歇後語是一種很有趣的口語文體，它由兩個部分組成，語意重心在第二部分，展現豐富的語意和音韻的運作歷程。它並非固定而無法再分析的結構，使用者只能靠死記來使用它；反之，歇後語本質上為我們人類認知的一部份。它展現多層的隱喻、代喻和人類知識架構等語意上的運作（參看Lakoff 1993，Kovecses and Radden 1998，Fillmore 1977等人之論著）。本論文旨在從認知語意學的觀點，探究台閩語歇後語的本質，重心在探究其最終語意的衍生歷程。我們修正Geeraerts (1995)針對成語的分類架構和Ruiz de Mendoza’s (2003)分析成語所使用的隱喻和代喻互動類別，來分析閩南語歇後語，得到在四大類別下，有二十二種語意衍生的種類、十二種變化和十二種次變化。分析的結果顯示，所有的歇後語之語意皆可衍生，且三層的衍生為最普遍的基型。此外，代喻在台閩歇後語很普遍，所有的類型皆有牽涉到代喻。與隱喻相較，代喻在台閩語歇後語語意的衍生上所佔的角色比隱喻重。 / Two-part allegorical sayings Xie-hou-yu, colloquial expressions whose second parts bear the main semantic weight, exhibit rich semantic and phonological operations. They are not unanalyzed fixed structures memorized by the users; instead, two-part allegorical sayings are conceptual in nature, exhibiting multiple semantic operations among metaphor, metonymy, and knowledge frame (cf. Lakoff 1993, Kovecses and Radden 1998, Fillmore 1977, among others). This study aims to explore the nature of two-part allegorical sayings in Taiwanese Southern Min from cognitive semantics point of view, focusing on the derivations of the intended meaning. We modify Geeraerts' classification model (1995) and Ruiz de Mendoza’s (2003) model of interaction types in analyzing idioms to account for the data and find twenty-two types of derivation under four major categories with twelve variations and twelve subvariations. The result shows that all two-part allegorical sayings are motivated with three stages of derivation as the common schema. Furthermore, metonymy is very pervasive in two-part allegorical sayings in Taiwanese Southern Min where all of the four types involve metonymy. Comparing with metaphor, metonymy plays a much more important role in the meaning derivation of the two-part allegorical sayings.

I detta examensarbete redovisas mitt förslag på utformning av en utomhusutställning på Parken Zoo i Eskilstuna. Studier har gjorts för att försöka reda ut hur målgruppen 3-10-åringar kan stimuleras och ledas genom utställningen. I arbetet ingår även en lekfull gestaltning av 16 utställningskomponenter i form av bostäder åt vanligt förekommande sörmländska djur. För att samla in data och kunskaper har flera observationer gjorts på barn i lekmiljöer. Jag har även gjort en introspektion och samlat data genom regelbunden kontakt med Parken Zoo. Studierna har visat att barn tycks lockas av lekredskap som inbjuder till aktivitet och att leken ofta sker i rumsligheterna mellan redskapen. De vuxnas inställning spelar stor roll för omfattningen av barnets utforskning i lekmiljön. Teoretiskt material är inhämtat från utvecklingspsykologin, muntlig berättarkultur, teorier om lekmiljöer, utställningsdesign och wayshowing. Examensarbetet har resulterat i ett utställningskoncept där de lekfulla bostäderna tolkats utifrån djurordspråk. Dessa har visualiserats med hjälp av idéskisser och fotorealistiska vyer. Vid varje bostad finns det en skylt i form av en lucka i marken. Skyltarna innehåller lättsam information om de olika djuren. Min tolkning är att en utställning med en komplex målgrupp bör innehålla flera ingångspunkter för att bereda möjlighet att stimulera personer som befinner sig i väldigt skilda utvecklingsstadier. Detta kräver utprovningar och vidare forskning. Studien lämnar även öppet för vidare forskning kring fenomen att följa strömmen på lekplatsen. Leker barnen vid de lekredskap de finner roligast eller leker de där flest andra barn är? / This thesis presents my proposal for the design of an outdoor exhibition concept at Parken Zoo in Eskilstuna. The study intend to investigate the potential to guide and stimulate a complex target group of 3-10 year olds. This assignment also includes the designing of the exhibition components, in the form of 16 playful accommodations for some common animals in Södermanland. Several observations of children in playgrounds have taken place in order to collect data. My empirical studies also include an introspection and regular contact with the Zoo. My studies have shown that children seem to be attracted by play equipment that invites to activity. Also, the playing often occurs in the spatiality between the playing devices. The adults’ attitudes play a major part in the child’s exploration process. Theoretical data was obtained from developmental psychology, storytelling culture, theories of play environments, exhibition design and wayshowing. The work has resulted in an exhibition concept, in which the playful accommodations are interpreted upon animal sayings. These have been visualized by rough sketches and photo-realistic views. At each accommodation there is an information sign underneath a shutter. The signs include easy-going information about the different animals. My interpretation is that an exhibition of a complex target group should include multiple entry points to provide an opportunity to reach people from many different age groups. This will although require testing on the target group for further research.The study also leaves open for further research into the phenomena of going with the flow on the playground. Do children choose their preferred playground equipment based on what they find fun or based on where most of the other children are?

