élucidées principalement par l’utilisation de la RMN 2D ainsi que la spectrométrie de masse. 10 des 24 molécules isolées ont été testées en vue d’évaluer leurs activités cytotoxiques sur deux lignées cellulaires cancéreuses coliques (HT-29 et HCT 116). Nos résultats montrent que 9 d’entre elles possèdent une activité cytotoxique significative. Des relations structure/activité ont été ainsi proposées. / This thesis was realized in the laboratory of Pharmacognosy, in the Pharmacy section of the Bourgogne University. The main theme of this laboratory is the research of natural saponins from the tropical biodiversity, with antitumoral activities. These molecules are triterpenic or steroidic glycosides, well known for their various pharmacological activities. The study of 6 species belonging to 3 different families : Acanthophyllum elatius, A. lilacinum, A. sordidum and Arenaria montana (Caryophyllaceae), Securidaca welwitschii (Polygalaceae) and Allium schoenoprasum (Alliaceae), led to the isolation and characterization of 24 natural glycosides. Among them, 13 were triterpenic saponins with 10 new structures and 11 were steroidic saponins with 7 new structures. The spectral analysis was achieved using mainly 2D NMR and mass spectrometry. The cytotoxic activities of 10 isolated compounds were evaluated on 2 strains of human colon cancer cells (HT-29 et HCT 116) and 9 were active ones. Structure/activity relationships were also proposed.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de la thématique du Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie de l’UFR Pharmacie, au sein de l’Université de Bourgogne. Elle vise essentiellement la recherche de molécules d’origine végétale principalement des saponines biologiquement actives issues de la biodiversité tropicale. Dans ce contexte l’étude de plantes malgaches, Polycarpaea corymbosa Lamk. (CARYOPHYLLACEAE), Pittosporum verticillatum Bojer subsp. verticillatum (PITTOSPORACEAE), Solanum incanum L. et S. heteracanthum Dunal. (SOLANACEAE) a conduit à l’isolement de quinze glycosides naturels par les techniques de chromatographie solide-liquide, de chromatographie liquide à moyenne pression, de flash chromatographie, et de chromatographie liquide sous vide. Les structures ont été élucidées principalement par les techniques spectroscopiques de RMN-1D et -2D, et de spectrométrie de masse. Il s’agit de neuf saponines triterpéniques de type oléanane, parmi lesquelles sept sont des nouveaux composés naturels, ainsi que cinq saponines stéroïdiques de type spirostane et furostane, dont une nouvelle, et un glycoalcaloïde stéroïdique connu. Treize molécules isolées ont été testées en vue d’évaluer leurs activités cytotoxiques sur six lignées cellulaires cancéreuses humaine et animale. Nos résultats montrent que quatre d’entre elles possèdent une cytotoxicité significative sur les lignées HT-29, HCT 116, SW480, DU145, EMT6, et H9c2. / This thesis was carried out in the Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, in the Pharmacy section of the University of Burgundy. The principal theme of this laboratory is the research of natural compounds from tropical biodiversity, mainly saponins. In this context, the study of Malagasy plants, Polycarpaea corymbosa Lamk. (CARYOPHYLLACEAE), Pittosporum verticillatum Bojer subsp. verticillatum (PITTOSPORACEAE), Solanum incanum L. and S. heteracanthum Dunal. (SOLANACEAE) led to the isolation of fifteen natural glycosides by column chromatography, medium pressure liquid chromatography, flash chromatography, and vacuum liquid chromatography. The structures were elucidated mainly by the use of spectroscopic techniques, NMR-1D and -2D, and mass spectrometry. The compounds were characterized as nine triterpene saponins of the oleanane type, among them seven are new natural compounds, five steroid saponins of the spirostane or furostane type, among them one new, and one known steroid glycoalkaloid. Thirteen of compounds were tested for cytotoxicity against six human and animal cancer cell lines. Our results show that four of them have significant cytotoxicity on cell lines HT-29, HCT 116, SW480, DU145, EMT6, and H9c2.

