Bioenergy is one of many contributors to reducing the use of fossil fuels in order to mitigate climate change by decreasing CO2-emissions, and the potential for biofuels are large. The wood fuel pellets are a refined biofuel made of sawdust, which is dried and compressed to achieve improved fuel and transportation properties. In 2007 the amount of wood fuel pellets used for heating purposes in Sweden was 1715000 tons. The aims of this work was: to examine the moisture content and emission of monoterpenes during the drying and pelletising steps of the pellets production (Paper I); to investigate how the recirculation of drying gases affects the energy efficiency of rotary dryers and how the energy efficiency is related to the capacity of the dryer. (Paper II); to analyse the causes of the problems encountered by household end-users of pellets and investigate whether an improved pellet quality standard could reduce these problems (Paper III); to investigate how the energy consumption of the pelletising machine and chosen pellet quality parameters were affected using an increased amount of rapeseed cake in wood fuel pellets (Paper IV); and to identify gaps of knowledge about wood fuel pellet technology and needs for further research on quality, environmental and health aspects throughout the wood fuel pellet chain, from sawdust to heat. (Paper V).

Highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) is adapted to soils with high organic matter and acidic pH. Composts provide organic matter and nutrients for growing blueberry in mineral soils, but many composts are high in pH and soluble salts. Acidification with elemental sulfur (S°) can remedy high pH, but the process further increases compost salinity. The objectives of this study were to: i) determine the effects of diverse composts on blueberry growth and nutrient uptake, ii) determine whether S° acidification can ameliorate the negative effects of high compost pH, and iii) develop and validate a simple titration method to determine pH buffering capacity of compost. In our first study, ten composts were evaluated under greenhouse conditions with one-year-old blueberry. Each compost was either acidified or not with S° and then mixed 30% by volume with silt loam soil before planting. Controls were sawdust incorporation or soil only. Plants were managed with a low rate of fertilization to emphasize compost effects on nutrient supply. Compost inorganic nitrogen (N) ranged from 0.1 to 4.1 g∙kg⁻¹, and NO₃-N to NH₄-N ratios were greater than 20:1. Aboveground plant growth and nutrient uptake, including N, phosphorous (P), potassium (K), and boron (B) were higher in soil with compost than in soil with sawdust or soil only. Composts with pH < 7.5 produced more shoot growth than those with higher pH, and composts with EC > 2 dS∙m⁻¹ produced less root growth than those with lower EC. Adding S° reduced compost pH by an average of 1.9 units, and acidification increased shoot and root growth in the composts as well as uptake of many nutrients. Plant growth and N uptake were not correlated with compost N supply. Composts with greater amounts of plant-based feedstocks produced more total shoot growth than manure-based composts. In our second study, 3.7 L blueberry transplants were grown outdoors for 119 d in pots containing compost and soil. Manure feedstocks included separated dairy solids or horse stall cleanings. Plant feedstocks included urban yard trimmings, leaves from street sweeping, conifer bark conditioned with municipal biosolids, or peppermint distillation residue. Control treatments were sawdust amendment or soil only. Plant-based compost treatments had less effect on soil pH and produced 20% greater plant growth than manure-based compost treatments. Plant growth was not different with plant-based composts vs. the sawdust amendment control. Elemental S addition at potting did not acidify soil enough to overcome the increase in pH resulting from compost addition. In our third study, we titrated eight composts with dilute H₂SO₄ to predict response to S° acidification. Our objective was to develop and validate a simple method to determine the pH buffering capacity of compost. Compost pH decreased linearly with laboratory acid addition. Compost pH buffering capacity (linear slope of titration curve) was 0.16 to 0.39 mol H⁺ per kg dry compost per pH unit. To determine correlation between titration and S° acidification, composts samples were incubated with S° at 22° C for 70 d. The majority of the decrease in pH from S° addition occurred within 28 d. Compost pH at 28 d was closely predicted by the laboratory titration. Because of the linearity of compost response to acid addition, a 2-point titration method (one rate of acid addition) is an effective alternative to the 7-point method we used. We conclude that compost pH is the primary limiting factor affecting blueberry response to compost. Compost incorporation provided benefit to blueberry, especially under low N management, and generally increased plant growth and nutrient uptake when compared with plants grown in mineral soil only. Composts made from plant-based feedstocks, rather than manure-based feedstocks, tend to have characteristics which favor blueberry growth, including low buffering capacity, pH, and soluble salts. Feedstocks which showed promise include deciduous leaves, yard debris, bark, and horse bedding with low manure content. Acidification of composts with S° increased plant growth and nutrient uptake, and is a promising technology for eliminating the negative effects of high compost pH. Our method of laboratory titration with dilute acid addition was effective in determining pH buffering capacity of compost, and predicted the compost acidification by S° and the effect of compost on soil pH. / Graduation date: 2012