Tangu kuzuka kwa umiliki wa vyombo vya moto vya usafiri (mabasi, malori, pikipiki) kwa watu binafsi katika miaka ya 1990 nchini Tanzania, misemo kwa kiasi kikubwa imechupa kutoka katika majukwaa yake ya asili ya kanga, vihangaisho, vipepeo na makawa majumbani na kuhamia katika vyombo vya usafiri. Si tu misemo mipya imezuka bali hata ile misemo ya asili imepindwa na kutumiwa katika miktadha mipya. Waandishi wa semi za magari ni madereva, utingo au wamiliki wa vyombo hivyo. Tumebaini makundi matatu ya misemo katika data yetu, yaani misemo kongwe, misemo pindwa na misemo ibuka, kwa kuakisi nadharia za methali na misemo za Mieder & Litovkina (1999), Mieder (2007) na Litovkina (2011). Je, misemo hiyo ni mkondo wa fikra mpya za watu kama alivyotabiri Kezilahabi (1988, 1995)? / Since the introduction of the private commercial motor transport services in Tanzania in the 1990s, the inscription of sayings has shifted from their mainly traditional platforms of female cotton wrap (Kanga), palm leaf food cover (kawa) or hand fan (kipepeo) onto the tailgate, sideboards or mudguards of commercial automobiles. The vehicle owners and/or their operators are inscribers of these automobile slogans. I analyse them in three forms: standard, parodied and innovated sayings adopting the paremiological approaches by Mieder & Litovkina (1999), Mieder (2007), Litovkina (2011). Do these forms of car inscriptions fulfill the prediction by Kezilahabi (1988, 1995) on the imminent transformation of the Swahili sayings to become a platform for negotiation of people`s tumultuous life challenges and desires?

The aim of this thesis is to approach and to outline the development of proverbs, idioms, and sayings in our territory, since their appearance in the translation of the Bible up to the present day, when they have been updated and modified. In the theoretical part we try to define the terminology on the basis of literature we have perused. The thesis also mentions the most important collectors of Czech proverbs (M. Červenka, J. Blahoslav, J. Dobrovský, F. L. Čelakovský, V. Flajšhans) and their paremiological works. The practical part presents the practical use of paremies. We have been working here with collected language material of journalistic and artistic functional texts. The thesis is supplemented by the results of the questionnaire investigation focused on the knowledge/ignorance, the understanding, and the use of these phrases in the present. In the end of this thesis there are additional attachments to some chapters (including synoptic tables with results of the survey, a demonstration of homework with phraseologisms, and the graphic representation of phraseologisms).

Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-23T12:00:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4521812 bytes, checksum: 10da6a20318b8d2e86e5a2301a5d55ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-23T12:00:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4521812 bytes, checksum: 10da6a20318b8d2e86e5a2301a5d55ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This paper presents a reflection on the importance of using text genres in the teaching of young people and adults, with a supported approach in the socio-discursive interactionism. The option to use the saying gender was due to the importance of valuing popular culture as a way to build and improve in new knowledge, as Paulo Freire believed. We had intended to add one more reflection on teaching practice in adult education (Youth and Adult Education). This paper presents the results of a qualitative-interpretative character of action research that aims to present reflections on the possible contributions of ISD, from the didactic sequence proposed. With this observation applied and interventionist nature, promote the exploitation of our students, in the sense that they can act as producers of relevant texts, from a teaching proposal that considers the situational context of oral saying genre and enhances the textual production and their linguistic and discursive features, through writing and rewriting. The survey was conducted in the cycle II of AYE, at the Municipal School Major José de Barros Moreira, in the city of João Pessoa, PB. The methodological procedures used involved participant observation with audio recording and records the activities of students through a teaching sequence (DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 2004). The corpus consists of the transcript of the recording a few classes, where students discussed some popular sayings and the textual productions of the students. The analysis occurred after observation in the classroom, through audio discussion with students about proverbs and written productions. Thus, these results were compared with our theoretical framework and it was identified that the written productions can be beneficial from the world of reading that students undertake in their daily lives. The results of this work were the reading and interpretation of proverbs, entries production and a book prepared by the students, to support these entries. It was observed that the writing activities and rewriting of entries resulted in the development of language skills. / O presente trabalho apresenta uma reflexão acerca da importância da utilização de gêneros textuais no ensino-aprendizagem de jovens e adultos, com uma abordagem respaldada no interacionismo sócio-discursivo. A opção pelo uso do gênero provérbio deveu-se à importância da valorização da cultura popular como forma de construir e avançar em novos conhecimentos, como Paulo Freire acreditava. Tivemos a finalidade de acrescentar mais uma reflexão sobre a prática de ensino na EJA (Educação de Jovens e Adultos). Esse trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa-ação de caráter qualitativo-interpretativista que objetivou apresentar reflexões acerca das possíveis contribuições do ISD, a partir da proposta de sequência didática. Com essa observação de natureza aplicada e intervencionista, promovemos a instrumentalização dos nossos alunos, no sentido de que possam atuar como produtores de textos competentes, a partir de uma proposta de ensino que considere o contexto situacional do gênero oral provérbio, bem como valorize a produção textual e suas características linguístico-discursivas, por meio do da escrita e reescrita. A pesquisa foi realizada no ciclo II da EJA, na Escola Municipal Major José de Barros Moreira, na cidade de João Pessoa, PB. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados envolveram a observação participante com gravação em áudio e registros das atividades dos alunos, por meio de uma sequência didática (DOLZ; SCHNEUWLY, 2004). O corpus é constituído pela transcrição da gravação de algumas aulas, em que os alunos discutiram alguns provérbios populares e pelas produções textuais dos alunos. A análise ocorreu após a observação nas aulas, através dos áudios com discussão dos alunos sobre os provérbios populares e as produções escritas. Assim, comparamos com nossa fundamentação e identificamos que as produções escritas podem ser beneficiadas a partir da leitura de mundo que os alunos realizam no cotidiano deles. Obtivemos como resultado desse trabalho, que a princípio se tratava da leitura e interpretação de provérbios, a produção de verbetes e de um livro elaborado pelos alunos, como suporte desses verbetes. Pudemos observar que as atividades de escrita e reescrita dos verbetes resultaram no desenvolvimento das capacidades linguísticas.

The purpose of this project is to survey the presence of folk expressions, i.e. proverbs, proverbial expressions, wellerisms and familiar expressions, in some of the realistic children’s books by Astrid Lindgren. The purpose also includes the study of the contextual and pragmatic functions of the expressions as well as how the expressions are integrated into the text by the change of the formulaic standard structure. The contextual and pragmatic function concern when, how and why the expressions are used and who the users of the expressions are. The questions at issue are: What kind of folk expressions occur in the children’s books by Astrid Lindgren? What contextual and pragmatic functions do the expressions have? How are the expressions integrated into the text? To be able to answer the questions, folk expressions were excerpted from the books with the help of close reading. The contextual and pragmatic functions of the expressions were determined by analysing the communicative context, the senders and the receivers of the expressions, the senders’ purpose in using the expressions. Furthermore, the changes in the structure of the expressions were analysed in order to determine how the expressions were integrated into the text. The result shows that the 52 folk expressions found in general are used in dialogues between adults as senders and children as receivers. The senders use the expressions mainly to comment on anything or anyone with the purpose to explain, i.e. a didactic purpose. The majority of the expressions have not changed their formulaic standard structure, and the expressions that have changed are used as allusions, paraphrases or ellipses of folk expressions.

