Nos países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, os resíduos gerados nos decantadores e filtros das estações de tratamento de água são geralmente dispostos nos mesmos rios e córregos que suprem água para o tratamento. Outro problema ambiental está relacionado à disposição irregular dos resíduos de madeira. As indústrias de base florestal geram grande quantidade deste resíduo desde a exploração florestal até a manufatura do produto final. Este trabalho avalia a possibilidade de combinar estes dois resíduos e produzir um compósito leve para uso como agregado graúdo em concreto. O lodo seco e moído foi misturado com água e serragem e moldado manualmente na forma de pelotas redondas de 14±02 mm. A relação em massa da serragem, lodo e água foi 1:6:4,5. Depois de seco, os grãos do compósito foram imersos em óleo de linhaça cozido por 1 min. Este tempo foi considerado o menor período de imersão necessário para estabilizar a resistência mecânica, reduzir a absorção de água e evitar a quebra dos grãos durante a preparação e aplicação do concreto. Depois que o óleo foi aplicado, os grãos foram secos à temperatura ambiente. A massa unitária do compósito no estado seco e solto foi 672 kg/m3. A serragem de madeira usada no desenvolvimento e produção do compósito foi do gênero Pinnus. Esta madeira apresentou diâmetro médio dos poros de 17,8 m e diâmetro do lúmen de 23 m. A análise granulométrica do lodo mostrou que 45% dos grãos são menores que 17 m. Os grãos do lodo preencheram os poros da madeira formando um material compósito. O concreto contendo o compósito foi preparado com a total substituição da pedra britada. A relação em massa do cimento:areia:compósito:água foi 1:2,5:0,67:0,6 Nenhum aditivo complementar foi usado para evitar que os resultados fossem associados ao uso destes materiais. O concreto produzido com o compósito apresentou massa específica aparente de 1.848 kg/m3, resistência à compressão axial de 11,1 MPa, resistência à tração de 1,2 MPa, absorção de água de 8,7%, caracterizando-se como um concreto leve não estrutural. O concreto produzido com o compósito apresentou calor específico de 839 J/kg.K, difusividade térmica de 1,220.10-6 m2/s e condutividade térmica de 1,894 W/m.K. As propriedades térmicas do concreto produzido com o compósito sugerem a sua aplicação em elementos não estruturais de peso leve para vedação e isolação térmica. O resíduo sólido do concreto produzido com o compósito foi classificado segundo a NBR 10004:2004 como resíduo sólido não perigoso e não inerte. Uma comparação da concentração de alumínio no lodo e no extrato solubilizado do concreto contendo o compósito revelou uma significante redução na redução do metal, o que confirma a eco-eficiência do compósito para uso em concreto. A concentração de alumínio encontrada no extrato solubilizado do concreto com compósito foi 19,96 mg/L, enquanto no lodo de tratamento de água foi apresentada uma concentração de alumínio de 11.100 mg/L. É possível produzir um compósito com estes resíduos e diminuir a degradação ambiental. / In developing countries such as Brazil, the wastes generated in the decanters and filters of water treatment plants are usually discharged into the same rivers and streams that supply water for treatment. Another environmental problem is related to unregulated discard of wood wastes. The lumber and wood products industry generates large quantities of this waste, from logging to the manufacture of the end product. This study evaluates the possibility of combining these two wastes and produces a lightweight composite for use as aggregate in concrete. The dried and ground sludge was mixed with water and sawdust and molded by hand into rounded pellets with a diameter of 14±02 mm. The mass ratio of sawdust, sludge and water was 1:6:4,5. After drying, the composite grains were immersed in boiled linseed oil for 1 min. This time was considered the shortest period of immersion required to stabilize the mechanical strength, reduce water absorption and prevent the grains from crumbling during the preparation and application of the concrete. After the oil was applied, the grains were dried at room temperature. The unitary mass of the composite in the dry and loose state was 672 kg/m3. The softwood sawdust used for the development and production of the composite was from Pinnus species. This wood presented a median pore diameter of 17,8 µm and a lumen diameter of 23 µm. Granulometric analysis of the sludge showed that 45% of the grains are smaller than 17 µm. The sludge grains filled the wood pores forming a composite material. The concrete containing