Minskad tillgång på fossila material och ökade energibehov i värden skapar ett behov av att utveckla alternativa och miljömässigt hållbara lösningar. Biobränsle har därför växt till en av de viktigaste förnyelsebara energikällorna i målet mot ett koldioxidneutralt samhälle. Dock skapar det obearbetade biobränslet problem, på grund av den höga fuktkvoten, mellan 50-150 %. Som en följd finns ett torkbehov som måste lösas på ett miljö- och energieffektivt sätt. Idag står torkningen av biomaterial innan pelletering för 25 % av den totala kostnaden vid pelletstillverkning. Kostnaden för att torka biomaterialet gör det viktigt att effektivisera torkningen, samtidigt bidrar torkningen till utsläpp av miljöfarliga ämnen såsom terpener. Torkningen måste dessutom ske med jämn kvalitet, så att biomaterialet håller konstant och homogen fukthalt för att möjliggöra effektiv processering. Beroende på vad biomaterialet skall användas till krävs olika torkhalter. Ideal fuktkvot för förbränning är till exempel 15-25 %, medan för pyrolys skall fuktkvoten helst ligga mellan 5-10 % för en effektiv och högkvalitativ process. För pellets skall fuktkvoten idealt ligga mellan de två nämnda processerna, nämligen 8-12 %. Tre vanliga torkartyper för torkning av biomaterial är roterande torktrumma, bandtork och pneumatisk tork. I detta arbete bestäms tryckfallet i en pneumatisk tork. Pneumatisk tork fungerar genom att ett luftflöde transporterar och torkar ett vått material. Fördelarna med en pneumatisk tork är den korta torkningstiden, samtidigt som materialet får en jämn fuktkvot. Den korta torktiden bidrar dessutom med att utsläpp av lättflyktiga organiska föreningar (VOC) såsom terpener är små jämfört med de andra två nämnda torkarna, samt att brandrisken är låg. Kostnaden för pneumatisk torkning är dock högre på grund av det höga gasflödet som krävs jämfört med materialflödet, samt svårigheter med att effektivt separera det torkade materialet från luftflödet. Det skapades en modell som predikterade tryckfallet i en pneumatisk tork, och verifiera det simulerade tryckfallet mot ett praktiskt uppmätt tryckfall på en pneumatisk torkanläggning. På detta sätt skapades en modell som kan undersöka olika material- och luftflöden, och hur de påverkar tryckfallet. Arbetet ger förslag på hur tryckfall och hastigheter kan beräknas dels i regionen för accelerationen av materialflödet, vid stationärt flöde samt i U-böjar. För att anpassas till det praktiskt uppmätta tryckfallet användes därefter ett korrigeringssamband som skapades genom observationer från en kalibrerande körning för den pneumatiska torkanläggningen. Resultaten av modellen stämmer överens med forskning inom pneumatisk transport och torkning. Modellen gav med hjälp av korrigeringssambandet ett mycket bra resultat över hur tryckförlusterna varierar över sträckan i en pneumatisk transport. Tryckfallet var som väntat större för högre material- eller luftflöden. Då sågspånet accelererade till sin maxhastighet på en sträcka mellan 0,4-0,6 meter, beroende på luftflödets hastighet, krävs fler mätpunkter i regionen mellan 0-0,6 meter för att bättre kunna konstatera exakt hur tryckfallet under spånets acceleration sker. Skillnaden mellan det praktiskt uppmätta och det simulerade tryckfallet var aldrig mer än 7,0 % för de flöden som undersökts i detta arbete. Då man bortsåg från mätpunkten vid 0,4 meter var skillnaden mellan uppmätt och simulerat tryckfall aldrig mer än 4,4 %. Om värmeöverföringen mellan materialet och luften tas med i modellen, kan den användas för att prediktera energiåtgång och behövd längd för att uppnå önskad fuktkvot på materialet. / The reduced availability of fossil fuels and the increasing energy demand in the world creates a need to develop solutions that are financial and environment sustainable. Biofuels has grown to become one of the most important renewable energy sources in the target towards a carbon neutral society. Although the high moisture content ranging between 50-150% for unprocessed biofuels causes problems. As a result, there is a drying demand that has to be solved in an energy efficient and environmental friendly way. As of today, the drying of biomaterials pre pelletizing stands for 25 % of the total cost in pellets production. The cost to dry biomaterials makes it important to improve the efficiency of the drying process. Simultaneously the drying process causes emissions of hazardous substances such as terpenes. The drying must also in a consistent quality so that the biomaterial is made to hold constant and uniform moisture content to enable efficient processing. Depending on the usage of the biomaterial, there is a different demand of the final moisture content before processing. The ideal moisture