Os frutos de S. saponaria, espécie bastante abundante em São Carlos e outras regiões do Brasil são ricos em glicosídeos anfifílicos, ou seja, compostos por uma parte polar e outra apolar. Devido a esta peculiaridade tendem a formar espuma mostrando propriedades químicas semelhantes às dos tensoativos. Alguns destes glicosídeos pertencem à classe das saponinas e são constituídos por uma aglicona de estrutura carbônica a qual está ligada a uma ou duas cadeias de açúcar. O interesse pelas propriedades tensoativas deste glicosídeos motivou o estudo destas substâncias para uso em eletroforese capilar. Os frutos foram extraídos com metanol e fracionados em coluna cromatográfica preparativa utilizando sephadex LH-20 como fase estacionária. Após a eluição, as frações foram analisadas por espectrometria de massas e estudadas por eletroforese capilar. A eletroforese capilar de zona mostrou-se uma técnica viável para o estudo das frações obtidas. Embora um grau de pureza elevado não tenha sido alcançado, a fração B foi utilizada como aditivo para tampão em cromatografia eletrocinética micelar (MEKC) e uma interação diferenciada foi observada do nitrobenzeno com o tampão aditivado em relação ao tampão com SDS puro. / Sapindus saponaria is a very abundant species in São Carlos and others regions of Brazil. Fruits of S. saponaria have a high content of glycosides which possess well-defined regions of hydrophobic and hydrophilic feature denominated amphiphilic molecule. Thus, this can form a foam showing chemical proprieties equals to surfactants. Some glycosides belong to class of saponins and are composed of carbonic structure designates aglycone, which is linked in one or two sugar chains. The purpose of the present study was the use of glycosides due to their surfactants properties in further applications of capillary electrophoresis. The extraction of crude fruits was carried out with methanol and this extract was fractionated in Sephadex LH-20. The fractions were analyzed for mass spectrometry and studied in capillary electrophoresis (CE). This is a feasible technique for the study of fractions obtained. Although a high degree of purity was not reached, the fraction B were used as additive for the electrolyte background in MEKC. The nitrobenzene showed different interaction with micellar system in the electrolyte background with fraction B.

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Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-07-13T19:22:36Z (GMT) / Submitted by MATHEUS HENRIQUE REIS DA SILVA null (matheush.reis@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-21T15:25:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_publicação.pdf: 3294602 bytes, checksum: 0458f3a3b432485c88a1b6dd0524aed5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-07-21T17:19:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_mhr_me_rcla.pdf: 3294602 bytes, checksum: 0458f3a3b432485c88a1b6dd0524aed5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T17:19:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_mhr_me_rcla.pdf: 3294602 bytes, checksum: 0458f3a3b432485c88a1b6dd0524aed5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Passiflora incarnata encontra-se entre as plantas medicinais mais estudadas no âmbito farmacológico, cujas propriedades medicinais são atribuídas principalmente aos seus fitoconstituintes, tais como compostos fenólicos, alcalóides e flavonoides. Já foi constatado que os fungos endofíticos, aqueles vivem no interior de plantas, compartilhando com as mesmas uma interação simbiótica. Estes endófitos estão presentes em todas as plantas e muitas vezes partilham dos mesmos metabólitos que sua hospedeira. Devido ao seu enorme potencial de exploração, os fungos endofíticos são considerados um dos mais importantes recursos para a obtenção de novos agentes terapêuticos, pois um grande número de metabólitos estruturalmente novos e biologicamente ativos tem sido relatado para esses organismos. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar fungos endofíticos presentes em folhas de P. incarnata e avaliar seu potencial biotecnológico, quanto à presença de compostos fenólicos, flavonoides e atividade antioxidante. Das 120 folhas analisadas, um total de 315 fungos endofíticos foi obtido; foi possível identificar 16 táxons distintos, dentre eles Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Curvularia spp., Phoma spp., Neurospora spp., Trichoderma spp e representantes dos Mucoromycotina. A maioria dos isolados não apresentou esporulação. Os 60 endófitos utilizados nos ensaios produziram ao menos um composto fitoquímico, 60% (n=36) foram positivos para saponinas, 76% (n=46) para flavonoides, 93% (n=56) para compostos fenólicos, apenas 3% (n=2) para taninos, e nenhum fungo apresentou alcalóides no filtrado. O teor de flavonoides