the composite was prepared with the total substitution of crushed stone. The mass ratio of cement:sand:composite:water was 1:2,5:0,67:0,60. No complementary additives were used in order to avoid having the results associated with such materials. The concrete produced with composite presented an apparent specific mass of 1.848 kg/m3, an axial compressive strength of 11,1 MPa, a tensile strength of 1,2 MPa and a water absorption of 8,7%, characterizing it as a lightweight nonstructural concrete. The concrete produced with the composite presented a specific heat of 839 J/kg.K, a thermal diffusivity of 1,220.10-6 m2/s and a thermal conductivity of 1,894 W/m.K. The thermal properties obtained suggest the applicability of the concrete produced with the composite in lightweight nonstructural elements for sealing and thermal insulation. The solid waste of the concrete produced with composite was classified, according to the Brazilian ABNT NBR 10004:2004 standard, as non-harmful and non-inert solid wastes. A comparison of the concentration of aluminum in the sludge and the concentration of aluminum in the solubilized extract of the concrete containing the composite revealed a significant reduction in the concentration of the metal, which confirms the eco-efficiency of the composite for use in concrete. The concentration of aluminum in the solubilized extract of the concrete with composite was found to be 19,96 mg/L, while the water treatment sludge was showed an aluminum concentration of 11.100 mg/L. Its possible produce a composite with these wastes and reduce environmental degradation.

La présente étude fait suite à d’autres qui proposent une solution de récupération des déchets plastiques et de bois pour en faire un matériau de construction en composite bois-polymère. La particularité de ce travail de recherche est que la matrice thermoplastique utilisée est un ensemble de différents polymères pris dans des proportions bien définies. Les pourcentages considérés pour la matrice obtenue représentent les parts de déchets de polymères que l’on retrouve dans la ville de Cotonou (Bénin). Cette étude a consisté à fabriqué des échantillons de composite bois polymère CBP par extrusion, à les étudier à travers des tests physico-mécaniques et à les mettre en relation avec les échantillons fabriqués avec une méthode artisanale déjà existante. D’une part, nous avons étudié séparément la sciure de bois et la matrice thermoplastique en déterminant les constituants chimiques de la sciure de bois, et en effectuant une analyse physico-mécanique (analyse thermogravimétrique, test en flexion compression et traction, analyse du faciès de rupture au MEB) sur le renfort et la matrice. D’autre part nous avons évalué l’influence de l’ajout de 20%, 25%, 28% et 30% de sciure de bois sur les propriétés mécaniques (compression, flexion et traction). Les résultats obtenus révèlent que la sciure de bois se comporte comme un renfort lorsque l’échantillon est sollicité en compression et en flexion. La sciure de bois joue le rôle de charge lorsque les échantillons de CBP sont sollicités en traction. Par ailleurs, la sciure de bois améliore la rigidité des CBP en traction. Les résultats mécaniques obtenus par extrusion sont nettement meilleurs que ceux issus des méthodes de fabrication artisanale. Les analyses thermogravimétriques effectuées sur les échantillons de CBP issus de la méthode artisanale révèlent que lors de leur fabrication, ces échantillons sont soumis à des températures (supérieure à 300°C) qui entament la dégradation des polymères et de la sciure de bois dans les CBP / This study follow others that propose a solution for the recovery of plastic waste and wood to make it a construction material made of wood-polymer composite. The particularity of this research is that the thermoplastic matrix used is a set of different polymers taken in well-defined proportions. The percentages considered for the matrix obtained represent the proportion of polymer waste that can be found in the city of Cotonou (Benin Republic). This study consisted in making WPC polymer wood composite samples by extrusion, studying them through physico-mechanical tests and relating them to samples made with an already existing artisanal method. On the one hand, we studied separately the sawdust and the thermoplastic matrix by determining the chemical constituents of the sawdust, and by performing a physico-mechanical analysis (thermogravimetric analysis, compression and tensile bending test, facies analysis). SEM fracture) on the reinforcement and the matrix. On the other hand we evaluated the influence