Les Apophtegmes des Pères sont parvenus sous la forme de deux collections classiques de la fin du Ve s. qui regroupent les dits des grands ascètes surtout égyptiens des IVe-Ve s., ainsi que des anecdotes illustrant leur enseignement. C’est cette littérature fragmentaire, si influente, qui est étudiée ici pour déterminer ce qu’a été la prière de ces grands moines. Après une présentation des collections, une première partie est consacrée à la terminologie, puis à la typologie et aux modalités de la prière étudiées avec l’aide d’autres textes monastiques de même époque. La deuxième partie, sur le contexte historique, souligne l’importance pour l’évolution de la prière monastique qu’ont eue la polémique avec les messaliens, et celle avec les origénistes. Un dernier chapitre est consacré à un cas particulier important, celui d’Antoine le Grand, qui nous est connu par les Apophtegmes, mais aussi par ses lettres et la Vie que lui consacre Athanase. / The Apophtegmata Patrum reached us in the form of two classical collections of the late fifth century which regroup the sayings of the great ascetics of the fourth and the fifth century, especially Egyptian ones, as well as anecdotes illustrating their teaching. This influential, fragmentary literature is studied here in order to determine what the prayer of those great monks was. After the presentation of collections, Part I is devoted to terminology, then to typology and modalities of prayer which were studied with the help of other monastic texts of the same epoch. Part II examines the historical background and highlights the importance of the controversy with Messalians, and that with Origenists, for the evolution of the monastic prayer. The last chapter is dedicated to an important particular case, that of Anthony the Great, who is known to us by the Apophtegmata, as well as by his letters and his Life written by Athanasius.

Esta pesquisa se interroga sobre articulações entre características próprias a tradições orais e experiências de registro de enunciados orais indígenas a partir de dois casos, de escalas distintas: Xavante, habitando a aldeia de Pimentel Barbosa no Brasil Central, e Kanak, habitando as ilhas da Nova Caledônia na Melanésia. Internamente a cada caso, propus o estabelecimento de relações ou rizomas de modo a identificar efeitos que experiências e produtos de registro de enunciados orais produziram junto a seus atores, efeitos este que qualifico como de proliferação, rechaço, ou descaso. Ao pautar minha análise nos modos de interação mediados através do discurso segundo modalidades consideradas adequadas por aquelas populações em contextos específicos, busquei refletir acerca dos modos como vêm assumir sua tradição enunciada em situações de oficialização e institucionalização de patrimônios e identidades, assim como identificar modos com registros são empregados por tais populações segundo formas de criatividade próprias e inovadoras. Meu objetivo foi uma reflexão crítica, a partir de dois casos tornados aqui comparáveis, concernindo as atuais políticas do patrimônio imaterial pautadas em ações de valorização e salvaguarda de tradições orais de populações indígenas. / This study focus on the relationships between oral traditions, and products and events related to the documentation of indigenous oral sayings from the starting point of two case-studies of different scales: Xavante, from the Pimentel Barbosa village in Central Brazil, and Kanak, from the islands of New Caledonia, in Melanesia. For each of this cases I intended the search for relations or rhizomes, in order to identify effects that documentation of oral statements, narratives and sayings produced in the point of view of their very actors. I call such effects proliferation, resistance or indifference. Basing my analysis in expressive and discourse-mediated interaction as considered adequate by these populations in specific contexts, I wished to reflect on traditions as announced, in situations that demand the institutionalization of patrimonies and identities, as well as identify ways that documentation practices and products are invested by these people according to their own dynamic forms of creativity and innovation. My objective was to establish, through making these two cases comparables, a critical reflection on the contemporary intangible cultural heritage policies based on the safeguarding of oral traditions and expressions of indigenous people.