content for combustion for example ranges between 15-25 %, while pyrolysis would rather have moisture content between 5-10 % for effective and high quality processing. The ideal moisture content pre pelletizing is between the two mentioned processes, namely 8-12 %. Three common dryers used to dry biomaterials are rotary dryers, conveyor dryer and pneumatic dryer. In this thesis the pressure drop in a pneumatic dryer is predicted. A pneumatic dryer a airflow simultaneously conveys and dries the wet material. Perks of a pneumatic dryer is the short amount of time required to dry the material, and simultaneously deliver uniform moisture content. The short time required also contributes to minimize the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) like terpenes compared to the other two mentioned types of dryers and the risk of fire during the drying process. Although because of the high airflow compared to the material flow, pneumatic drying is costly and has difficulties with separating the dried material from the airflow. A model to predict the pressure drop in a pneumatic dryer was created. The simulated pressure drop was then verified against a practically measured pressure drop for a pneumatic dryer. In this way a model was created to examine the pressure drop for a variety of material- and airflows. The thesis suggests how to calculate the pressure drop and velocities for the accelerating region, steady state and U-bend of pneumatic conveying. To better predict the pressure drop according to the actually measured pressure drop a correction equation was presented. The results of the model are consistent with the research in pneumatic conveying and drying. The model gave with the usage of the correction equation a very good prediction on how the pressure drop varied over the length of the pneumatic conveying. The pressure drop was as expected larger as the airflow or material flow increased. As the sawdust accelerated on 0,4-0,6 meters there is required more points of measurements in the region between 0-0,6 meters to better establish exactly how the pressure drop in the accelerating region varies. The difference between the practically measured and the simulated pressure drop was never exceeded 7,0 % for the different flows investigated in this thesis. When disregarding the measure point at 0,4 meters the difference between measured and simulated pressure drop never exceeded 4,4 %. If one would include the heat transfer between the material- and airflow, the model could be used to predict the energy consumption and required length to achieve desired moisture content on the material.

Nos países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, os resíduos gerados nos decantadores e filtros das estações de tratamento de água são geralmente dispostos nos mesmos rios e córregos que suprem água para o tratamento. Outro problema ambiental está relacionado à disposição irregular dos resíduos de madeira. As indústrias de base florestal geram grande quantidade deste resíduo desde a exploração florestal até a manufatura do produto final. Este trabalho avalia a possibilidade de combinar estes dois resíduos e produzir um compósito leve para uso como agregado graúdo em concreto. O lodo seco e moído foi misturado com água e serragem e moldado manualmente na forma de pelotas redondas de 14±02 mm. A relação em massa da serragem, lodo e água foi 1:6:4,5. Depois de seco, os grãos do compósito foram imersos em óleo de linhaça cozido por 1 min. Este tempo foi considerado o menor período de imersão necessário para estabilizar a resistência mecânica, reduzir a absorção de água e evitar a quebra dos grãos durante a preparação e aplicação do concreto. Depois que o óleo foi aplicado, os grãos foram secos à temperatura ambiente. A massa unitária do compósito no estado seco e solto foi 672 kg/m3. A serragem de madeira usada no desenvolvimento e produção do compósito foi do gênero Pinnus. Esta madeira apresentou diâmetro médio dos poros de 17,8 m e diâmetro do lúmen de 23 m. A análise granulométrica do lodo mostrou que 45% dos grãos são menores que 17 m. Os grãos do lodo preencheram os poros da madeira formando um material compósito. O concreto contendo o compósito foi preparado com a total substituição da pedra britada. A relação em massa do cimento:areia:compósito:água foi 1:2,5:0,67:0,6 Nenhum aditivo complementar foi usado para evitar que os resultados fossem associados ao uso destes materiais. O concreto produzido com o compósito apresentou massa específica aparente de 1.848 kg/m3, resistência à compressão axial de 11,1 MPa, resistência à tração de 1,2 MPa, absorção de água de 8,7%, caracterizando-se como um concreto leve não estrutural. O concreto produzido com o compósito apresentou calor específico de 839 J/kg.K, difusividade térmica de 1,220.10-6 m2/s e condutividade térmica de 1,894 W/m.K. As propriedades térmicas do concreto produzido com o compósito sugerem a sua aplicação em elementos não estruturais de peso leve para vedação e isolação térmica. O resíduo sólido do concreto produzido com o compósito foi classificado segundo a NBR 10004:2004 como resíduo sólido não perigoso e não inerte. Uma comparação da concentração de alumínio no lodo e no extrato solubilizado do concreto contendo o compósito revelou