of the addition of 20%, 25%, 28% and 30% of sawdust on the mechanical properties (compression, bending and traction). The results show that sawdust behaves like a reinforcement when the sample is stressed in compression and bending. Sawdust acts as a load when WPC samples are stressed in tension. Sawdust also improves the rigidity of WPC in tension. The mechanical results obtained by extrusion are much better than those resulting from the artisanal methods. Thermogravimetric analyzes performed on WPC samples from the artisanal method reveal that during their manufacture, these samples are subjected to temperatures (above 300 ° C) that begin the degradation of polymers and sawdust in WPC

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:56:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Joao Carlos de Mello Barbosa.pdf: 368412 bytes, checksum: 5ae0ef2040832998eb804e8b2b0fd642 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-13 / The general goal of this work is to evaluate the possibility of utilizing tannin from black wattle and lignocelullosic derivatives in the preparation of foundry sand, as well as to evaluate the utilization of tannins as glueing for the confection of briquettes of vegetal residues. The work has been divided into two chapters, which comprise distinct experiments. In the first chapter tannin and cellulignin were used as constituents of foundry sand for the fabrication of pieces of pure aluminum alloy or aluminum-silicon eutectic alloy (11,0 a 13,0 % of Si). In the second chapter the use of tannin was evaluated in the production of briquettes of vegetal residues for application as a source of energy. The traces of foundry sand normally use clay as glueing and mogul (corn starch) with the goal of enhancing the resistance to compression and workability of the mold thus produced. It is common practice the use of mineral coal as a reducing agent in the mixture, and so the effects of its substitution by cellulignin, because of its high carbon content, were evaluated. Tannin, for its adhesive properties, acted as glueing together with clay, and replaced molasses, which is a component of foundry sand, perfectly. The resistance analysis produced good results and the process will generate molds with good visual aspect and adequate mechanical properties. Sawdust obtained in a eucalyptusprocessing sawmill was used in the confection of the briquettes. Tannin demonstrated great affinity to water in the composition of the standard mixture for briquetting. In natura sawdust, without any beneficiation, was used for briquetting. The results revealed that tannin is effective in the production of briquettes, where acted as an element of adhesion between the sawdust particles. / O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de utiliza??o de tanino de ac?cia negra e de derivados lignocelul?sicos na prepara??o de areias de fundi??o, bem, como avaliar a utiliza??o dos taninos como aglomerante para confec??o de briquetes de res?duos vegetais. O trabalho foi dividido em dois cap?tulos, constituindo experimentos distintos. No primeiro cap?tulo foram utilizados o tanino e a celulignina como constituintes de areia preparadas de fundi??o para a fabrica??o de pe?as em ligas de alum?nio puro ou alum?nio-sil?cio eut?tica (11,0 a 13,0 % de Si). No segundo cap?tulo, avaliou-se a utiliza??o do tanino na obten??o de briquetes de res?duos vegetais para aplica??o como fonte de energia. Os tra?os de areia preparada de fundi??o normalmente usam a argila como aglomerante e o mogul (amido de milho) com a finalidade de melhorar a resist?ncia ? compress?o da areia e a trabalhabilidade do molde produzido. ? pr?tica comum a utiliza??o do carv?o mineral como elemento redutor na mistura, e assim, foram avaliados os efeitos de sua substitui??o pela celulignina, em fun??o do seu teor elevado de carbono. O tanino, por suas propriedades adesivas, atuou como aglomerante em parceria com a argila, e ainda substituiu perfeitamente o mela?o, que ? um componente da areia preparada de Fundi??o, obtendo-se bons resultados na an?lise das resist?ncias, gerando moldes de bom aspecto visual e propriedades mec?nicas adequadas. Na confec??o dos briquetes, foi utilizada serragem obtida em serraria que processa madeira de eucalipto. O tanino demonstrou grande afinidade com a ?gua na composi??o da mistura padr?o para a briquetagem. Na briquetagem, foi utilizada a serragem in natura, sem qualquer tipo de beneficiamento. Os resultados revelaram que o tanino mostrou-se efetivo na fabrica??o de briquetes, onde atuou como elemento de ades?o entre as part?culas de serragem.

