Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The biodiesel production generates large volumes of residues, which when improperly disposed have potential for environmental contamination. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the adding sawdust filtration untreated with a Oxisol and with an Paleudalf, producing an organic compound from the mixture of sawdust filtration with manure aiming to know the immediate potential and residual fertilizer of this organic compound in canola cultivated in these two soil types. Soil samples were placed in respirometric flasks and added 2; 4 and 8 t ha-1 sawdust filtration with and without addition of N, P and K recommended for the culture of canola. During 120 days we quantified C-CO2 production, the dynamics of these nutrients and the concentration of heavy metals. In pots in a greenhouse, the organic compound produced was mixed with these soils at planting or six months before. The doses were 0, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4 and 4.8 t ha-1, with or without supplemental N, and we quantified the availability of nutrients in the soil, the accumulation of dry mass and nutrients in tissues of canola. The biodegradation of sawdust filtration in the soil was high but limited by K in Oxisol and by P in Paleudalf. The addition of this residue in both soils cause reduced availability of N, K in the Oxisol, but did not increase the levels of heavy metals. The organic compound produced presents characteristics that allow its use in agriculture and its addition to soils at the time of sowing or six months before increases the availability of N, P and K, and replaces total or partially the mineral fertilization of canola. / A produção do biodiesel gera grandes volumes de resíduos, que quando dispostos de maneira inadequada, possuem potencial de contaminação ambiental. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a disposição da serragem de filtração sem tratamento prévio em um Latossolo e em um Argissolo e produzir um composto orgânico, a partir da mistura da serragem de filtração com esterco bovino, visando conhecer o potencial fertilizante imediato e residual deste composto na canola, cultivada nestes dois tipos de solo. Amostras dos solos foram acondicionadas em frascos respirométricos e adicionadas de 2; 4 e 8 t ha-1 de serragem de filtração, com e sem adição de N, P e K recomendados para a cultura da canola. Durante 120 dias, foi quantificada a produção de C-CO2, a dinâmica destes nutrientes e a concentração de metais pesados. Em vasos em casa de vegetação, o composto orgânico produzido foi misturado a estes solos, no momento da semeadura ou seis meses antes. As doses avaliadas foram 0; 0,6; 1,2; 2,4; e 4,8 t ha-1, com ou sem complementação de N, e quantificou-se a disponibilidade de nutrientes no solo, o acúmulo de massa seca e nutrientes nos tecidos da canola. A biodegradação da serragem de filtração foi moderada no solo, porém limitada pelo K no Latossolo e pelo P no Argissolo. A adição deste resíduo nos dois solos causa redução da disponibilidade de N e de K no Latossolo, mas não elevou os teores de metais pesados. O composto orgânico produzido apresenta características que permitem seu uso agrícola. A sua adição aos solos, no momento da semeadura ou seis meses antes, aumenta a disponibilidade de N, P e K, e substitui total ou parcialmente a adubação mineral da canola.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T12:56:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 THAIS_ FRAZAO_ PINTO.pdf: 809423 bytes, checksum: b8458673c3339f802bd73fe54560bb20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-02 / This work treated of modified wood sawdust with succinic anhydride and your application as adsorbent for remazol brilliant violet 5R (VR5) textile dye. The new material obtained was designated SMAS. The vibrations spectra indicated the presence of oxygenated groups, being the modification confirmed by Infrared, 13C NMR spectroscopy and titration of acid groups that indicated the introduction of carboxylic groups the material. It was found that the material can act as adsorbent to dye investigated and your active sites further enriched, due to considerably increased the adsorption capacity compared to natural material. Furthermore, the process of adsorption proved to be highly dependent of the pH and the largest amount adsorbed was obtained at pH 2.0. The adsorption of remazol brilliant violet 5R textile dye by wood sawdust modified with succinic anhydride followed the kinetic modeling of second order and was well described by the Freundlich model. In the conditions studied was reached a percentage of removal 51.66%. / Este trabalho tratou da modificação de serragem de madeira por anidrido succínico e sua aplicação como adsorvente para o corante têxtil violeta brilhante 5R remazol (VR5). O novo material obtido foi denominado SMAS. Os espectros vibracionais indicaram a presença de grupos oxigenados, sendo a modificação comprovada a partir de Infravermelho, RMN de 13C e da titulação dos grupos ácidos, que indicaram a inserção de grupos carboxílicos ao material. Verificou-se que o material pode atuar como adsorvente para o corante investigado e que houve um acréscimo no número de sítios ativos, pois aumentou consideravelmente a capacidade de adsorção frente ao corante, comparado ao material in natura. Além disso, o processo de adsorção se mostrou fortemente dependente do pH e a maior quantidade adsorvida foi obtida em pH 2,0. A adsorção do corante Violeta Remazol 5R por serragem de madeira quimicamente modificada com anidrido succínico seguiu a modelagem cinética de segunda ordem e foi bem descrita pelo modelo de Freundlich. Nas condições estudadas, alcançou-se uma porcentagem de remoção de 51,66 %.