uma significante redução na redução do metal, o que confirma a eco-eficiência do compósito para uso em concreto. A concentração de alumínio encontrada no extrato solubilizado do concreto com compósito foi 19,96 mg/L, enquanto no lodo de tratamento de água foi apresentada uma concentração de alumínio de 11.100 mg/L. É possível produzir um compósito com estes resíduos e diminuir a degradação ambiental. / In developing countries such as Brazil, the wastes generated in the decanters and filters of water treatment plants are usually discharged into the same rivers and streams that supply water for treatment. Another environmental problem is related to unregulated discard of wood wastes. The lumber and wood products industry generates large quantities of this waste, from logging to the manufacture of the end product. This study evaluates the possibility of combining these two wastes and produces a lightweight composite for use as aggregate in concrete. The dried and ground sludge was mixed with water and sawdust and molded by hand into rounded pellets with a diameter of 14±02 mm. The mass ratio of sawdust, sludge and water was 1:6:4,5. After drying, the composite grains were immersed in boiled linseed oil for 1 min. This time was considered the shortest period of immersion required to stabilize the mechanical strength, reduce water absorption and prevent the grains from crumbling during the preparation and application of the concrete. After the oil was applied, the grains were dried at room temperature. The unitary mass of the composite in the dry and loose state was 672 kg/m3. The softwood sawdust used for the development and production of the composite was from Pinnus species. This wood presented a median pore diameter of 17,8 µm and a lumen diameter of 23 µm. Granulometric analysis of the sludge showed that 45% of the grains are smaller than 17 µm. The sludge grains filled the wood pores forming a composite material. The concrete containing the composite was prepared with the total substitution of crushed stone. The mass ratio of cement:sand:composite:water was 1:2,5:0,67:0,60. No complementary additives were used in order to avoid having the results associated with such materials. The concrete produced with composite presented an apparent specific mass of 1.848 kg/m3, an axial compressive strength of 11,1 MPa, a tensile strength of 1,2 MPa and a water absorption of 8,7%, characterizing it as a lightweight nonstructural concrete. The concrete produced with the composite presented a specific heat of 839 J/kg.K, a thermal diffusivity of 1,220.10-6 m2/s and a thermal conductivity of 1,894 W/m.K. The thermal properties obtained suggest the applicability of the concrete produced with the composite in lightweight nonstructural elements for sealing and thermal insulation. The solid waste of the concrete produced with composite was classified, according to the Brazilian ABNT NBR 10004:2004 standard, as non-harmful and non-inert solid wastes. A comparison of the concentration of aluminum in the sludge and the concentration of aluminum in the solubilized extract of the concrete containing the composite revealed a significant reduction in the concentration of the metal, which confirms the eco-efficiency of the composite for use in concrete. The concentration of aluminum in the solubilized extract of the concrete with composite was found to be 19,96 mg/L, while the water treatment sludge was showed an aluminum concentration of 11.100 mg/L. Its possible produce a composite with these wastes and reduce environmental degradation.

A serragem de madeira é um produto proveniente do uso da madeira, que pode ter aproveitamento econômico, transformando-se e agregando valor a cadeia produtiva da madeira. Uma de suas aplicações pode ser a produção de carvão e bio-óleo. O carvão ativado tem um custo elevado, porém é uma opção que apresenta potencial de adsorção e remoção de cianotoxinas e matéria orgânica presentes em água de abastecimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a qualidade do carvão de serragem e seu potencial para ser aplicado em sistema de purificação de água, através de parâmetros físico/químicos. A serragem foi caracterizada conforme sua composição química, quanto ao teor de lignina, (38%); Hemicelulose (17,8%), holocelulose (53,9%), analises elementar: Carbono (48,3%), Hidrogênio (5,09%), Nitrogênio (0,25%), Oxigênio (46,36%) e imediatas: Cinzas (0,19%), Umidade (4,52%), Material Volátil (90,39%) e carbono fixo (4,9%) para ser utilizada como matéria prima na produção de carvão em reator de leito fixo. As variáveis utilizadas para obtenção do melhor rendimento dos produtos foram: temperatura, taxa de aquecimento, tempo e vazão do gás, de acordo com o planejamento fatorial 24-1. Além da produção, a qualidade do carvão foi verificada por meio de análise imediata: Cinzas (3,42%), Umidade (2,29%), Material volátil (41,04%) e carbono fixo (53,04%). Análise elementar: Carbono (74,36%), Hidrogênio (2,96%), Nitrogênio (0,55%) e oxigênio (22,13%). As análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), Índice de Azul de Metileno e BET que mostraram que o carvão consiste de microporos com uma área superficial de 1,43819 m²/g evidenciando a existência e a qualidade dos poros presentes no carvão. A