e fenóis totais do extrato de n-Butanol, determinado espectrofotometricamente revelou que a maioria dos fungos analisados foram bons produtores destes compostos, com destaque para os isolados Trichoderma sp./LMA 1684 e Aspergillus sp. 1/LMA 1720, com 213,69 mg.g-1 e 187,3 mg.g-1 , respectivamente, para flavonoides totais expressos em rutina, enquanto para fenóis totais os isolados LMA 1713 e LMA 1824, ambos fungos não esporulantes, apresentaram os teores 184,94 mg.g-1 e 187,05 mg.g-1 , respectivamente. Todos os endófitos apresentaram atividade antioxidante frente ao radical livre DPPH. O extrato butanólico do fungo Aspergillus versicolor/LMA 1705 (94%) foi maior que o padrão BHT (90,27%) e rutina (91,98%). A fração AcOEt e BuOH de cincos fungos selecionados apresentou metabólitos com atividade antioxidante, entre as amostras, a fração BuOH do fungo Trichoderma sp./LMA 1684 mostrou a atividade de eliminação do radical livre DPPH mais baixa (valor de IC50 de 304,18 mg/mL ), enquanto a fração AcOEt do fungo Chaetomium sp./LMA 1793 com um valor de IC50 de 0,21 mg/mL exibiu uma atividade antioxidante maior que os controles positivo BHT (0,42 mg/mL ), Rutina (0,25 mg/mL ), e Ácido Ascórbico (0,23 mg/mL). Foi realizada CG-EM da fração acetato de etila em cinco fungos previamente selecionados e foi constatada a presença do metabólito orcinol (3,19%) em Aspergillus versicolor/LMA 1705, 4-metoximetilfenol (4,79%), Sorbicillina (33,59%) e ergosterol (23,08%), presentes em Trichoderma sp./LMA 1684 e isopropenil-1,4-dimetil-1,2,3,3a,4,5,6,7-octahidroazuleno no endófito Fusarium sp. 4. O estudo mostrou um grande potencial de aplicação em biotecnologia dos endofíticos de P. incarnata. / Passiflora incarnata is among the most studied medicinal plants in the pharmacological field, whose medicinal properties are attributed mainly to its phytochemicals, such as phenolic compounds, alkaloids and flavonoids. It has been found that endophytic fungi, which are those living inside plants, share a symbiotic interaction with their hosts. These endophytes are present in all plants and often share the same metabolites as the plants they live. Due to their enormous potential for exploitation, endophytic fungi are considered one of the most important resources for obtaining new therapeutic agents, since a large number of structurally new and biologically active metabolites have been reported from these microorganisms. In this context, the objective of this work was to isolate endophytic fungi present in leaves of P. incarnata and to evaluate their biotechnological potential, regarding the presence of phytochemicals, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. From a total of 120 leaves analyzed 315 endophytic fungi were obtained. It was possible to identify 16 distinct taxa, among them Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Curvularia spp., Phoma spp., Neurospora spp., Trichoderma spp. and Mucoromycotina representatives. Many showed no sporulation at all. All 60 endophytes used in the trials produced at least one phytochemical compound, 60% (n = 36) were positive for saponin, 76% (n = 46) for flavonoids, 93% (n = 56) for phenolic compounds, only 3% (n = 2) for tannins, and no one presented alkali in the filtrate. The total flavonoid and phenol contents of the n-Butanol extract, spectrophotometrically determined, showed that most of the analyzed fungi were good producers of these compounds, especially the isolate Trichoderma sp./LMA 1684 and Aspergillus sp. 1/LMA 1720 213.69 mg.g-1 and 187.3 mg.g-1 respectively, for total flavonoids expressed in rutin, and for total phenols the isolate LMA sp. 6 and LMA sp. 26 with 184.94 mg.g-1 and 187.05 mg.g-1 respectively. All endophytes presented antioxidant activity against free radical DPPH. Butanolic extract of the fungus Aspergillus versicolor/LMA 1720 (94%) was higher than the BHT (90.27%) and routine (91.98%) standard. The AcOEt and BuOH fraction of five fungi presented metabolites with antioxidant activity, among the samples, the BuOH fraction of the Trichoderma sp./LMA 1684. showed the lowest free radical DPPH elimination activity (IC50 value of 304.18 mg/mL), while the AcOEt fraction of Chaetomium sp./LMA 1793 with an IC50 value of 0.21 mg/mL showed better antioxidant activity than the BHT (0.42 mg/mL), rutin (0.25 mg/mL), and ascorbic acid (0.23 mg/mL). CG-MS of the ethyl acetate fraction was performed in five previously selected fungi and the presence of the orcinol (3.19%) in Aspergillus versicolor/LMA 1705, 4-methoxymethylphenol (4.79%), Sorbicillin (33.59%) and ergosterol (23.08%), present in Trichoderma sp./LMA 1684 and isopropenyl-1,4-dimethyl-1,2,3,3a, 4,5,6,7-octahydroazulene in the endophyte Fusarium sp. 4/LMA 1719. This study highlighted a great biotechnological application of the P. incarnata endophytes.