This diploma thesis is focused on study of chemical and enzymatical hydrolysis of raw wood material. The aim of this work was to find the suitable method for pretreatment of selected lignocellulose materials. The theoretical part deals with characterization of lignocellulosic material and its components. There are also subscribed various pretreatment methods and their effect on hydrolysis of sawdust. In experimental part of the work the most appropriate approach of pretreatment and hydrolysis of sawdust was studied. Criteria for the selection of suitable method was concentration of saccharides as desired product of hydrolysis and also concentration of the most important microbial inhibitors - polyphenols. Application of 96% ethanol or 5% H2O2 were identified as the most promising pretreatment methods which enhanced yields of fermentable sugars about 30 %. Further, we also performed cultivation of bacteria Burkholderia cepacia and bacteria Burkholderia sacchari using solution obtained by hydrolysis of lignocellulose material.

The aim of this work was study of the detoxification of lignocellulose material hydrolysates and to investigate sawdust suitability as a substrate for microbial production of PHA by bacteria Burkholderia cepacia and Burkholderia sacchari. In the experimental part of the work the most suitable way of detoxification of model and real hydrolysate was studied. After that, detoxification methods used were evaluated. Criteria for evaluation were concentration of polyphenols as the most important microbial inhibitors and reduction saccharides as the main carbon substrate. Furthermore, fermentability of the hydrolysates was also tested by cultivation of two bacteria capable of PHA accumulation. Burkholderia sacchari demonstrated higher ability to accumulate PHA then Burkholderia cepacia. Then in the summary – most effective way for detoxification was ‚overliming‘. Major increase of PHB in biomass was obtained when Burkholderia sacchari was cultivated on media gained by application of overliming of real lignocellulose hydrolysate. However, total gains of PHB were more likely low and then sawdust can not be considered as a substrate for PHB production at industrial scale.

Gasification is a process used to convert any carbonaceous species through heterogeneous reaction to obtain the desired gaseous products of H2 and CO which are used to make chemicals, liquid transportation fuels, and power. Both pyrolysis and heterogeneous gasification occur in commercial entrained-flow gasifiers at pressures from 4 to 65 atm with local gas temperatures as high as 2000 °C. Many gasification studies have been performed at moderate temperatures, heating rates, and pressures. In this work, both pyrolysis and char gasification experiments were performed on coal, petroleum coke, and biomass at conditions pertinent to commercial entrained-flow gasifiers. Rapid biomass pyrolysis experiments were performed at atmospheric pressure in an entrained-flow reactor for sawdust, switchgrass, corn stover, and straw mostly using a peak gas temperature of 1163 K at particle residence times ranging from 34 to 113 ms. Biomass pyrolysis was modeled using the Chemical Percolation Devolatilization model assuming that biomass pyrolysis occurs as a weighted average of its individual components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin). Thermal cracking of biomass tar into light gas was included using a first-order model with kinetic parameters regressed in the current study. Char gasification rates were measured for biomass, petroleum coke, and coal in a pressurized entrained-flow reactor at high heating-rate conditions at total pressures between 10 and 15 atm. Peak centerline gas temperatures were between 1611 and 1879 K. The range of particle residence times used in the gasification experiments was 42 to 275 ms. The CO2 gasification rates of biomass and petroleum coke chars were measured at conditions where the reaction environment consisted of approximately 40 and 90 mol% CO2. Steam gasification rates of coal char were measured at conditions where the maximum H2O concentration was 8.6 mol%. Measured data was used to regress apparent kinetic parameters for a first-order model that describes char conversion. The measured char gasification rates were far from the film-diffusion limit, and are pertinent for pulverized particles where no internal particle temperature gradients are important. The modeling and measured data of char gasification rates in this research will aid in the design and efficient operation of commercial entrained-flow gasifiers, as well as provide validation for both existing and future models at a wide range of temperatures and pressures at high heating-rate conditions.

No description available.