eficiência na remoção de matéria orgânica presente na água, foi avaliada utilizando-se filtros descendentes com o carvão obtido. Características físico-químicas e microbiológica da amostra de água foram avaliadas antes e após a filtração. Notou-se que o tempo de saturação do carvão de serragem aconteceu após 10 horas de funcionamento dos filtros, sendo que a maior eficiência na remoção de matéria orgânica ocorreu nas primeiras 3 horas. / Sawdust is a product derived from the use of wood, which can be used economically, transforming and adding value to the productive chain of wood. One of its applications may be the production of coal and bio-oil. Activated carbon has a high cost, but it is an option that presents potential of adsorption and removal of cyanotoxins and organic matter present in water supply. The objective of this work was to analyze the quality of sawdust and its potential to be applied in a water purification system, through physical / chemical parameters. The sawdust was characterized according to its chemical composition, in terms of lignin content (38%); Hemicellulose (17.8%), holocellulose (53.9%), elemental analysis: Carbon (48.3%), Hydrogen (5.09%), Nitrogen (0.25%), Oxygen and immediate: Ash (0.19%), Moisture (4.52%), Volatile Material (90.39%) and fixed carbon (4.9%) to be used as raw material for coal production in bed reactor fixed. The variables used to obtain the best product yield were: temperature, heating rate, time and gas flow, according to factorial design 24-1. In addition to the production, coal quality was verified through immediate analysis: Ash (3.42%), Moisture (2,29%), Volatile material (41.04%) and fixed carbon (53.04%). Elemental analysis: Carbon (74.36%), Hydrogen (2.96%), Nitrogen (0.55%) and oxygen (22.13%). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Methylene Blue Index and BET analyzes showed that the coal consists of micropores with a surface area of 1.43819 m² / g evidencing the existence and the quality of the pores present in the coal. The efficiency of removal of organic matter present in the water was evaluated using downstream filters with the obtained carbon. Physical-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the water sample were evaluated before and after filtration. It was observed that the saturation time of sawdust occurred after 10 hours of filter operation, and the highest efficiency in the removal of organic matter occurred in the first 3 hours.

An increasing emphasis on mitigating global climate change (global warming) over the last few decades has created interest in a broad range of sustainable or alternative energy systems to replace fossil fuel combustion. Biomass, when harvested responsibly, is a renewable fuel with many uses in replacing fossil fuels. Cofiring biomass with coal in traditional large-scale coal power plants represents one of the lowest risk, least costly, near-term methods of CO2 mitigation. Simultaneously, it is one of the most efficient and inexpensive uses of biomass. Alternatively, biomass can be transformed into useful products through gasification to produce clean syngas for highly efficient gas turbines, or feedstock to produce light gases, fuels, chemicals or other products. A large portion of this investigation focused on the effect of cofiring biomass on the near burner region of a commercial coal flame. This research included first-of-their-kind field measurements of flame structure and particle properties in front of a full-scale burner fired with biomass and coal, including measurements of particle size and composition, gas velocity, composition, and temperature in the near-burner region of multiple cofired flames in a 350 MWe full-scale power plant in Studstrup, Denmark. A novel sampling and analysis technique was developed enabling the estimation of the fraction of biomass in the flow as a function of position and the burnout of biomass and coal particles separately. These data show that biomass particles do not follow gas stream lines to the same extent that coal particles do. This is consistent with the larger sizes, slower heating and reaction rates, and higher momentum of biomass particles. This research also includes first-of-their-kind single particle continuous measurements of particle mass, surface and internal temperature, size, shape, during biomass pyrolysis and gasification. The single particle measurements provided among the most highly resolved and repeatable biomass gasification results reported to date for wood, switchgrass and corn stover. All three samples showed greater gasification reactivity to H2O than to CO2. The experiments included results in both reactants individually and combined. One of the most important findings of this work was the experimental confirmation that as the char particles gasify, their ash fractions increase and reaction rates decrease on both an intrinsic and external surface area basis. The analyses in this work show that this decrease in burnout quantitatively corresponds to the change in the predicted fraction of the surface that is ash and does not reflect any change in organic reactivity. Reaction rate parameters suitable for relatively simple power-law models based on external surface area describe all the data reasonably well.

