Abstract DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) has merits of a high boiling point and high solution power to most photo-resistant materials used in semiconductor and LCD (liquid crystal displayers) industries. Wastewaters originated from the industries contain hundreds of grams of DMSO per cubic mater. DMSO is easily decomposed to DMS (dimethyl sulfide) and DMSO2 (dimethyl sulfone) by microorganisms in biological reactors. Malodorous DMS has a relatively low water solubility and can easily emit into the atmosphere thus causes nuisance problems. The fraction of conversion of DMSO to DMS is possibly related to the volumetric DMSO loading (F/V) to an aerobic wastewater treatment pond. This study aimed to investigate the volumetric DMSO loading which minimize the DMS production. Sequencing batch reaction tests indicate that with F/V of less than 0.45 kg DMSO-S/m3.day, there was no DMS detected in the treating mixed liquor and the vented gas from the liquor. It was also observed that with sulfate-S of higher than 0.55 kg/m3 in the mixed liquor which corresponded to F/V of 0.55 kg DMSO-S/m3.day, a high conversion of DMSO to DMS resulted in the system failure.

In this study, aerobic biological treatment of opium alkaloid wastewater and the effect of gamma preirradiation and fenton&amp / #8217 / s oxidation were investigated. First, the biodegradability of alkaloid wastewater was investigated by batch reactors and wastewater was found to be highly biodegradable providing 83 &amp / #8211 / 90 % COD degradation. In order to evaluate the effect of irradiation, original wastewater and irradiated wastewaters (40 &amp / 140 kGy) were compared by means of BOD5/COD values and through aerobic batch experiments. Results indicated that irradiation imparted no further enhancement in biodegradability. Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) studies revealed that the treatment operation was not possible due to sludge settleability problem observed beyond an influent COD value of 2 g/L. Possible reasons for problem were investigated, and the high molecular weight, larger size and aromatic structure of the organic matters present in wastewater was thought to contribute to poor settleability characteristics. Some operational modifications including phosphate buffer addition cured the settleability problem. Influent COD was then increased to 5,000 mg/L. Significant COD removal efficiencies (&gt / 70 %) were obtained in SBRs fed with both original and irradiated wastewaters. Preirradiated wastewater provided a better settling sludge in comparison to original wastewater. Degradation of the complex structure was followed by GC/MS analyses, particle size measurements and enhancement in filterability. Pre-irradiation enhanced the filterability of wastewater more than Fenton&amp / #8217 / s treatment and degradation by irradiation was proved by GC/MS analyses.

In this study, a MATLAB&reg / code based on the Shooting and Bouncing Ray (SBR) algorithm is developed to compute the Radar Cross Section (RCS) of complex targets. SBR is based on ray tracing and combine Geometric Optics (GO) and Physical Optics (PO) approaches to compute the RCS of arbitrary scatterers. The presented algorithm is examined in two parts / the first part addresses a new aperture selection strategy named as &ldquo / conformal aperture&rdquo / , which is proposed and formulated to increase the performance of the code outside the specular regions, and the second part is devoted to testing the multiple scattering and shadowing performance of the code. The conformal aperture approach consists of a configuration that gathers all rays bouncing back from the target, and calculates their contribution to RCS. Multiple scattering capability of the algorithm is verified and tested over simple shapes. Ray tracing part of the code is also used as v a shadowing algorithm. In the first instance, simple shapes like sphere, plate, cylinder and polyhedron are used to model simple targets. With primitive shapes, complex targets can be modeled up to some degree. Later, patch representation is used to model complex targets accurately. In order to test the whole code over complex targets, a Computer Aided Design (CAD) format known as Stereo Lithography (STL) mesh is used. Targets that are composed in CAD tools are imported in STL mesh format and handled in the code. Different sweep geometries are defined to compute the RCS of targets with respect to aspect angles. Complex targets are selected according to their RCS characteristics to test the code further. In addition to these, results are compared with PO, Method of Moments (MoM) and Multilevel Fast Multipole Method (MLFMM) results obtained from the FEKO software. These comparisons enabled us to improve the code as possible as it is.