Para tornar a biomassa disponível para aplicações em biocombustíveis, produtos químicos e materiais, algumas propriedades indesejáveis, como alto teor de umidade e baixa densidade, devem ser corrigidos. Uma solução para estes problemas seria a densificação da biomassa. O processo de densificação da biomassa e seus resíduos, como a briquetagem e a peletização, são muito conhecidos e utilizados, entretanto, não existe um consenso sobre os mecanismos de ligação que ocorre entre as partículas da biomassa densificada e a influência que as variáveis da matéria-prima e do processo de densificação exerce sobre eles. Compreender os mecanismos de ligação entre as partículas da biomassa densificada é fundamental para determinar os parâmetros da matéria-prima e do processo de densificação, assim como os ensaios que devem ser realizados para medir a qualidade do produto densificado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal analisar o efeito das variáveis do material e do processo de densificação da serragem de madeira nas propriedades do produto densificado e a sua influência sobre os mecanismos de ligação entre as partículas do material. O material utilizado neste trabalho foi a serragem de Eucalyptus sp. Foram analisados o efeito do teor de umidade do material e a temperatura do processo de densificação na densidade e resistência mecânica do produto densificado, como também a influência da composição química da serragem na transição vítrea do material. A serragem de eucalipto foi caracterizada por análise termogravimétrica (TGA), caracterização química e espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR). A caracterização de serragem densificada foi realizada por densidade aparente, expansão volumétrica, ensaio mecânico de compressão, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia ótica (MO), espectrometria de massa de íons secundários por tempo de voo (ToF-SIMS) e análise dinâmico-mecânica (DMA). Os resultados mostraram que no processo de densificação sem aquecimento, o teor de umidade ideal da serragem de eucalipto foi o de aproximadamente 10%, favorecendo as forças intermoleculares entre as partículas do material. Na densificação da serragem de eucalipto em diferentes temperaturas, a lignina agiu como um aglutinante natural, formando pontes sólidas entre as partículas do material em temperaturas superiores à 140°C. A transição vítrea encontrada para a lignina da serragem de eucalipto foi da ordem de 135°C. Em conclusão, as variáveis do material e do processo de densificação influenciaram nos mecanismos de ligação, afetando as propriedades da serragem de madeira densificada. Os principais mecanismos de ligação encontrados na serragem de madeira densificada foram interações intermoleculares e pontes sólidas. / Making biomass available for investments in biofuels, chemicals and materials, some undesirable properties as high moisture content and low density must be corrected. One solution to these problems would be densification of biomass. The densification process of biomass and waste materials, such as briquetting and pelletizing, are well known and used, however, there is no consensus about the connection mechanism occurs between the particles of the densified biomass and the influence of the variables of raw material and densification process has on them. Understanding the connection mechanism between the particles of the densified biomass is critical in determining the parameters of the raw material and the densification process, as well as the tests that should be performed to measure the quality of densified product. This study aimed to analyze the effect of varying the material and the densification process of sawdust in the densified product features and their influence on the binding mechanism between the particles of the material. The material in this work was the sawdust Eucalyptus sp. It was analyzed the effect of the material moisture content and temperature of the densification process in the density and mechanical strength of the densified product, but also the influence of the chemical composition of sawdust on the glass transition of the material. The eucalyptus sawdust was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), chemical analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR). The characterization of densified sawdust was performed by bulk density, volumetric expansion, compression mechanical testing, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy (OM), mass spectrometry of secondary ions time of flight (ToF-SIMS) and dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA). The results showed that without the heat densification process, the ideal moisture content eucalyptus sawdust was about 10%, favoring the intermolecular forces between particles of the material. In eucalyptus sawdust densification at different temperatures, lignin acted as a natural binder to form solid bridges between particles of the material at temperatures higher than 140°C. The glass transition temperature of the lignin found to eucalyptus sawdust was of the order of 135°C. In conclusion, the variables of material and densification process influenced the binding mechanism affecting the properties of the densified wood sawdust. The main binding mechanism found in densified wood sawdust were intermolecular interactions and solid bridges.