Submitted by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-10-17T16:40:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thiago de Jesus do Carmo - 2014.pdf: 1906807 bytes, checksum: e5d7d3a5e67cae3ea55b63178617ba2e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-10-17T17:12:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thiago de Jesus do Carmo - 2014.pdf: 1906807 bytes, checksum: e5d7d3a5e67cae3ea55b63178617ba2e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-17T17:12:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Thiago de Jesus do Carmo - 2014.pdf: 1906807 bytes, checksum: e5d7d3a5e67cae3ea55b63178617ba2e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-30 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The pastures in the Brazilian Midwest are mostly formed by grasses of the genus Brachiaria. It is difficult to improve these pastures due to the large quantity of saponins found in these grasslands, causing poisoning in animals leading to a low level of production or even death. Antioxidants optimize animal production and decrease the effects of saponins on the animal, but also, improves meat appearance and increases its shelf life. To evaluate the effects of supplementation with different antioxidants on performance, oxidative stress, as well as quantitative and qualitative aspects of the carcass in feedlot cattle, an experiment was conducted with 40 Nelore cattle fed Brachiaria hay and subjected to five treatments (control and groups with antioxidants: zinc, selenium, vitamin E and selenium + vitamin E). There were eight animals per group, each animal considered a replication. Tissue composition as well as carcass proximate composition, color, tenderness, pH and fatty acid profile were evaluated. In the present experimental conditions, supplementation of cattle fed Brachiaria brizantha hay and supplemented with antioxidants, did not lead to difference for carcass traits and meat quality. However, supplementation with vitamin E reduced Omega 3 levels in this study. / As pastagens na região Centro-Oeste são em sua grande maioria formadas por gramíneas do gênero braquiária. O sistema de produção a pasto tem grandes dificuldades de melhorias, o qual apresenta um problema a ser enfrentado, que é a quantidade elevada de saponinas presentes na pastagem, as quais causam intoxicações nos animais levando-os a um baixo nível de produção ou até a sua morte. Os antioxidantes otimizam a produção animal e diminuem os efeitos das saponinas no animal, como também melhora o aspecto da carne e aumenta sua vida útil. Para avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com diferentes antioxidantes sobre o desempenho, estresse oxidativo e aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos de carcaça e da carne de bovinos confinados, foi realizado um experimento com 40 bovinos Nelore, alimentados com feno de braquiária e submetidos a cinco tratamentos (grupos controle e grupos suplementados com antioxidantes: zinco, selênio, vitamina E e selênio + vitamina E), sendo oito animais por grupo, cada animal uma repetição. Para tanto, avaliou-se na carcaça a composição tecidual e na carne a composição centesimal, cor, maciez, pH e perfil de ácidos graxos. Nas condições do presente experimento a suplementação de bovinos alimentados com feno de Brachiaria brizantha e suplementados com os antioxidantes acima citados não promoveu diferença para as características da carcaça e da carne. Porém, observa-se que a suplementação com vitamina E reduziu os valores de Omega 3.

Orientadores: Fernando Antonio Cabral, Carmen Lucia Queiroga / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T20:47:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bitencourt_RaphaelaGabri_M.pdf: 3804854 bytes, checksum: 637f4c96c752119c1bf3fe68678e9bbb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Saponinas são compostos que se destacam por apresentarem ações farmacológicas, e também por serem empregadas nas indústrias de alimentos e de cosméticos devido às suas propriedades físico-químicas, tais como agentes de superfície. Processos de extração com dióxido de carbono supercrítico (scCO2), como substituto de solventes orgânicos tóxicos representam uma boa opção para extração de compostos bioativos, pois produzem extratos e resíduos isentos de solventes indesejáveis sendo, portanto, tecnologias limpas. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo extrair e fracionar saponinas a partir de três fontes vegetais, sendo elas raízes de Pfaffia glomerata e de Hebanthe eriantha, conhecidas como ginseng brasileiro, e frutos de Melia azedarach, utilizando um processo sequencial em leito fixo usando scCO2, etanol e água como solventes. As extrações foram realizadas a 50 oC e 300 bar e em quatro etapas sequenciais. Na primeira etapa utilizou-se como solvente scCO2, na segunda escoou-se pelo leito fixo uma mistura scCO2 + etanol na proporção 70:30 (m/m) e, etanol puro e uma mistura etanol/água (70:30 v/v) foram usados nas terceira e quarta etapas, respectivamente. A eficiência do processo de extração e fracionamento foi avaliada com base: 1) nos valores de rendimento de extração, 2) na presença de saponinas, as quais foram monitoradas por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD) e 3) pela capacidade de redução da tensão superficial de soluções aquosas. Os extratos de M. azedarach ainda foram avaliados quanto ao teor de fenóis e flavonoides totais, perfil químico de compostos voláteis por CG- EM e por espectrometria de massas (ESI-EM). As raízes estudadas apresentaram curvas de extração (cinética) e rendimento semelhantes entre si nas três primeiras etapas. Os rendimentos de extração para as quatro etapas de extração foram 0,16; 0,55; 1,00 e 6,9 % para raízes de P. glomerata e 0,17; 0,58; 0,89 e 28 % para raízes de H. eriantha, respectivamente, indicando presença majoritária de compostos de maior polaridade nestas espécies. Os rendimentos de extração a partir de frutos de M. azedarach apresentaram-se maiores (7,6; 6,4; 19 e 12,3 %) que os de raízes de ginseng brasileiro. As análises por CCD mostraram que o processo de extração foi seletivo de acordo com a polaridade do solvente utilizado, fornecendo frações enriquecidas em diferentes compostos. Os extratos das três matrizes vegetais obtidos pela mistura de dióxido de carbono e etanol (SCEE) apresentaram a maior redução da tensão superficial, apresentando valores de 25,0; 25,0 e 26,9 mN.m-1 para P. glomerata, H. eriantha e M. azedarach, respectivamente, contra 36,3 mN.m-1 para solução de surfactante sintético (dodecil sulfato de sódio). Este resultado sugere que esta capacidade está associada a presença de saponinas de menor polaridade. E, ainda, verificou-se que as saponinas de ginseng brasileiro apresentam concentração micelar crítica (CMC) ? 20 g.L-1. Os maiores teores de compostos fenólicos dos extratos de M. azedarach foram obtidos nos extratos hidroalcoólico (21,6 mg de EAG/g de extrato) e SCEE (20,6 mg de EAG/g de extrato). Não foi verificada presença significativa de compostos voláteis em frutos de M. azedarach por CG-EM. Análises de EM identificaram ácidos graxos (linoleico, palmítico e mirístico) e azedaraquina C (limonoide) no extrato supercrítico e compostos fenólicos (ácido cafeico e ácido málico) nos demais extratos. Por fim, o dióxido de carbono supercrítico mostrou-se seletivo às saponinas com maior capacidade de reduzir a tensão superficial de soluções aquosas, quando utilizado com etanol como cossolvente e, no geral, o processo de extração sequencial em leito fixo utilizando o solventes "verdes" apresentou-se como uma boa alternativa ao uso de solventes orgânicos para extrair e fracionar saponinas presentes em diferentes fontes vegetais / Abstract: Saponins are compounds that stand out due to their pharmacological actions, and also because they are employed by food and cosmetics industry due to its physicochemical properties, such as surfactants. Extraction processes with supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a substitute of toxic organic solvents represent a good option for extracting biocompounds since they obtain free of undesirable solvents extracts and residues thus being a green technology. Therefore, this study aimed to extract and fractionate saponins of three plant sources: roots of Pfaffia glomerata and Hebanthe eriantha (Brazilian ginseng) and fruits of Melia azedarach, by a sequential process in fixed bed using scCO2, ethanol and water as solvents. The extractions were performed at 50 °C and 300 bar in four sequential steps. In the first step scCO2 was used as solvent; in the second scCO2/ethanol mixture, mass ratio 70:30 (w/w); pure ethanol and ethanol/water mixture 70:30 (v/v) were used in the third and fourth stages, respectively. The efficiency of extraction and fractionation process was evaluated based on: 1) the extraction yield, 2) presence of saponins, which were monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and 3) the potential of extracts to reduce the surface tension of aqueous solutions. The extracts of Melia azedarach also were evaluated for their content of total phenols and flavonoids, chemical profile by GC-MS and mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The roots studied presented similar overall extraction curves (kinetic) and yields in the first three steps. The extraction yields for the four stages of extraction were 0.16, 0.55, 1.00 and 6.9 % for roots of P. glomerata and 0.17, 0.58, 0.89 and 28 % for H. eriantha roots, respectively, showing predominant presence of polar compounds in these species. The extraction yields from fruits of M. azedarach were higher (7.6, 6.4, 19 and 12.3 %) than roots of Brazilian ginseng. Analyses by TLC indicated that process was selective in accordance with the polarity of the solvent used providing fractions enriched in different compounds. The extracts of three plant matrices obtained by carbon dioxide and ethanol mixture (SCEE) presented highest ability to reduce surface tension, with values of 25.0, 25.0 and 26.9 mN.m- 1 for P. glomerata, H. eriantha and M. azedarach, respectively, against 36.3 mN.m-1 for a synthetic surfactant solution (sodium dodecyl sulphate). This result suggests that ability is associated with the presence of less polar saponins. And further, Brazilian ginseng saponins have critical micelle concentration (CMC) ? 