This research focuses on anoxic ammonium oxidation (anammox). The anammox process for treating high ammonium and low organic carbon wastewater can reduce operational costs to a greater extent than the conventional autotrophic/heterotrophic treatment process can. The process has been widely researched because of its potential economic benefits. However, during long-term reactor operation, sudden reductions of nitrogen removal rates have been reported; maximum nitrogen removal rates in different reactor configurations could not approach values predicted based on mathematical modeling; and the crucial stability parameter, such as nitrite, did not have defined threshold concentration. It was hypothesised that free ammonia (FA) increase is the precursor of the instability of the anammox reactor. If it is true that nitrite up to about 200 mg N/L should stimulate nitrogen removal rate inside of the anammox reactor, when FA is kept below the inhibition threshold concentration. The research presented in the thesis argues that FA plays a larger role than has been previously considered in the instability of the anammox reactor. This study found FA inhibited nitrogen removal rates (NRR) at concentrations exceeding 2 mg N/L. In the pH range 7 to 8, the decrease in anammox activity was independent of pH and related only to the concentration of FA. Nitrite concentrations of up to 200 mg N/L did not negatively affect nitrogen removal rate. This study further found that low nitrite provided stable anammox reactor performance, but that high nitrite was not necessarily the cause for reactor destabilization. During the research high nitrogen removal rate was achieved when low FA was provided. During regular reactor operation at pH 6.5, the NRR at about 6.2 g N/Ld was archived. This value was never achieved before till this study was conducted. Conducted research showed controlling FA at low level is required to approach high rates in anammox reactors. Achieving high rates in anammox reactors allow significant reduction in reactor volume which saves resources. Further studies will be required to identify the FA effect on different microbial interactions, and that may provide more in-depth understanding of the nitrite and FA effect than observations based on NRR alone.

This research focuses on anoxic ammonium oxidation (anammox). The anammox process for treating high ammonium and low organic carbon wastewater can reduce operational costs to a greater extent than the conventional autotrophic/heterotrophic treatment process can. The process has been widely researched because of its potential economic benefits. However, during long-term reactor operation, sudden reductions of nitrogen removal rates have been reported; maximum nitrogen removal rates in different reactor configurations could not approach values predicted based on mathematical modeling; and the crucial stability parameter, such as nitrite, did not have defined threshold concentration. It was hypothesised that free ammonia (FA) increase is the precursor of the instability of the anammox reactor. If it is true that nitrite up to about 200 mg N/L should stimulate nitrogen removal rate inside of the anammox reactor, when FA is kept below the inhibition threshold concentration. The research presented in the thesis argues that FA plays a larger role than has been previously considered in the instability of the anammox reactor. This study found FA inhibited nitrogen removal rates (NRR) at concentrations exceeding 2 mg N/L. In the pH range 7 to 8, the decrease in anammox activity was independent of pH and related only to the concentration of FA. Nitrite concentrations of up to 200 mg N/L did not negatively affect nitrogen removal rate. This study further found that low nitrite provided stable anammox reactor performance, but that high nitrite was not necessarily the cause for reactor destabilization. During the research high nitrogen removal rate was achieved when low FA was provided. During regular reactor operation at pH 6.5, the NRR at about 6.2 g N/Ld was archived. This value was never achieved before till this study was conducted. Conducted research showed controlling FA at low level is required to approach high rates in anammox reactors. Achieving high rates in anammox reactors allow significant reduction in reactor volume which saves resources. Further studies will be required to identify the FA effect on different microbial interactions, and that may provide more in-depth understanding of the nitrite and FA effect than observations based on NRR alone.

En la presente Tesis Doctoral se ha estudiado la reducción de la contaminación en el agua residual de una empresa de curtidos. Para ello, se ha realizado una caracterización de las aguas residuales de tenería, con el fin de detectar las fases del proceso que producen mayor cantidad de contaminación. Tras ello, se han realizado ensayos de reutilización de agua residual de pelambre en la fase de remojo y las reutilizaciones directas de los baños de píquel, curtición y recurtición, tintura y engrase. Para cada una de estas acciones se evaluaron tanto la calidad final de los efluentes como las características de las pieles procesadas tras la reutilización de los baños residuales. Para las aguas residuales globales se ha estudiado la optimización del tratamiento físico-químico mediante ensayos de coagulación-floculación (jar test) con distintas concentraciones de coagulantes y floculante y diferentes valores de pH de adición. Tras el tratamiento físico-químico se ha evaluado a nivel de laboratorio la aplicación de un tratamiento biológico secuencial (SBR). Para ello se ha estudiado la influencia del tiempo de retención hidráulico, las características de la corriente alimento (agua del tanque de homogenización ó agua tras el tratamiento físico-químico) y la variación del pH del agua alimento en el rendimiento de depuración. Se trata de un proceso biológico difícil de aplicar debido a la alta conductividad del agua residual y a la variabilidad de sus características. Por último, se ha tratado el agua procedente del SBR mediante membranas, comparando el comportamiento de la membrana de nanofiltración con la membrana de ósmosis inversa en plantas de laboratorio. Los resultados demuestran que la combinación entre una reutilización de baños residuales, el tratamiento físico-químico, el tratamiento mediante reactor biológico secuencial y un proceso de membranas permite la reducción de la contaminación en la industria de curtidos, obteniéndose un efluente de suficiente calidad. / Galiana Aleixandre, MV. (2010). Estudio experimental de minimización de la contaminación de efluentes de la industria de curtidos aplicando reutilización de baños residuales y tratamientos con procesos de membrana y biológicos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8954 / Palancia