In recent years, the consequences of global warming have increased the discussion about the climate impact caused by humans and the fossil emissions. Sweden has decided to reduce the negative climate impact with a zero vision for the fossil carbon dioxide emissions in year 2045. In order to achieve this, great efforts and changes are needed both in the inhabitants' way of living but primarily in the base industry. The major cause is the use of fossil coal, which generates fossil carbon dioxide in the steel industry in particular. The fossil coal is added to the blast furnace in the steel process in forms of coke and coal, which reduces the iron and emits heat. The quality of the coke is important as it functions reducing agent, provides a mechanical support to the bed and enables the gas flow up through the blast furnace and enables dissolution of carbon in hot metal. Also, coke supplies energy from exothermic reactions between carbon and carbon dioxide that takes part in the blast furnace and the energy are further used for the heating and melting of the cold iron pellets. Due to these factors, the blast furnace process is dependent on coke for its function, which means that the entire process must be replaced if the steel production should work without fossil coal. However, there are many studies that have been done on how to replace some of the fossil coal with bio-coal, which is produced from biomass. If some of the fossil coal could be replaced by some bio-coal, this would mean that fossil carbon dioxide emissions would decrease and lead to a reduced climate impact. The process would still generate carbon dioxide, but on the other hand, a cycle would be formed because when biomass is grown, carbon dioxide is taken up, e.g. by the trees grown for this purpose. However, bio-coal does not have the same properties as fossil coal, which in turn affects the quality of the coke. Bio-coke is more reactive and more porous than fossil coke. In order to be able to replace fossil coke with bio-coke, it is likely necessary to pre-treat the biocoal before it replaces part of the fossil coal in the coke production. Bio-coal contains ash that acts as an internal catalyst. One theory is that if it is possible to produce a bio-coal with ash-free carbon structure, it can be used in the production of coke without having such a great effect on the coke quality. In this project, the ash's impact on the properties of bio-coal in coke was studied. Previous studies have shown that leaching is an effective method for removing ash from bio-coal. It can be leached in three different ways, either with water, weak acid or acid. However, it has been found that acid leaching has a certain impact on the carbon structure itself. For this reason, two types of bio-coal, torrefied Grot (forest residue) and torrefied sawdust were selected, which were leached both with water but also with weak acid in order to achieve an ash-reduced carbon structure. The acid selected was acetic acid, as it has been tested for similar purposes in previous studies. The leaching efficiency was evaluated by analysing the leachate with ICP-OES after leaching. According to the result, a significant part of the ash had been leached out, but the leaching with weak acid was much more effective than water leaching. To ensure that the carbon structure was not altered, light-optical microscopy was made which showed that the structure was intact. However, it was not possible to determine whether the pore sizes were changed after leaching and it is therefore relevant to investigate this further. Moreover, the leached II bio-coal replaced 5% of the fossil coal in the coal mixture for coke making. In addition to this, coke was also made with only the ash from the two bio-coals to see what effect the ash has on the coke quality. The result that was obtained from the TGA showed that the ash had a low impact on the reactivity of the coke. However, the coal structure of the coke had a great impact on the reactivity behaviour. Keywords: Bio-coke, bio-coal, leaching, ash, coke quality, carbon structures, torrefied sawdust