Baigiamajame darbe analizuojamas sapropelio kaip rišiklio panaudojimas termoizoliacinių plokščių gamyboje. Kompozicines medžiagas užpildant spygliuočių medžių pjuvenomis. Šiems tyrimams buvo pasirinktas užpelkėjusio Dobilios ežero esančio Kauno rajone sapropelis. Buvo Pagaminta speciali forma bandiniams formuoti. Formuojami bandiniai turėjo skirtinga sapropelio kiekį 200g formavimo masėje. Pasirinktas sapropelio kiekis bandinyje kito nuo 20 iki 35%. Sapropelio ir pjuvenų mišinys formoje buvo slegiamas 0,5; 1,5; 2,5; 3,5; 4,5 MPa slėgiu. Buvo ištirtas šių bandinių atsparumas gniuždymui, atsparumas lenkimui bei nustatytas bandinių tankis ir šiluminis laidumas. Taip pat buvo nustatyta šiluminio laidžio koeficiento priklausomybė nuo sapropelio kiekio bandinyje. / This Master Thesis analyses the appliance of sapropel as a binder in a heat insulation plate production. As a rest composing material sawdust of conifer was used. For the research was chosen a silt of a waterlogged lake Dobilė, located in Kaunas region. Samples were formed with a specially for the research made form. Every sample had a different quantity of sapropel in a forming mass of 200g. A chosen quantity of sapropel in a sample variated from 20 to 35% percents. The mix of sapropel and sawdust in a form was pressed by 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 MPa pressure. During the research was analyzed sample resistance to compression and flexure, estimated sample density and thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity dependence on the quantity of sapropel in a sample was estimated as well.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The utilization of biomass to generate energy has been discussed as an alternative to supply worldwide demand. The use of forest residues stands out as a renewable source of energy. The utilization of forest residues such as sawdust to produce pellets brings advantages if compared to the original form of the residue s usage. The pellets have a higher energy per volume unit due to lower moisture content and compression process by which the waste is subjected. Therefore, this study discusses environmental and social aspects and an economic evaluation of pellets production in the Hydrographic Basin of Rio Pardo, while seeking for complementary alternatives to firewood used in Tobacco curing. The volume of wood processed and the number of sawmills were used to estimate the amount in tons of sawdust. Samples of sawdust were collected and the chemical composition and immediate were analyzed to characterize it. As economic evaluation criterion used the NPV, IRR, CMPR, Marginal Cost and Break-even Point. The energy density parameter was used to compare the use of pellets and firewood in tobacco curing. The daily amount of sawdust available was estimated in 69.82 tons, which can produce 11,733.12 tons of pellets each year. A financial overview demonstrated the viability of the investment showing NPV results at R$ 4.72 million and IRR 34.59% over a 10 year s cash flow budget with a discount rate of 10.9% a year. The Average Cost came to R$ 153.77 a ton, biomass and depreciation were the main partakers in this cost. If the availability of biomass improves the pellets factory can increase the number of work shifts operations and the amount produced, turning it a more attractive investment. The Marginal Cost was R$ 2.66 million a year and the Break-even Point was 5444.4 tones each year. In the Tobacco curing process pellets provide a biomass economy of 82.66% when they replace sawdust and 45.60% when firewood. In this scenario the use of pellets for Tobacco curing reduce 16.19% of the firewood purchased from outside of Hydrographic Basin and save 33.8 thousand cubic meters of firewood each year. In the Hydrographic Basin of Rio Pardo pellets utilization will bring operational benefits to Tobacco farmers in the curing process. The production of pellets in the Hydrographic Basin of Rio Pardo is sustainable because it is economic social and environmental viable. / O aproveitamento da biomassa para geração de energia tem sido pauta de discussões quanto a alternativas para suprir as demandas mundiais. O aproveitamento de resíduos florestais recebe destaque por ser uma fonte renovável de energia. O uso de resíduos florestais, como a serragem, para a produção de pellets traz vantagens em comparação ao uso do resíduo na forma original. Os pellets apresentam maior energia por unidade de volume, devido ao menor teor de umidade e ao processo de compressão a que o resíduo é submetido. Portanto, nesse estudo foram discutidos os aspectos ambientais e sociais e a viabilidade econômica da produção de pellets a partir da serragem na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Pardo buscando alternativas complementares a lenha utilizada na cura do tabaco. Através de volume de madeira processada e do número de serrarias, estimou-se o montante em toneladas de serragem. Para a caracterização da serragem foram coletadas amostras e analisadas a composição química elementar e imediata. Como critério de avaliação econômica utilizou-se o VPL, TIR, CMPr, MC e PE(q). A densidade energética foi o parâmetro utilizado para comparar o uso de pellets e lenha na cura do tabaco. O montante de serragem disponível diariamente na Bacia foi estimado em 69,82 toneladas, que pode produzir 11.733,12 toneladas de pellets anualmente. A avaliação econômica demonstrou que o investimento é viável, resultando em um VPL de R$ 4,72 milhões e uma TIR de 34,59%, para um fluxo de caixa de 10 anos e uma TMA de 10,90% a.a. O CMPr foi de R$ 153,77 t, a biomassa e a depreciação compõe a maior fatia do CMPr. Havendo maior disponibilidade de biomassa a planta pode aumentar os turnos de operação, aumentando a produção e tornando o investimento ainda mais atrativo. A MC foi de 2,66 milhões R$.ano-1 e o PE(q) foi de 5444,4 t.ano-1. Na cura do tabaco os pellets proporcionam uma economia de biomassa de 82,66% quando em substituição à serragem e de 45,60% quando substituem a lenha. Nesse cenário o uso de pellets na cura do tabaco poderá reduzir em16,19% da lenha comprada fora da Bacia, gerando uma economia de 33,8 mil m3.ano-1 de lenha. Na BRHP o uso de pellets trará benefícios aos fumicultores relacionados a operacionalidade. A produção de pellets na BHRP é sustentável, porque revela-se viável econômica, social e ambientalmente.