Disertacijos tyrimo objektas – okazionalieji, t.y. individualios vartosenos, frazeologiniai junginiai, patarlės ir priežodžiai. Disertacijos tikslas – išnagrinėti frazeologinį vaizdą ir jo kūrimo būdus, okazionaliųjų frazeologizmų, patarlių ir priežodžių stilistinius atspalvius remiantis pasirinktais šaltiniais. Bendrosioms frazeologizmų funkcijoms, semantikai, struktūrai kalbininkai skiria daug dėmesio, o stilistinėms jų ypatybėms – gerokai mažiau. Iki šiol lietuvių kalbotyroje nebuvo nė vienos disertacijos, skirtos okazionaliajai frazeologijai. Iš tikrųjų šių frazeologinių junginių stilistinių ypatumų aptarimas yra ne ką mažiau svarbus negu frazeologizmų kilmės, semantikos ar struktūros tyrinėjimai: kalba nuolat kinta, o okazionalieji frazeologizmai, patarlės ir priežodžiai kaip tik ir atspindi šį procesą, tai rodo komponentų keitimas, sudėties plėtimas, reikšmės kitimas, frazeologinių junginių plėtojimas į platesnį kontekstą ir pan. Modifikacijos būdai parodo junginių pritaikymo šiandieninio gyvenimo situacijoms, reiškiniams galimybes, aktualumą komunikacijos procese. Kalbos ir stiliaus kitimas aiškiai matomas publicistikoje, kurioje fiksuojami svarbiausi žmonių gyvenimo, valstybės, kultūros pokyčiai. Taigi okazionaliai vartojamų frazeologizmų tyrinėjimas publicistikoje yra naujas ir aktualus. Šia disertacija norima atkreipti dėmesį į okazionaliųjų frazeologinių junginių, taip pat patarlių, priežodžių vartosenos ypatumus dabartinės lietuvių kalbos publicistiniame stiliuje... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object of the research this Dissertation – occasional phraseological units, common proverbs and sayings, i.e., units of individual usage. The latter are discussed not only when they are used in Lithuanian but also when found in texts in their original language. Purpose of the Dissertation – based on the selected references, to examine the phraseological image and image formation methods as well as stylistic shades of occasional phraseological units, common proverbs and sayings. General functions of phraseological units, semantics and structure are given vast attention by linguists whereas their stylistic characteristics receive rather less consideration. Dissertations regarding occasional phraseology are absent from Lithuanian linguistics thus far. In fact, consideration of stylistic patterns of these phraseological word combinations is none the less important than research of their origin, semantics and structure: language is continuously changing, and occasional phraseological units, common proverbs and sayings are the ones that reflect this process; it is evidenced by the change and replacement of components, expansion of composition, change of meaning, development of phraseological units into the broader context, etc. Types of modification show adaptability potential of word combinations and their communicative flexibility. Process of speech and style changing is obvious in the publicistic writings where fundamental changes in human life, state and culture are captured.

Disertacijos tyrimo objektas – okazionalieji, t.y. individualios vartosenos, frazeologiniai junginiai, patarlės ir priežodžiai. Disertacijos tikslas – išnagrinėti frazeologinį vaizdą ir jo kūrimo būdus, okazionaliųjų frazeologizmų, patarlių ir priežodžių stilistinius atspalvius remiantis pasirinktais šaltiniais. Bendrosioms frazeologizmų funkcijoms, semantikai, struktūrai kalbininkai skiria daug dėmesio, o stilistinėms jų ypatybėms – gerokai mažiau. Iki šiol lietuvių kalbotyroje nebuvo nė vienos disertacijos, skirtos okazionaliajai frazeologijai. Iš tikrųjų šių frazeologinių junginių stilistinių ypatumų aptarimas yra ne ką mažiau svarbus negu frazeologizmų kilmės, semantikos ar struktūros tyrinėjimai: kalba nuolat kinta, o okazionalieji frazeologizmai, patarlės ir priežodžiai kaip tik ir atspindi šį procesą, tai rodo komponentų keitimas, sudėties plėtimas, reikšmės kitimas, frazeologinių junginių plėtojimas į platesnį kontekstą ir pan. Modifikacijos būdai parodo junginių pritaikymo šiandieninio gyvenimo situacijoms, reiškiniams galimybes, aktualumą komunikacijos procese. Kalbos ir stiliaus kitimas aiškiai matomas publicistikoje, kurioje fiksuojami svarbiausi žmonių gyvenimo, valstybės, kultūros pokyčiai. Taigi okazionaliai vartojamų frazeologizmų tyrinėjimas publicistikoje yra naujas ir aktualus. Šia disertacija norima atkreipti dėmesį į okazionaliųjų frazeologinių junginių, taip pat patarlių, priežodžių vartosenos ypatumus dabartinės lietuvių kalbos publicistiniame stiliuje... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object of the research this Dissertation – occasional phraseological units, common proverbs and sayings, i.e., units of individual usage. The latter are discussed not only when they are used in Lithuanian but also when found in texts in their original language. Purpose of the Dissertation – based on the selected references, to examine the phraseological image and image formation methods as well as stylistic shades of occasional phraseological units, common proverbs and sayings. General functions of phraseological units, semantics and structure are given vast attention by linguists whereas their stylistic characteristics receive rather less consideration. Dissertations regarding occasional phraseology are absent from Lithuanian linguistics thus far. In fact, consideration of stylistic patterns of these phraseological word combinations is none the less important than research of their origin, semantics and structure: language is continuously changing, and occasional phraseological units, common proverbs and sayings are the ones that reflect this process; it is evidenced by the change and replacement of components, expansion of composition, change of meaning, development of phraseological units into the broader context, etc. Types of modification show adaptability potential of word combinations and their communicative flexibility. Process of speech and style changing is obvious in the publicistic writings where fundamental changes in human life, state and culture are captured.