The usage of biofuel as well as wood fuel has increased in Sweden and all of Europe during recent decades, and there are several reasons to believe that this increase will continue. An important reason for this increase is that the environmental and climate problems caused by fossil fuels are becoming even more evident. By replacing fossil fuel with biofuel, the problem of emissions from, among others carbon dioxide and sulphur compounds can be alleviated. However, substitution requires in many cases high quality processed biofuel. An early stage in the processing of biofuel is drying. Previous work treats the possibility of drying wood fuel in an efficient and environmentally sustainable manner. This thesis studies the bed drying technique, conducted both experimentally and through modeling of the drying process. The experimental work is based on continuous temperature measurements in the fuel bed and provides characteristics of the drying zone that develops in the bed during drying. The character of the drying zone is affected by both the qualities of the fuel and the operating parameters, and is decisive regarding the possibility of making the drying more efficient, i.e. optimize the usage of energy and produce a fuel with low and homogeneous moisture content. A mathematical simulation model has been developed to increase the understanding of bed drying. The model is based on fundamental physical principles and is made up of five differential equations that describe vapor flow, air flow, the fuel’s moisture content, and the bed’s pressure and temperature. The modeling work complements the experimental work and a simulation of the temperature distribution, pressure and the drying zone’s dispersion is in agreement with the experimental result. The drying of wood can signify an environmental and human health risk, since volatile organic compounds (VOC) are emitted during drying. The thesis studies these emissions with regards to type and quantity. The measurements show that the majority of the emitted compounds from Norway spruce and Scots pine are volatile monoterpenes, but also that other compounds are emitted, especially higher terpenes. Further, major differences between how the compounds are emitted and the quantities of the emitted compounds from heartwood and sapwood are shown. There are also large differences between types of wood, i.e. spruce and pine. It can be stated that both emission rate and total amount of emitted compounds increase with an increase in temperature. To reduce VOC emissions, the drying temperature should be maintained low. To develop an efficient bed drying process for wood biofuels, additional parameters must be analyzed further and weighed against each other. Based on the experimental method and the simulation model presented here, the drying can be optimized towards a more efficient use of thermal energy and a low and even moisture content in the dried biofuel.

Licenciatavhandling Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2009. / Härtill 2 uppsatser.

Licenciatavhandling Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2009.

Submitted by Karina Calciolari null (karinaveterinaria@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-18T19:09:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Karina Calciolari.pdf: 3537872 bytes, checksum: 25bdb76342a16861139075d0c9e32394 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-19T17:12:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 calciolari_k_me_jabo.pdf: 3537872 bytes, checksum: 25bdb76342a16861139075d0c9e32394 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-19T17:12:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 calciolari_k_me_jabo.pdf: 3537872 bytes, checksum: 25bdb76342a16861139075d0c9e32394 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As afecções do sistema respiratório são a segunda causa de queda de desempenho e afastamento dos equinos do esporte ou trabalho, as quais estão atrás somente das desordens musculoesqueléticas. A estabulação e alimentação a base de fenos predispõe os equinos a inalação de grande número de agentes irritantes as vias aéreas. No intuito de mensurar a influência dos tipos de cama utilizado em baias de equinos nas respostas alérgicas das vias aéreas estudou-se 3 grupos com 5 equinos cada sendo dois mantidos em cocheiras com diferentes tipos de forração à base de madeira (maravalha de pinus autoclavada-MA e serragem-SE) e por último um grupo controle à pasto por 45 dias com avaliações quinzenais (D0, D15, D30 e D45). Foi realizado nestes momentos o exame físico, coleta de amostras de sangue venoso e arterial para realização de hemograma e hemogasometria respectivamente, lavado broncoalveolar com análise citológica e mensuração de fosfatase alcalina, além de amostras das camas (limpa e suja) e feno pré-secado para análise micológica. No exame físico foi notado tosse e espirros em maior intensidade e número nos equinos do grupo SE. A análise hematológica permaneceu dentro dos padrões de normalidade. Já nos achados hemogasométricos os maiores valores de pH foram observados nos equinos à pasto (7,47 ± 0,02). Nos grupos embaiados foi observado valores de pressão parcial