20 g.L-1. The highest levels of phenolic compounds of M. azedarach were obtained in hydroalcoholic extract (21.6 mg EAG/g extract) and SCEE (20.6 mg EAG/g extract). It was not observed a significant presence of volatile compounds in fruits of M. azedarach by GC-MS. ESI-MS analyses identified fatty acids (linoleic, palmitic and myristic acid) and azedarachin C (limonoid) in supercritical extract (SCE) and the presence of phenolic compounds (caffeic and malic acid) in the other extracts. Finally, the supercritical carbon dioxide has shown to be selective for saponins with the highest capacity to reduce the surface tension of water when used with ethanol as cosolvent. In general, process of sequential fixed bed extraction with green solvents represents a great alternative instead of using organic solvents to extract and fractionate saponins present in different plant sources / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestra em Engenharia de Alimentos

Ce travail présente l’étude phytochimique de cinq plantes péruviennes, Myrsine latifolia, M. congesta et M. sessiliflora (Primulaceae ex Myrsinaceae), Poraqueiba sericea (Icacinaceae) et Dendrobangia boliviana (Cardiopteridaceae ex Icacinaceae). L’étude des trois Myrsine nous a permis d’isoler onze composés déjà connus dans la littérature qui ont été testés pour leurs activités antileishmanienne (criblage sur Leishmania infantum promastigotes en luminescence) et cytotoxique (test in vitro sur des fibroblastes). Les résultats étaient négatifs pour les deux activités. A partir des tiges de Poraqueiba sericea nous avons pu isoler onze composés dont six triterpènes et trois saponines monodesmosides décrits pour la première fois dans cette famille de plante et deux sécoiridoïdes. Différentes activités biologiques ont été évaluées pour ces molécules : activités leishmanicide, cytotoxique et anti-élastase. Seuls les derniers tests ont révélés des activités pour deux tripterpénoïdes et pour le secologanoside. A partir de Dendrobangia boliviana quatorze saponines ont pu être isolées dont douze sont de nouveaux glycosides des acides serjanique ou phytolaccinique. L’analyse en LC-RMN a permis d’identifier cinq autres saponines de structures nouvelles. Ces composés ont été testés pour leurs activités biologiques et n’ont démontré aucune activité hémolytique et trois d’entre eux ont révélé une cytoxicité sur les fibroblastes. Les tests antileishmaniens n’ont révélé aucune activité. En bioautographie (HPTLC) ces saponines présentent un potentiel intéressant pour différentes activités biologiques (tyrosinase, α et β-glucosidases et acétylcholinestérase). / This work presents the phytochemical study of five Peruvian plants, Myrsine latifolia, M. congesta and M. sessiliflora (Primulaceae ex Myrsinaceae), Poraqueiba sericea (Icacinaceae) and Dendrobangia boliviana (Cardiopteridaceae ex Icacinaceae). The study of the three Myrsine enabled us to isolate eleven compounds already known in the literature which were tested for their antileishmanial (screening of Leishmania promastigotes luminescence) and cytotoxic activities (in vitro test on fibroblasts). The results were negative for both activities. From the stems of Poraqueiba sericea we were able to isolate eleven compounds including six triterpenes, three monodesmosides saponins described for the first time in this plant family and two secoiridoides. Various biological activities have been evaluated for these molecules: leishmanicidal, cytotoxic and anti-elastase activities. Only the last testing has suggested activities for two tripterpénoïdes and the secologanoside. From Dendrobangia boliviana fourteen saponins have been isolated including twelve novel glycosides of the serjanique or phytolaccinique acids. The analysis by LC-NMR allowed us to identify five other saponins with new structures. These compounds were tested for their biological activities and showed no hemolytic activity and three of them showed a cytotoxicity on fibroblasts. The antileishmanial test showed no activity. In bioautography (HPTLC) these saponins showed an interesting potential for different biological activities (tyrosinase, α and β-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase).