The diploma thesis deals with the EPDM addition influence on ozone resistance of NR/SBR mixtures. The theoretical part summarizes knowledge about rubber processing, additivation and effects of ozone on vulcanized rubber. The experimental part aims on preparation of rubber blends and measurement of its mechanical, physical and rheological properties in dependance on their composition.

<p> A computer model is developed to simulate the emulsion copolymerization of styrene/butadiene in perfectly stirred batch, semi-batch or continuous flow reactors. The model considers free radical initiation by a redox mechanism, micellar particle nucleation, radical concentration as -a function of particle size, radical entry rate and termination rate and diffusion controlled termination and propagation reactions. It predicts conversion, copolymer composition, particle number, number and mass average molecular masses and tri- and tetra-functional branch frequencies. A simple method of estimating the particle size distribution is included in the model. Heat balances over the reactor and cooling jacket are considered and proportional-integra control of the reactor temperature is simulated.</p> <p> The model is used to simulate SBR copolymerization and styrene homopolymerization experimental data from the literature. These simulations tested only certain parts of the model and it is concluded that a more complete verification of the model can only be achieved by running a series of designed experiments. Qualitatively, the molecular mass, particle size distribution and reactor temperature predictions appear to be reasonable. The lack of appropriate temperature dependent rate constants currently limits the molecular mass predictions to isothermal conditions.</p> <p> A comparison of semi-batch operating policies designed to control copolymer composition is presented to illustrate the potential application of the model.</p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

No description available.

No processo de lodos ativados por batelada, a definição de um ciclo operacional é de fundamental importância para o bom funcionamento de uma estação de tratamento de esgotos que utiliza esse tipo de tratamento. A adoção de um ciclo adequado pode trazer vários benefícios como o aumento da eficiência de tratamento, a introdução da remoção da matéria nitrogenada, por meio dos processos de nitrificação e desnitrificação do efluente e até diminuir o consumo de energia que é relativamente alto nesse tipo de tratamento. Foi aplicada então, a definição do ciclo operacional à ETE Bueno de Andrada que utiliza o processo de lodos ativados por batelada aeróbio para o tratamento da fase líquida. Foram experimentados alguns ciclos de operação com tempos e estratégias diferentes, variando-se os tempos de aeração, mistura, enchimento ou sedimentação. A aplicabilidade de cada estratégia de ciclo foi avaliada em termos da eficiência de remoção da matéria orgânica carbonácea, retratada com as análises de DBO e DQO do esgoto afluente e do efluente final. Foi desenvolvido também, o processo de automação da ETE Bueno de Andrada com o estudo e ajuste de um programa computacional que gera um arquivo de controle utilizado para controle do ciclo de operação dos SBRs. Os resultados mostraram que os ciclos operacionais entre 10 e 12h, consegue-se uma eficiência de remoção da matéria orgânica carbonácea entre 95 e 97%. / The definition of an adequate operational cycle for the batch activated sludge process is of fundamental importance for the proper operation of a sewage treatment plant. The use of a suitable cycle can bring many benefits namely the increase of the treatment efficiency, the introduction of the nitrogen organic material removal through the nitrification and denitrification process of the eflluent and the decrease of energy consumption that is relatively high in this process. The operational cycle definition is then applied to the Sewage Treatment Plant of Bueno de Andrada that use the aerobic batch activated sludge process for the liquid phase treatment. Some operational cycles are experimented with different times and strategies, changing the aeration, rnixture, filling or sedimentation times. The applicability of each cycle strategy was checked by the carbon organic material removal efficiency, measured through the BOD and COD analyses of the influent sewage and the treated eflluent. It was developed, too, the automation process of the Sewage Treatment Plant of Bueno de Andrada, cornplementing and adjusting the control computer program for the PLC that controls the SBRs operational cycle. The results showed that with operational cycles between 10 and 12 hours, the removal efficiency of the carbon organic material was between 95 and 97%.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FilipeSO_DISSERT.pdf: 3900853 bytes, checksum: b933d50c7767f35ccf84d3eb5899b023 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-23 / Novel cementing materials formulations containing flexible polymeric admixtures have been studied aiming at improving the mechanical behavior of oil well cement slurries submitted to steam injection. However, research activities in this sector are still under development. The steam injected directly into the well causes casing dilation, which after a reduction in temperature, tends to return to its original dimensions, resulting in crack formation and hydraulic isolation loss of the well, which will result in shortening of well life. In this scenario, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the mechanical behavior of Portland-based slurries containing SBR latex, applied in oil well cementing of wells submitted to steam injection. Were formulated slurries with densities of 1.797 g/cm3 (15.0 lb/Gal) and 1.869 g/cm3 (15.6 lb/Gal), containing admixtures with a latex concentration of 0; 66.88; 133.76; 200.64 and 267.52 L/m3 (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 gpc). Tests including rheology, fluid loss control, thickening time, API compressive strength and splitting tensile strength, beyond steam injection simulation. Microstrutural characteristics of the slurries were also performed (XRD, TG, FTIR and SEM). The results showed that increasing the polymer concentration increased in the rheological properties and fluid loss, and a decrease in the elasticity modulus of the cement slurries. The results obtained showed that the slurries can be applied in cementing operations of oil wells submitted to steam injection. / Novas formula??es de pastas de cimento, aditivadas com materiais polim?ricos com caracter?sticas flex?veis, t?m sido estudadas para aplica??o em po?os sujeitos a inje??o de vapor. Entretanto, pesquisas neste setor ainda s?o atividades em desenvolvimento. O vapor injetado diretamente no po?o provoca a dilata??o do revestimento, o que ap?s redu??o na temperatura, tende a voltar as suas dimens?es iniciais, provocando forma??o de trincas e conseq?ente perda do isolamento hidr?ulico do po?o, que resultar? no encurtamento do tempo de sua vida ?til. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o comportamento mec?nico de sistemas de pastas de cimento Portland, aditivadas com l?tex SBR, para cimenta??o de po?os de petr?leo sujeitos a inje??o de vapor. Foram formuladas pastas com densidades de 1,797 g/cm3 (15,0 lb/Gal) e 1,869 g/cm3 (15,6 lb/Gal), aditivadas com concentra??o de 0; 66,88; 133,76; 200,64 e 267,52 L/m3 (0, 0,5, 1,0, 1,5 e 2,0 gpc) de l?tex. Foram realizados ensaios de reologia, controle de filtrado, tempo de espessamento, resist?ncia ? compress?o API e tra??o por compress?o diametral, al?m de simula??es de inje??o de vapor. Tamb?m foram realizadas caracteriza??es microestruturais das pastas de cimento (DRX, TG, FTIR e MEV). Os resultados mostraram que com o aumento da concentra??o do pol?mero ocorreram mudan?as nas propriedades reol?gicas e no volume de filtrado, al?m de uma diminui??o do m?dulo de elasticidade das pastas de cimento. A partir dos resultados obtidos verificou-se que as pastas podem ser aplicadas em opera??es de cimenta??o de po?os de petr?leo sujeitos a inje??o de vapor.