de dióxido, de D15 à D45, inferiores (valores entre 38,3 a 43,7 mmHg) ao grupo a pasto (valores entre 43,7 a 46,5 mmHg), sendo os valores de pressão parcial de oxigênio inversamente proporcionais (MA e SE: valores entre 103,6 a 127,78 mmHg e à pasto: 88,2 a 103,6 mmHg). Os principais achados no lavado broncoalveolar basearam-se na contagem de células nucleadas totais no que apresentou maiores valores em todos os momentos nos animais à pasto (251,0 a 336,8 x 103/ µL), seguido do grupo SE (197,0 a 248,6 x 103/ µL) e por último o MA (140,6 à 270,2 x 103/ µL). Dentre as células nucleadas os macrófagos representaram maior porcentagem seguidos dos linfócitos (51,2 a 80,8% e 6,6 a 33,2% respectivamente). Um padrão inesperado foi observado na população de neutrófilos, os quais com os passar dos momentos houve decréscimo, com excessão do grupo MA que apresentou um pico no D30 (35%), relacionado ao pico de fosfatase alcalina (27,6 ± 14,98 UI/L) neste mesmo momento. Foram identificados cerca de 12 gêneros fúngicos em ambas camas e 17 no alimento volumoso, sendo neste último encontrado gêneros patogênicos como Aspergillus (0,85 ± 2,2%), Fusarium (5,35 ± 9,23%) e Penicílium (4,81 ± 9,53%), porém em baixas porcentagens. A principal diferença entre as camas baseou-se na capacidade da produção e dispersão de partículas finas passíveis de inalação, a qual foi maior para a serragem (MA: 15,29 % e SE: 18,28%). Concluiu-se que a cama de maravalha além de ter manejo mais fácil, apresentou menor capacidade irritativa das vias aéreas superiores do que a serragem. As condições de manejo e estabulações utilizadas foram ideais, servindo de modelo quanto a ventilação e higienização das baias. / Horse respiratory diseases is second most commom cause of poor performance and premature retirement, which the one are musculoskeletal disorders. The stabling and poor quality feedings may the favor predispose of diseases in airways. In order we measure the influence of the types of bedding used in the horse stalls about responses allergic airway. Three groups of five horses each are formated, two groups kept in stables but each group with a different type of bedding (autoclaved wood- MA shaving and sawdust-SE) . The third group is the control and stays at pasture. The groups remained in this condition for 45 days with biweekly reviews (D0, D15, D30 and D45). It was realize the physical examination, venous and arterial blood samples collection to realize hemogram and hemogasometry analysis, the bronchoalveolar lavage samples was colected to realize the cytological analysis and to measure alkaline phosphatase. In addition, samples of the beds (clean and dirty) and haylage was collected to realize mycological analysis. In the physical examination was noticed higher intensity of coughing and sneezing at SE group. Hematological analysis remained within the normal standards. Findings of hemogasometric analysis were observed the biggest pH values at horses to pasture (7.47 ± 0.02). At stables horses was observed smaller values of partial pressure dioxide (D15 to D45), (values between 38.3 to 43.7 mmHg) to horses to pasture (values between 43.7 to 46.5 mmHg). The values oxygen partial pressure it was inversely proportional to partial pressure dioxide (MA and SE: values between 103.6 to 127.78 mmHg and pasture: 88.2 to 103.6 mmHg). It was observate higher values of nucleated cells of bronchoalveolar lavage, at all times, in animals to pasture (251.0 to 336.8 x 103 / mL), followed by the SE group (197.0 to 248.6 x 103 / mL) and finally MA group (140.6 to 270.2 x 103 / mL). The macrophages cells represented the biggest percentage of nucleates cells on bronchoalveolar lavage followed by lymphocytes (51.2 to 80.8% and 6.6 to 33.2% respectively). An unexpected pattern was observed in percentange of neutrophils cells, that it was a decrease over the time. One exception it was with MA group that had the biggest percentage values in D30 (35%), it was related to alkaline phosphatase peak at same time (27.6 ± 14.98 IU / L). Were identified about 12 fungi genres in both beds and 17 fungi genres at haylage. We indentified pathogenic genres in haylage as Aspergillus (0.85 ± 2.2%), Fusarium (5.35 ± 9.23%) and Penicillium (4 , 81 ± 9.53%), however in lower percentages. It was observate a difference production capacity and fine particle dispersion between the bed, that the biggest it was notice at sawdust (MA: 15.29% and SE: 18.28%). It was concluded that wood shavings bed is easier to use and showed less irritative capacity upper airway to que sawdust. As management and stabling conditions used were ideals and it was a ideal model of stables.