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befaßt sich mit der anaeroben Entfärbung und aeroben Reinigung von Textilabwasser durch biologische Verfahren. Dazu wurde über mehrere Jahre eine Versuchskläranlage im Pilotmaßstab betrieben und die dabei gewonnenen Erkenntnisse in einer Betriebskläranlage umgesetzt. Die Pilotanlage bestand aus einer anaeroben Vorlage und einem Reaktor, der nach dem SBR-Verfahren (sequentielles biologisches Reinigungsverfahren) betrieben wurde. Das Reaktorvolumen beider Behälter betrug 1 m³. Mit dieser Anlage wurden in der Anaerobstufe farbige Abwässer und gezielt verschiedene Farbmittel entfärbt und in der anschließenden aeroben Belebung die organischen Belastungen und andere Verschmutzungen bis auf die vom Gesetzgeber geforderten Grenzwerte reduziert. Die Versuche ergaben, daß es unter anaeroben Bedingungen möglich ist, auch aerob nicht eliminierbare Färbemittel abzubauen und damit das Gesamtabwasser zu entfärben. Für die Versuche kamen nur „reale“ Abwässer zum Einsatz. Durch die umfangreichen Untersuchungen und Anpassungen an der Versuchskläranlage konnte das Verfahren für die Textilveredlung Erzgebirge technisch so weiterentwickelt werden, daß solide Bemessungsgrundlagen für die großtechnische Realisierung in Form einer Betriebskläranlage vorlagen. Das Reaktorvolumen der beiden parallel geschalteten SBR-Behälter beträgt jeweils 1200 m³. Neben der umfassenden Darstellung und Auswertung der Forschungsergebnisse und Praxiserfahrungen an der Pilotanlage in zahlreichen Abbildungen und Tabellen ist auch die Dokumentation des mehrjährigen Betriebs der Großanlage Gegenstand dieser Arbeit. Am Gesamtabwasserstrom eines Textilveredlungsbetriebes konnte die Eignung einer Kombination aus anaerober biologischer Entfärbung und aerober biologischer Reinigung nachgewiesen werden.

At Kungsberget ski-resort in Gävleborg county all wastewater produced at the facility is treated on-site. The treatment takes place at their own wastewater treatment plant in a so-called Sequence Batch Reactor (SBR), which has been in operation for about a year before this study. Kungsberget AB is currently in charge of the facility but their goal is to hand responsibility over to Sandviken Energy AB. In order for this handover to occur Kungsberget has to produce three approved treatment results. This means that the concentrations of BOD7 needs to lie under 0.3 mg/l and total phosphorous under 10 mg/l in the effluent water for three consecutive samples. The results show momentaneous values. These limits are stated in the permit Kungsberget received from the Environmental Protection Division. Kungsberget has had problems with high and fluctuating phosphorous concentrations and therefore the transfer has not yet taken place. In this project several parameters have been analysed in order to obtain an overview of prevailing influent and effluent concentrations. Some of the parameters that have been analysed are; phosphorous, nitrogen, BOD7, suspended solids and pH. A lot of time and effort has been put into elucidating operational routines at the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and gaining knowledge from available literature regarding different parameters’ effect on treatment results.   Kungsberget has had problems adapting operating routines and reaching stable treatment results as the load is highly effected of seasonal fluctuation. This has not been taken into account earlier and the WWTP has been operated in the same manner all year around. Suggestions to how operating routines can be modified in to better meeting the needs have been produced and alternative treatment methods have been presented in the report. Two of the suggestions include biological phosphorous removal and adding carrier media to increase bacteria growth. An aerobic solids retention time has been calculated in order to evaluate whether nitrifying bacteria have enough time for grow and maintain a stable population. The calculation was carried out by measuring suspended solids and aeration time and the result was a solids retention time of approximately 6 days.