Submitted by Livia Mello (liviacmello@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-11T12:18:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseGP.pdf: 8003809 bytes, checksum: 7b85795bf2e6204c63089036ccbb76e5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:52:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseGP.pdf: 8003809 bytes, checksum: 7b85795bf2e6204c63089036ccbb76e5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:52:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseGP.pdf: 8003809 bytes, checksum: 7b85795bf2e6204c63089036ccbb76e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T19:52:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseGP.pdf: 8003809 bytes, checksum: 7b85795bf2e6204c63089036ccbb76e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / The economic development of a country depends on good quality of water available, so the conservation and restoration of water bodies are strategic conditions for this to happen. However, water resources have become scarce over the past decades, in quantitative and qualitative terms. A variety of human activities have caused serious problems to the aquatic environment, and eutrophication is one of the most responsible for the degradation of the quality of water bodies, mainly caused by the artificial enrichment of nutrients, especially phosphorus and nitrogen. There are currently two contrasting scenarios: the excessive presence of phosphorus in aquatic ecosystems and, the depletion of phosphate rock deposits, which endangers the water security and the global food security. In this context the development of technologies aimed at the recovery of the quality of aquatic ecosystems and phosphorus contained in these compartments is of fundamental importance, since the global stock of phosphate rocks is a finite resource and may be close to being exhausted. Various technologies for the remediation of eutrophic environments have been studied, however none of which aims to reuse of phosphorus in agriculture. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the sawdust as biosorbent material to phosphorus aiming the recovery of the quality of water resources and its later use as fertilizer in agriculture. The experiments were conducted in two stages, first were assembled microcosm with water and sediment samples from eutrophic reservoir Ibirité/MG, the total incubation time was 159 days, in this time various parameters (physicochemical and chemical) were monitored in the water column, interstitial water and sediment. After the end of this first experiment arose any question about the phosphorus adsorption in sawdust, what motivated the development of a new experiment with samples of the Barra Bonita/SP. This experiment was performed with sterile and non-sterile samples as well as that had or not a previous addition of iron in the sawdust, the incubation time was 240 and 247 days, respectively for non-sterile and sterile experiment. The results of the first experiment (Ibirité) showed that there was a reduction of 90.5% of orthophosphate in the water column of the microcosms and sawdust adsorbed 16.2 μg g-1, this adsorption occurred mostly after 113 days of incubation. In the second experiment results showed that prior to addition of iron not conducive to increased adsorption in the non-sterile experiments, and the main adsorption mechanism may be not via the action of bacteria oxidizing Fe (II). The higher adsorption in the second experiment took place in sterile microcosm, where sawdust adsorbed 66.9 μg g-1 in the period of 247 days. Knowing that the success in the recovery of water bodies depends on the reduction of external phosphorus sources, the studied technology has a good potential application as a remediation technique and phosphorus reuse as fertilizer, mainly because it is an inexpensive technique and easy to use. / O desenvolvimento econômico de um país depende de disponibilidade de água de boa qualidade, logo a conservação e recuperação dos corpos aquáticos são condições estratégicas para que isto ocorra. Entretanto, os recursos hídricos têm se tornado escassos no decorrer das últimas décadas, tanto em termos quantitativos quanto qualitativos. Uma diversidade de atividades antrópicas tem provocado graves problemas aos ambientes aquáticos, sendo que a eutrofização é um dos responsáveis pela degradação da qualidade dos corpos aquáticos causada majoritariamente pelo enriquecimento artificial de nutrientes, principalmente fósforo e nitrogênio. Existem atualmente dois cenários contrastantes: um de presença excessiva de fósforo em ecossistemas aquáticos e outro de depleção das jazidas de rocha fosfática, o que coloca em risco tanto a segurança hídrica quanto a segurança alimentar global. Neste contexto, o desenvolvimento de tecnologias que visam à recuperação da qualidade de ecossistemas aquáticos e do fósforo contido nestes compartimentos, é de fundamental importância, uma vez que o estoque global de rochas fosfáticas é um recurso finito e pode estar próximo de ser esgotado. Diversas tecnologias para a remediação de ambientes eutrofizados já foram estudadas, porém nenhuma delas visa o reaproveitamento do fósforo na agricultura. Desta forma, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar a serragem como material biossorvente para fósforo visando à recuperação da qualidade do recurso hídrico e o seu posterior uso como fertilizante na agricultura. Os experimentos foram realizados em duas etapas, na