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de la thématique du Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie de l’UFR des Sciences de santé, au sein de l’Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté et du Laboratoire de Produits Naturels de la Faculté de Sciences, au sein de l’Universidad Central de Venezuela. Elle vise essentiellement l’étude phytochimique des graines de Billia rosea (Planch. & Linden) C. Ulloa & P. Jørg, famille des Sapindaceae, qui est utilisé en médecine traditionnelle comme antidiabétique, analgésique et pour le traitement des hémorroïdes et de la fièvre. L'étude de cette espèce végétale a conduit à l’isolement et à la caractérisation de 10 saponines triterpéniques parmi lesquelles 5 sont de structure nouvelle (Billiosides A–E), un analogue connu et une structure a été proposée pour les 4 autres saponines qui devraient être vérifiées dans des études ultérieures.Les structures ont été élucidées principalement par l’utilisation de RMN 1D et 2D (1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HSQC, et HMBC) ainsi que la spectrométrie de masse comme (3β,21β,22α)-3-[(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 / 4)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-21-[((2E,6S)-2,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxyocta-2,7-dienoyl)oxy]-22-(acetyloxy)-24-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (Billioside A), (3β,21β,22α)-3-[(2-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-21,22-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-yl O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-glucopyranoside (Billioside B), (3β,21β,22α)-3-[(2-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 4)]-β-D-xylopyranosyl)oxy]-21,22-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-yl O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Billioside C), (3β,21β,22α)-3-[(2-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 4)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-21,22-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-yl O-β-Dglucopyranoside (Billioside D), (3β,21β,22α)-3-[(2-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 4)]-β-Dglucopyranosyl)oxy]-21,22-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-yl O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (Billioside E), et dipteroside A.Les structures proposées pour les 4 autres saponines sont (3β,16α,21β,22α)-3-[(4-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl)oxi]-22-(acetyloxy)-16,24,28-trihidroxyolean-12-en-21-yl-O-(3,4-di-O-angeloyl)-6-Deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside, es (3β,16α,21β,22α)-3-[(4-O-α-L- glucuronopyranosyl -β-D-glucuronopyranosyl)oxy]- 16,22,24,28-tetrahidroxyolean-12-en-21-yl-O-(3,4-di-O-angeloyl)-6-Deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside, (3β,16α,21β,22α)-3-[(2-O- β-D-galactopyranosyl-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl)oxy]-22-(acetyloxy)-16,24,28-trihidroxyolean-12-en-21-yl-O-(3,4-di-O-angeloyl)-6-Deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside et (3β,21β,22α)-3-[(2-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-xylopyranosyl)oxy]-21-acetyl-22-hidroxyolean-12-en-28-yl-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside.Billiosides B et C ont été testés en vue d’évaluer leurs capacité à inhiber l'absorption intestinale du glucose in situ dans des segments d'intestins de rat, et sa capacité à inhiber le glucose-6-phosphatase, enzyme impliquée dans la formation du glucose. Billiosides B et C ont montré des effets modérés dans les deux expériences. / This thesis was carried out in the the Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, in health department of the University of Burgundy and in the Laboratory of Natural products of Central University of Venezuela.This research work focused on the phytochemical study of the sedes of Billia rosea (Planch. & Linden) C. Ulloa & P. Jørg, Sapindaceae family. Billia rosea seeds have traditionally been used as antidiabetic, analgesic and for the treatment of hemorrhoids and fever. In the study of this plant was isolated and characterized 10 triterpene saponins, among which 5 has a new structure in the literature of natural products (Billiosides A–E), a known analogue and 4 proposals as possible structures to the remaining isolated saponins, which must be confirmed in subsequent studies.Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR experiments (1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HSQC, et HMBC) and mass spectrometry as (3β,21β,22α)-3-[(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 / 4)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-21-[((2E,6S)-2,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxyocta-2,7-dienoyl)oxy]-22-(acetyloxy)-24-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid (Billioside A), (3β,21β,22α)-3-[(2-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-21,22-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-yl O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-D-glucopyranoside (Billioside B), (3β,21β,22α)-3-[(2-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 4)]-β-D-xylopyranosyl)oxy]-21,22-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-yl O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Billioside C), (3β,21β,22α)-3-[(2-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 4)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-21,22-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-yl O-β-Dglucopyranoside (Billioside D), (3β,21β,22α)-3-[(2-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1 → 4)]-β-Dglucopyranosyl)oxy]-21,22-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-yl O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (Billioside E), and dipteroside A.The proposed structures for the other 4 isolated saponins are (3β,16α,21β,22α)-3-[(4-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl)oxi]-22-(acetyloxy)-16,24,28-trihidroxyolean-12-en-21-yl-O-(3,4-di-O-angeloyl)-6-Deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside, es (3β,16α,21β,22α)-3-[(4-O-α-L- glucuronopyranosyl -β-D-glucuronopyranosyl)oxy]- 16,22,24,28-tetrahidroxyolean-12-en-21-yl-O-(3,4-di-O-angeloyl)-6-Deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside, (3β,16α,21β,22α)-3-[(2-O- β-D-galactopyranosyl-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl)oxy]-22-(acetyloxy)-16,24,28-trihidroxyolean-12-en-21-yl-O-(3,4-di-O-angeloyl)-6-Deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside and (3β,21β,22α)-3-[(2-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-O-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-xylopyranosyl)oxy]-21-acetyl-22-hidroxyolean-12-en-28-yl-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside.Billiosides B and C exhibited moderate effects when tested as hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase inhibitors and as glucose intestinal absorption inhibitors, using in situ rat intestinal segments. / Este trabajo de investigación, realizado en conjunto entre el Laboratorio de Farmacognosia de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, de la Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté y el Laboratorio de Productos Naturales de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Central de Venezuela; se centró en el estudio fitoquímico de las semillas de Billia rosea (Planch. & Linden) C. Ulloa & P. Jørg, perteneciente a la familia Sapindaceae, utilizada tradicionalmente como antidiabético, analgésico y para el tratamiento de hemorroides y fiebre. El estudio de esta especie vegetal condujo al aislamiento y caracterización de 9 saponinas triterpénicas, entre las cuales 5 poseen una estreuctura nueva en la literatura de productos naturales (Billiosidos A–E), un análogo conocido, además de 3 propuestas como posibles estructuras a las restantes saponinas aisladas, que deben ser confirmadas en estudios posteriores. Las estructuras se elucidaros principalmente mediante el uso de RMN 1D y 2D (1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, ROESY, HSQC, et HMBC) y espectrometría de masa como ácido (3β,21β,22α)-3-[(2-O-β-D-glucopiranosil-O-[α-L-arabinopiranosil-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopiranosil)oxi]-21-[((2E,6S)-2,6-dimetil-6-hidroxiocta-2,7-dienoil)oxi]-22-(acetiloxi)-24-hidroxiolean-12-en-28-oico, (Billiosido A) (3β,21β,22α)-3-[(2-O-β-D-galactopiranosil-β-D-glucopiranosil)oxi]-21,22-dihidroxiolean-12-en-28-il-O-α-L-arabinopiranosil-(1 → 4)-β-D-glucopiranosido (Billiosido B), (3β,21β,22α)-3-[(2-O-β-D-galactopiranosil-O-[α-L-arabinopiranosil-(1→4)]-β-D-xilopiranosil)oxi]-21,22-dihidroxiolean-12-en-28-il-O-β-D-glucopiranosido (Billiosido C), (3β,21β,22α)-3-[(2-O-β-D-galactopiranosil-O-[α-L-arabinopiranosil-(1 → 4)]-β-D-glucopiranosil) oxi]-21,22-dihidroxiolean-12-en-28-yl-O-β-D-glucopiranosido (Billiosido D), (3β,21β,22α)-3-[(2-O-β-D-galactopiranosil-O-[α-L-arabinopiranosil-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopiranosil)oxi]-21,22-dihidroxiolean-12-en-28-il-O-β-D-glucopiranosil-(1→6)-β-D-glucopiranosido (Billiosido E) y Dipterosido A. Las estructuras propuestas para las otras 3 saponinas aisladas son (3β,16α,21β,22α)-3-[(4-O-α-L-arabinopiranosil-β-D-glucoronopiranosil)oxi]-22-(acetiloxi)-16,24,28-trihidroxiolean-12-en-21-il-O-(3,4-di-O-angeloil)-6-Deoxy-β-D-glucopiranosido, (3β,16α,21β,22α)-3-[(4-O-β-D-galactopiranosil-β-D-glucoronopiranosil)oxi]-22-(acetiloxi)-16,24,28-trihidroxiolean-12-en-21-il-O-(3,4-di-O-angeloil)-6-Deoxy-β-D-glucopiranosido y (3β,21β,22α)-3-[(2-O-β-D-galactopiranosil-O-[α-L-arabinopiranosil-(1→4)]-β-D-xilopiranosil)oxi]-21-acetil-22-hidroxiolean-12-en-28-il-O-α-L-arabinopiranosil-(1→4)-β-D-glucopiranosido. También se evaluó la actividad inhibitoria de los Billiosidos B y C sobre la absorción intestinal de glucosa in situ en segmentos de intestinos de ratas, además de la capacidad inhibitoria de estos compuestos sobre la enzima glucosa-6-fosfatasa, implicada en la formación de glucosa. Estos Billiosidos mostraron efectos moderados en estos dos experimentos