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a viabilidade técnica e ambiental da incorporação de resíduos elastoméricos vulcanizados de SBR (copolímero de butadieno e estireno) em uma formulação base de idêntica composição, visando o desenvolvimento de artefatos com aplicação tecnológica. Os resíduos, caracterizados por aparas de perfis expandidos, foram coletados e moídos através de moagem mecânica à temperatura ambiente. O pó obtido, denominado SBR-r, foi caracterizado quanto a suas propriedades físicas, térmicas e químicas. Nove compósitos com diferentes teores de SBR-r, variando de 10 a 90 phr (partes por cem de borracha), foram desenvolvidos. Para efeito comparativo, foi preparada e analisada uma amostra controle sem a adição de resíduos (formulação base com 0 phr). Os compósitos obtidos foram caracterizados quanto a suas características térmicas, reométricas, físicas, mecânicas, dinâmico-mecânicas e químicas, antes e após o envelhecimento acelerado em estufa. O desempenho ambiental do processo de recuperação de resíduos foi analisado através da técnica de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida. Os resultados indicaram que o pó obtido possui distribuição de tamanho de partículas na faixa ideal para incorporação em novas formulações. As características térmicas das misturas sugeriram o aparecimento de ligações cruzadas na interface partícula-matriz, enquanto que as propriedades reométricas não foram significativamente alteradas pela presença de resíduos. As propriedades mecânicas, tais como tensão e alongamento na ruptura e resistência ao rasgamento indicaram que é possível incorporar até 50 phr de SBR-r sem afetar adversamente estas propriedades. As propriedades dinâmico-mecânicas e as micrografias dos compósitos corroboraram os resultados das propriedades mecânicas, indicando a homogeneidade dos compósitos e a boa adesão entre os resíduos e a matriz elastomérica até este teor. Quando submetidos ao envelhecimento, todos os compósitos apresentaram uma perda de propriedades, em função do aumento da rigidez molecular provocado pelo aumento da densidade de ligações cruzadas. A avaliação do desempenho ambiental do processo proposto indicou uma redução dos impactos ambientais totais, comparativamente ao processo produtivo convencional, principalmente em função da redução do consumo de matérias-primas provenientes de recursos não-renováveis. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-22T19:12:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Larissa Nardini Carli.pdf: 19470669 bytes, checksum: 71bafbe031af795b0d0eab7f97332ca0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-22T19:12:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Larissa Nardini Carli.pdf: 19470669 bytes, checksum: 71bafbe031af795b0d0eab7f97332ca0 (MD5) / The aim of this study was to incorporate styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) industrial scraps into a base formulation of identical composition used in the fabrication process of extruded profiles. Technical and environmental performance of the developed composites was evaluated. The scraps were collected and ground under ambient conditions. The powder obtained, SBR-r, was physically, thermally and chemically characterized. Nine composites with different proportions, varying from 10 to 90 phr (parts for hundred of rubber) of SBR-r were prepared and the results were compared with the control sample (base formulation with 0 phr of SBR-r). Thermal, rheometric, physical, mechanical, dynamic-mechanical and chemical properties of the SBR-r composites were evaluated before and after accelerated ageing. The environmental performance of the recycling process was determined by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The results indicated that the powder obtained was suitable for incorporation in new formulations. The thermal analysis of the compounds suggested that an interfacial particle-matrix interaction occurred. Rheometric properties were not significantly affected with the addition of SBR-r. The mechanical properties, such as tensile and tear strength, showed that up to 50 phr of SBR-r can be added without adversely affecting these properties. Dynamic-mechanical properties and the micrographs corroborated the mechanical results, indicating the homogeneity and a good adhesion between the scraps and the elastomeric matrix. The ageing effect led to a decrease in the mechanical properties, as a result of the increase in the stiffness of the material, related to the increase in the crosslink density. LCA results indicated a reduction in the life cycle impacts of the fabrication process with the recycling of scrap rubber, mainly due to the decrease in the consumption of raw materials from non-renewable resources.