Main concerns in the building industry includes the development of alternative building materials that reduces the amount of energy spent during manufacturing process and easier to work with. Wood-crete is a composite material developed in this study, made up of wood waste (sawdust), paper, tradical lime and water. Wood-crete is developed to provide an alternative material in construction solving problems associated with the delivery of low-cost housing across all income earners, reducing the amount of energy spent during manufacturing process of construction materials and the ease with which these construction materials are developed and solve issues related to waste management. This thesis presents the processing technologies, factors which affect the performance and properties of wood-crete. Wood-crete properties were found to be closely related to the composition of the constituent elements though compressive strength and modulus of elasticity were low when compared to other building materials like concrete and steel. In a bid to improve the strength of the developed wood-crete, the properties were investigated based on the modification of sawdust by hot water boiling and alkaline treatments which help to modify cellulose fibre surface to reduce the hydrophilic nature of sawdust thereby improving the sawdust-matrix bonding. It was found that the surface modification, processing of cellulosic fibril and the extraction of lignin and hemi-cellulosic compounds with alkali had an effect on the compressive strength of wood-crete, with treating sawdust with 4% NaOH at 140mins of boiling time achieving the highest compressive strength and boiling sawdust from 100mins to 140mins had a gradual increase in compressive strength but reduced at higher boiling time. Furthermore, treating sawdust with NaOH more than 4% weakened the individual wood particles thus leading to poor strength of wood-crete. Additionally, the properties of wood-crete were investigated based on the type of wood sawdust – hardwood (beech and oak) and softwood (pine and cedar). Apart from individual wood density having a significant effect on the density of wood-crete, other factors such as lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose contents including fibre length of individual wood species affect the strength properties of wood-crete. The compressive strength of wood-crete was closely related to the wood species, with highest compressive strength of 3.93MPa recorded for hardwood wood-crete compared to 1.37MPa and 0.26MPa of wood-crete from softwood and mixed wood respectively. Results from thermal conductivity tests on wood-crete also show that wood-crete blocks can be produced with good insulating properties for building construction. Addition of different types of paper fibres to reduce the density of wood-crete and improve the insulating properties of composite developed also had a dominant influence on both strength and thermal conductivity, reflecting its effect on the structure of composite and contribution of self strength of paper fibres. The addition of various percentages of waste paper (de-fibred) had a significant influence on the thermal conductivity of wood-crete with 75% addition of waste paper achieving a thermal conductivity value of 0.046W/mK performed with the TCi thermal conductivity analyser. Thermal conductivity results for wood-crete made from hardwood and softwood sawdust was closely related to the chemical composition of various wood species, with softwood wood-crete having about 20% lower thermal conductivity compared to hardwood wood-crete. The developed wood-crete was able to withstand impact load and considered, like hempcrete, most suitable for wall panelling or other non- and semi-structural applications with good thermal insulating properties. Findings of this study provides an alternative new material for the construction industry and an important background for achieving better strength of wood-crete, choosing what type of sawdust to be used for development of wood-crete and for directing a better use of this potential material with very small embodied energy and carbon negative.