Today a lot of attention is focused on compounds called endocrine disrupters (EDs) among substances released to environment by humans. They are a group of substances which can disturb function of hormonal system of organisms including humans. Their poor removal at wastewater treatment plants (WwTP) were shown at various studies, thus they can reach the environment in water. A prospective way for the degradation of EDs at WwTP can be their removal by ligninolytic fungi. They are able to degrade lots of lignin-like aromatic substances because of their highly nonspecific enzymes. In this work growth and enzyme production capability of four ligninolytic fungal strains were monitored on three solid substrates (straw pellets, poplar sawdust mixed with straw pellets, oak sawdust with straw pellets), which may be suitable substrates for fungal growth in bioreactors for wastewater treatment. Ability of these enzymes to degrade EDs were tested in in-vitro degradation experiment. Trametes versicolor was found as best degrading strain with 20 μg/ml of bisphenol A, 17 α- ethynylestradiol and nonylphenol degraded below a quantification limit within 24 hours. Fungal strains degraded EDs well on all of the three substrates but wood sawdust seemed to be a better substrate for fungal growth because straw pellets...

Lightweight chamotte products are popular building material. There are many types of lightweight chamotte on the market, but the most popular lightening options are organic ingredients. This brings some problems to the production of these products. This thesis deals with the burning of various types of lighters from shards of fireclay materials. In the theoretical part are summarized raw materials, which are necessary for production of lightweight chamotte. The results of the published research studies on the topic of lightening of organic lightening products are being described here. The practical part deals with properties of products made of clay or kaolin with the addition of a certain amount of lighter. These added lighters are spruce sawdust, beech sawdust, peat, bran, paper slurry and anthracite. All these lighters are direct. For comparison, the cenospheres, which represent indirect lightweights, were also included in the research. For all specimens, the temperature interval of burnout of specimens, refractoriness, classification temperature, bulk density, thermal conductivity coefficient and other properties were defined.

O escopo principal desse projeto foi o de criar um conjunto de ações integradas que permitissem minimizar os impactos de sistemas de saneamento in situ nos recursos hídricos subterrâneo. Sendo as fossas sépticas, mesmo as bem construídas, pouco efetivas onde há alta densidade populacional, foi desenvolvido e aplicado no loteamento Jardim Santo Antônio (situado na APA de Capivari-Monos, Parelheiros) um novo conceito de saneamento in situ: uma fossa alternativa melhorada com uso de barreiras reativas, que possibilitasse a degradação mais eficiente de nitrato e de microorganismos patogênicos. Para a degradação de microorganismos, o material reativo utilizado correspondeu ao BOF (Basic Oxygen Furnace - resíduo de altos fornos de fundição em siderúrgicas) e para a desnitrificação, a serragem. A barreira reativa para remoção de nitrato foi alvo de estudos desse projeto. Desenvolveu-se um questionário de avaliação de risco sanitário para uma área onde foram cadastrados 178 lotes, em um total de 218 poços e 182 fossas. A partir da análise dos dados por Cluster foi possível selecionar um conjunto de perguntas que estivessem mais relacionadas a riscos de contaminação por bactérias e nitrato. Observou-se que a relação entre as características de construção e operação dos poços pouco pode prever a contaminação por nitrato, o que evidencia que sua presença é de caráter regional, fruto de uma ocupação desordenada e densa. Em contrapartida, as perguntas tiveram maior relação com o parâmetro bactérias, o que implica em uma característica local (do poço em si). Antes da implantação da fossa alternativa melhorada, foram realizados experimentos de colunas de sedimentos em laboratório para se testar a eficiência de serragem na degradação de nitrato. Montaram-se 3 colunas: uma só com sedimentos da área, que correspondeu ao branco, e as outras duas com sedimentos e 10cm e 20cm de espessura de uma mistura de serragem (Cedrinho) com areia, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram uma eficiência de degradação do nitrato de até 96,5% e 99,7% para as colunas de 10cm e 20cm. Foram instaladas duas fossas na área de estudo: a fossa alternativa melhorada com o uso de barreiras reativas (FA) e a fossa controle (FC), equivalente ao esgotamento usualmente empregado pela comunidade (ausência de materiais reativos). Na Fossa Alternativa, estruturada com as barreiras reativas contendo BOF (1m abaixo do tanque receptor do efluente) e serragem (abaixo do BOF, mas separada deste por 1m de pacote arenoso), é possível discriminar certos comportamentos ao longo de suas posições. O BOF que é rico em óxidos de cálcio e ferro confere ao efluente percolante uma condutividade elétrica mais acentuada e um pH muito básico, em torno de 12. Já a barreira com serragem caracterizou-se por concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido mais baixas e presença de C orgânico na forma dissolvida, condições necessárias para a ocorrência da desnitrificação do nitrato gerado perfil acima. No entanto, as concentrações de oxigênio não devem ter sido suficientemente baixas para uma maior eficiência na desnitrificação na barreira de serragem. Além disso, a eficiência pode ter sido comprometida pelo elevado pH que essa barreira foi submetida pelo efluente percolado antes no BOF, o que afetou a capacidade das bactérias desnitrificantes em suas reações metabólicas. Na Fossa Controle, os íons distribuíram-se ao longo do perfil de forma mais regular. A composição dessa fossa representa a fonte em si, com altas concentrações de N-amoniacal e de carbono orgânico dissolvido e baixas concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido. Para esse tipo de cenário, a nitrificação deve ocorrer na zona não-saturada abaixo da fossa, para que depois o nitrato possa alcançar o lençol freático. / The main purpose of this project was to create a set of integrated actions that could minimize impacts of septic systems on groundwater resources. Since the septic tanks, even the well-constructed ones, are not effective on areas where the population density is high, an alternative latrine improved with reactive barriers was developed and applied in Jardim Santo Antônio settlement (Parelheiros, São Paulo, SP). In order to degrade the microorganisms, the reactive material was BOF (Basic Oxygen Furnace) slag from steel producer facilities, and in order to enhance the denitrification, the material of the reactive barrier was sawdust. The sawdust barrier was the main issue in this project. A risk assessment questionnaire was developed and it was applied to an area where 178 residences were evaluated, totalizing 218 water wells and 182 latrines. A Cluster Analysis was used to select the questions that would be related to the risk of contamination by bacteria or nitrate. It was observed that the inapropriated construction and operation of the wells are poorly related to the level of nitrate contamination, what suggests that the nitrate contamination is a more regional problem. On the other hand, it was found a good relationship between the level of bacteria contaminations and the characteristics of construction and operation of the wells, what suggests that this contamination has a local factor. Before the installation of the enhanced septic tank, soil columns breakthrough experiments were conducted in laboratory to test the efficiency of sawdust in nitrate removal. Three soil columns were set up: one filled only with sediments of Jardim Santo Antonio settlement, and another two with the same kind of sediments and sawdust layers introduced with 10cm and 20cm thickness. The results showed an efficiency of sawdust to denitrification of 96,5% and 99,7%, respectively. Two septic tanks were installed in the study area: the alternative latrine enhanced with reactive barriers (AL), and the control latrine (CL), equivalent to the usual tanks founded on the area. In AL, structured with reactive barriers containing BOF (1m below the wastewater tank) and sawdust (under the BOF layer, but first separate from it by 1m of sand package), it\'s possible to discern few parameter behaviors. BOF, which is rich in calcium oxides and iron oxides, incrises the electrical conductivity and the pH of the effluent (~12). The sawdust barrier, in its turn, was characterized by low concentration of dissolved oxygen and by the presence of dissolved organic carbon, essential conditions denitrification ocurrence. The denitrification efficiency of the sawdust barrier was affected by the high pH observed in the effluent that crossed the BOF barrier, which perturbed the denitrifying bacteria performance. In CL, the vertical distribution of the ions was more regular. The samples from this system presented high levels of ammonium and DOC and low values for dissolved oxygen. For this case, the nitrification must happen in the unsaturated zone bellow the tank, so the nitrate formed can reach the groundwater.