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-01-14T18:59:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LenilsonXavierFerreiraDeOliveira_DISSERT.pdf: 13173079 bytes, checksum: 590a6e34e1200cb0a727b018faf5262c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-15T19:37:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LenilsonXavierFerreiraDeOliveira_DISSERT.pdf: 13173079 bytes, checksum: 590a6e34e1200cb0a727b018faf5262c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-15T19:37:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LenilsonXavierFerreiraDeOliveira_DISSERT.pdf: 13173079 bytes, checksum: 590a6e34e1200cb0a727b018faf5262c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-29 / In?meras estruturas de concreto no Brasil e no mundo est?o atingindo o limite de sua vida ?til projetada, completando um ciclo de cinco ou mais d?cadas de uso e opera??o. Al?m das estruturas mais antigas, existem ainda estruturas com reduzido tempo de servi?o, e qualidade discut?vel, que j? apresentam patologias em estado t?o avan?ado que chegam a comprometer o seu desempenho. Vindo ao encontro dessas necessidades e no sentido de contribuir para o avan?o cient?fico e tecnol?gico do setor, este trabalho apresenta um m?todo para dosagem, preparo e aplica??o de argamassas de alto desempenho para recupera??o de estruturas deterioradas, al?m de sugerir procedimentos para a realiza??o desses reparos, fomentando a cultura das manuten??es preventivas e desmistificando a complexidade atribu?da a tais opera??es. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios mec?nicos, microestruturais e relacionados ? durabilidade em corpos-de-prova moldados com s?lica ativa e l?tex de estireno-butadieno. Os resultados indicaram que a ado??o desses ingredientes, na composi??o da argamassa de reparo, provocou uma redu??o significativa da permeabilidade total e descontinuidade de poros, assim como promoveu uma melhor integridade dos constituintes da argamassa, traduzindo-se em uma amplia??o, expressiva, das suas capacidades mec?nicas. Quando comparada aos produtos industrializados da constru??o civil, com padr?es similares, proporcionou uma economia da ordem de 85%, que permitiria recuperar, com os mesmos custos, quase cinco vezes mais estruturas comprometidas. Este estudo, de vi?s altamente tecnol?gico, vem oferecer ? constru??o civil uma argamassa polim?rica de alto desempenho, com fun??o reparadora e custo mais acess?vel, que pode ser adotada em canteiros de obras, implementando a??es de natureza sustent?vel e ainda atendendo ?s atuais exig?ncias elencadas pela literatura, relacionadas ? desempenho, vida ?til e durabilidade das estruturas reparadas.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a viabilidade técnica e ambiental da incorporação de resíduos elastoméricos vulcanizados de SBR (copolímero de butadieno e estireno) em uma formulação base de idêntica composição, visando o desenvolvimento de artefatos com aplicação tecnológica. Os resíduos, caracterizados por aparas de perfis expandidos, foram coletados e moídos através de moagem mecânica à temperatura ambiente. O pó obtido, denominado SBR-r, foi caracterizado quanto a suas propriedades físicas, térmicas e químicas. Nove compósitos com diferentes teores de SBR-r, variando de 10 a 90 phr (partes por cem de borracha), foram desenvolvidos. Para efeito comparativo, foi preparada e analisada uma amostra controle sem a adição de resíduos (formulação base com 0 phr). Os compósitos obtidos foram caracterizados quanto a suas características térmicas, reométricas, físicas, mecânicas, dinâmico-mecânicas e químicas, antes e após o envelhecimento acelerado em estufa. O desempenho ambiental do processo de recuperação de resíduos foi analisado através da técnica de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida. Os resultados indicaram que o pó obtido possui distribuição de tamanho de partículas na faixa ideal para incorporação em novas formulações. As características térmicas das misturas sugeriram o aparecimento de ligações cruzadas na interface partícula-matriz, enquanto que as propriedades reométricas não foram significativamente alteradas pela presença de resíduos. As propriedades mecânicas, tais como tensão e alongamento na ruptura e resistência ao rasgamento indicaram que é possível incorporar até 50 phr de SBR-r sem afetar adversamente estas propriedades. As propriedades dinâmico-mecânicas e as micrografias dos compósitos corroboraram os resultados das propriedades mecânicas, indicando a homogeneidade dos compósitos e a boa adesão entre os resíduos e a matriz elastomérica até este teor. Quando submetidos ao envelhecimento, todos os compósitos apresentaram uma perda de propriedades, em função do aumento da rigidez molecular provocado pelo aumento da densidade de ligações cruzadas. A avaliação do desempenho ambiental do processo proposto indicou uma redução dos impactos ambientais totais, comparativamente ao processo produtivo