primeira foram montados microcosmos com amostras de água e sedimento do reservatório eutrofizado de Ibirité/MG, o período total de incubação foi de 159 dias, tempo durante o qual diversas variáveis (físico-químicos e químicas) foram monitoradas na coluna de água, água intersticial e sedimento. Após o término desse primeiro experimento surgiram alguns questionamentos a respeito da adsorção de fósforo na serragem, o que motivou a realização de um novo experimento, que foi conduzido com amostras coletadas no reservatório de Barra Bonita-SP. Este experimento foi realizado com amostras estéreis e não estéreis, que tivessem ou não adição prévia de ferro na serragem. O tempo de incubação foi de 240 e 247 dias, para experimento não estéril e estéril, respectivamente. Os resultados para o experimento do Ibirité-MG, mostraram que houve uma redução de 90,5% na concentração de ortofosfato na coluna de água dos microcosmos e a serragem adsorveu 16,2 μg P g-1, sendo que esta adsorção ocorreu majoritariamente após 113 dias de incubação. No segundo experimento os resultados mostraram que a adição prévia de ferro não favoreceu uma maior adsorção no experimento não estéril, bem como que o mecanismo principal de adsorção pode não ocorrer via ação das bactérias oxidantes de Fe(II). A maior adsorção neste segundo experimento ocorreu no microcosmo estéril, onde a taxa de adsorção na foi de 66,9 μg g-1 no período de 247 dias. Sabendo que o sucesso na recuperação dos corpos aquáticos depende da minimização ou eliminação de fontes externas de fósforo, a tecnologia estudada apresenta um bom potencial de aplicação como técnica de remediação bem como posterior reuso do fósforo como fertilizante, principalmente por ser uma técnica de baixo custo e fácil aplicação.

Orientador: Vitor Antonio Ducatti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T08:19:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DantasFilho_FlavioPedrosa_M.pdf: 1664624 bytes, checksum: 3cacc7f6d0b7f9d6f41a2cf089712398 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: A preocupação com o grave problema da geração de resíduos na construção civil e na indústria vem, cada vez mais, despertando a conscientização da necessidade de realização de estudos com vistas a melhorar o ciclo de produção e adequar a destinação dos resíduos gerados. Neste sentido, a reciclagem se apresenta como uma grande alternativa. Este trabalho visa a reciclagem do pó de serra da indústria madeireira que é um resíduo indesejável, tendo atualmente como única opção de uso, sua queima ou descarte final. A reciclagem deste material, vem contribuir para a formação de uma nova matéria-prima, possibilitando sua utilização como material de construção civil. É estudada a influência de diferentes teores da adição do pó de serra tratado em substituição parcial ao agregado miúdo mineral na fabricação de blocos de concreto para alvenaria de vedação e como elementos de enchimento para pré-lajes. Determinou-se a resistência à compressão, teor de umidade, absorção de água, área líquida e condutividade térmica para vários teores de pó de serra em substituição parcial e total ao agregado miúdo mineral. A análise dos resultados permite concluir que a utilização do pó de serra como agregado miúdo na confecção dos blocos de concreto até 50% em volume aumentou a resistência térmica com redução de peso, atendendo as prescrições da norma para alvenaria de vedação. Também, observa-se uma diminuição da resistência à compressão em relação ao bloco de concreto de referência. A utilização da argamassa de cimento e pó de serra como elementos de enchimento para pré-lajes, atendeu às normas brasileiras. É possível concluir, ainda, que a utilização do pó de serra em substituição parcial ou total ao agregado miúdo mineral, contribui para um programa de reciclagem, diminuindo a demanda do agregado miúdo para a confecção dos blocos de concreto e elementos de enchimento das pré-lajes / Abstract: Concern with residue from the construction industry calls upon the need for studies aiming to optimize production cycle as well as to better dispose of such residues. Evidently, recycling is certainly an excellent option. The work herein described concerns recycling of sawdust, a very undesirable residue generated by wood industries, which nowadays can only be disposed of by burning or dumping. Recycling such material engenders a new product to be used in building construction. It is studied the influence of different quantities of sawdust, partially substituting fine aggregate mineral, used to produce hollow concrete masonry blocks and elements for precast plank. Their compression load capacity, humidity, water absorption factor, net area and thermal conductivity were determined. Final results analysis leads to the conclusion that employing sawdust, up to 50% in volume, to produce concrete blocks increases their thermal isolation capacity besides reducing their total weight. However, a reduction on their compression loads capability was observed, as compared to the reference concrete blocks. Utilization of mortar of cements and sawdust as filling elements for precast plank, satisfies the brasilian norms. Thus, it is possible to conclude that the use of sawdust in partial or total substitution of the fine aggregate, contributes towards a recycling program, reducing the need for fine aggregate to produce concrete blocks and filling elements for precast plank / Mestrado / Edificações / Mestre em Engenharia Civil