Abstract Biomass is the most abundant renewable material present on Earth and has been widely used e.g. in energy production. Recently, new applications for biomass utilization have been developed, e.g. the use of biomass as a raw material for synthesizing new chemicals. This research aimed to produce activated carbon (AC) from waste wood-based materials and peat through carbonization followed by physical or chemical activation. Physical steam activation and chemical activation generate the porosity in AC after the carbonization. The desired properties of AC (porosity, pore size distribution, surface functionality) are dependent on the application in which AC is used. The first part of the research focused on setting up the carbonization and activation device. The most important variables affecting carbonization and activation and the AC properties were studied. The process parameters were optimized through the design of experiments (DOE). The results showed that in the physical activation, the most important variables affecting the characteristics of AC are the holding time, temperature, and the steam feed. Consequently, a model for tailoring the microporosity or mesoporosity of AC and maximizing the yield is proposed. The second part of the research focused on chemical activation using zinc chloride. The aim was to study the effect of activation variables on the yield and properties of AC. Finally, the use of AC as an adsorbent was studied. Especially, the applicability of birch sawdust based activated carbon on the removal of dyes, zinc metal, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate ions was evaluated. Based on the results, a difference was shown between one and two step process for carbonization and activation, and a single-step process was suggested to maximize the quality of AC. / Tiivistelmä Biomassa on maapallon eniten saatavilla olevaa uusiutuvaa materiaalia, jota on hyödynnetty jo pitkään mm. energiantuotannossa. Viime aikoina uusia biomassan käyttökohteita on kehitetty laajalti, kuten esimerkiksi uusien kemikaalien valmistukseen. Tässä tutkimuksessa puupohjaista jätebiomassaa ja turvetta hyödynnetään fysikaalisesti ja kemiallisesti aktivoidun aktiivihiilen valmistuksessa. Fysikaalinen höyryaktivointi ja kemiallinen aktivointi lisäävät aktiivihiilen huokoisuutta hiilestyksen jälkeen. Aktiivihiilen halutut ominaisuudet (huokoskokojakauma, pinnan toiminnalliset ryhmät) määräytyvät käyttökohteen mukaan. Tutkimuksen ensimmäisessä vaiheessa keskityttiin hidas pyrolyysilaitteiston ja aktivointilaitteiston rakentamiseen sekä hiilestyksen ja aktivoinnin kannalta keskeisimpien muuttujien tutkimiseen. Prosessimuuttujien vaikutusten tarkastelussa ja optimoinnissa hyödynnettiin koesuunnitteluohjelmaa. Tulosten perusteella todettiin, että fysikaalisessa aktivoinnissa olennaisimmat muuttujat olivat lämpötila, pitoaika sekä höyrysyöttö. Tämän pohjalta esitettiin malli aktiivihiilen mikro- ja mesohuokoisuuden muokkaamiseksi ja saannon maksimoimiseksi. Tutkimuksen toisessa vaiheessa tutkittiin kemiallista aktivointia hyödyntämällä sinkkikloridia aktivointikemikaalina. Tavoitteena oli selvittää eri aktivointimuuttujien vaikutusta saantoon ja aktiivihiilen laatuun. Tutkimuksen viimeisessä vaiheessa tutkittiin valmistettujen aktiivihiilien käyttöä adsorbenttina. Erityisesti tutkittiin koivupurusta valmistetun aktiivihiilen soveltuvuutta väriaineiden, metallien ja anionien sidontaan. Tutkimuksen keskeisenä tuloksena voitiin osoittaa merkittävä ero yksi- ja kaksivaiheisen hiilestyksen ja aktivoinnin välillä, ja ehdotettiin yksivaiheista prosessia hiililaadun optimoimiseksi. / Sommario La biomassa è il materiale rinnovabile più abbondante presente sulla Terra ed è stata intensamente usata e.g. nella produzione di energia. Recentemente sono state sviluppate nuove applicazioni per la biomassa, ad esempio come materiale di base per sintetizzare nuovi prodotti chimici. Lo scopo di questa ricerca è produrre carbone attivo (CA) attraverso attivazione fisica e chimica da materiali legnosi di scarto come segatura, cippato e torba. L’attivazione fisica e l’attivazione chimica, creano la porosità nel CA dopo la carbonizzazione. Il prodotto finale può essere usato in differenti applicazioni in base a diversi fattori tra cui la distribuzione della porosità e la tipologia dei gruppi funzionali presenti sulla superficie. La prima fase della ricerca è stata dedicata alla progettazione e installazione dell’hardware necessario per l’attivazione e nell’individuazione dei parametri di processo più importanti. I parametri di processo sono stati ottimizzati attraverso il design of experiments (DOE) e sono state considerate le differenti variabili che interagiscono nella formazione del CA. I risultati hanno mostrato che i parametri di processo più importanti che influiscono sulle caratteristiche del CA sono il tempo, la temperatura di attivazione e la quantità di vapore iniettato nel reattore. È stato proposto un modello per progettare CA microporoso o mesoporoso con massa finale massimizzata. La seconda parte della ricerca è stata incentrata sull’attivazione chimica con cloruro di zinco. Lo scopo é stato studiare l’effetto delle variabili di attivazione su massa finale e proprietà del carbone attivo. Infine, è stata studiato il CA come adsorbente. In particolare è stata considerata l’applicabilità del CA da segatura di betulla per la rimozione di coloranti, zinco metallico, ioni di nitrato, fosfato e solfato. In base a questi risultati, una differenza é stata evidenziata tra il processo di carbonizzazione e attivazione a uno o due stadi, ed il processo a singolo stadio è stato proposto per massimizzare la qualità del CA.