convencional, principalmente em função da redução do consumo de matérias-primas provenientes de recursos não-renováveis. / The aim of this study was to incorporate styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) industrial scraps into a base formulation of identical composition used in the fabrication process of extruded profiles. Technical and environmental performance of the developed composites was evaluated. The scraps were collected and ground under ambient conditions. The powder obtained, SBR-r, was physically, thermally and chemically characterized. Nine composites with different proportions, varying from 10 to 90 phr (parts for hundred of rubber) of SBR-r were prepared and the results were compared with the control sample (base formulation with 0 phr of SBR-r). Thermal, rheometric, physical, mechanical, dynamic-mechanical and chemical properties of the SBR-r composites were evaluated before and after accelerated ageing. The environmental performance of the recycling process was determined by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The results indicated that the powder obtained was suitable for incorporation in new formulations. The thermal analysis of the compounds suggested that an interfacial particle-matrix interaction occurred. Rheometric properties were not significantly affected with the addition of SBR-r. The mechanical properties, such as tensile and tear strength, showed that up to 50 phr of SBR-r can be added without adversely affecting these properties. Dynamic-mechanical properties and the micrographs corroborated the mechanical results, indicating the homogeneity and a good adhesion between the scraps and the elastomeric matrix. The ageing effect led to a decrease in the mechanical properties, as a result of the increase in the stiffness of the material, related to the increase in the crosslink density. LCA results indicated a reduction in the life cycle impacts of the fabrication process with the recycling of scrap rubber, mainly due to the decrease in the consumption of raw materials from non-renewable resources.

EPDM and R-EPDM granules are used as infill on all of the artificial football fields in Uppsala. The aim of the study was to establish possible health risks related to the infill for players on artificial turf in Uppsala. Furthermore the aim was to investigate the possible ecotoxicological effect on surrounding waterways by the infill material. A comparative analysis concerning health and ecotoxicological effects for these materials was carried out. Eight different granules from the artificial turf in Uppsala was collected and analysed using TGA. The TGA results were modelled in two different scenarios to show possible air concentrations of 100-300 µg/m3 VOC over artificial football fields with EPDM granules. Calculations based on the tolerable daily dose of substances found in the granules were carried out. The conclusions of the study shows that the EPDM granules used today are safe from a health perspective. SBR granules from recycled tires does not constitute to any health risks either. The ecotoxicological risk for surrounding waterways is low. EPDM is less cost and energy efficient compared to SBR from recycled tires. Reduction of granular spill is very important from an environmental and cost point of view, regardless of the choice of material for artificial turf.

EPDM and R-EPDM granules are used as infill on all of the artificial football fields in Uppsala. The aim of the study was to establish possible health risks related to the infill for players on artificial turf in Uppsala. Furthermore the aim was to investigate the possible ecotoxicological effect on surrounding waterways by the infill material. A comparative analysis concerning health and ecotoxicological effects for these materials was carried out. Eight different granules from the artificial turf in Uppsala was collected and analysed using TGA. The TGA results were modelled in two different scenarios to show possible air concentrations of 100-300 µg/m3 VOC over artificial football fields with EPDM granules. Calculations based on the tolerable daily dose of substances found in the granules were carried out. The conclusions of the study shows that the EPDM granules used today are safe from a health perspective. SBR granules from recycled tires does not constitute to any health risks either. The ecotoxicological risk for surrounding waterways is low. EPDM is less cost and energy efficient compared to SBR from recycled tires. Reduction of granular spill is very important from an environmental and cost point of view, regardless of the choice of material for artificial turf.