No processo de lodos ativados por batelada, a definição de um ciclo operacional é de fundamental importância para o bom funcionamento de uma estação de tratamento de esgotos que utiliza esse tipo de tratamento. A adoção de um ciclo adequado pode trazer vários benefícios como o aumento da eficiência de tratamento, a introdução da remoção da matéria nitrogenada, por meio dos processos de nitrificação e desnitrificação do efluente e até diminuir o consumo de energia que é relativamente alto nesse tipo de tratamento. Foi aplicada então, a definição do ciclo operacional à ETE Bueno de Andrada que utiliza o processo de lodos ativados por batelada aeróbio para o tratamento da fase líquida. Foram experimentados alguns ciclos de operação com tempos e estratégias diferentes, variando-se os tempos de aeração, mistura, enchimento ou sedimentação. A aplicabilidade de cada estratégia de ciclo foi avaliada em termos da eficiência de remoção da matéria orgânica carbonácea, retratada com as análises de DBO e DQO do esgoto afluente e do efluente final. Foi desenvolvido também, o processo de automação da ETE Bueno de Andrada com o estudo e ajuste de um programa computacional que gera um arquivo de controle utilizado para controle do ciclo de operação dos SBRs. Os resultados mostraram que os ciclos operacionais entre 10 e 12h, consegue-se uma eficiência de remoção da matéria orgânica carbonácea entre 95 e 97%. / The definition of an adequate operational cycle for the batch activated sludge process is of fundamental importance for the proper operation of a sewage treatment plant. The use of a suitable cycle can bring many benefits namely the increase of the treatment efficiency, the introduction of the nitrogen organic material removal through the nitrification and denitrification process of the eflluent and the decrease of energy consumption that is relatively high in this process. The operational cycle definition is then applied to the Sewage Treatment Plant of Bueno de Andrada that use the aerobic batch activated sludge process for the liquid phase treatment. Some operational cycles are experimented with different times and strategies, changing the aeration, rnixture, filling or sedimentation times. The applicability of each cycle strategy was checked by the carbon organic material removal efficiency, measured through the BOD and COD analyses of the influent sewage and the treated eflluent. It was developed, too, the automation process of the Sewage Treatment Plant of Bueno de Andrada, cornplementing and adjusting the control computer program for the PLC that controls the SBRs operational cycle. The results showed that with operational cycles between 10 and 12 hours, the removal efficiency of the carbon organic material was between 95 and 97%.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:36:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jademir Jesus Pirapora de Almeida.pdf: 6328511 bytes, checksum: a6b516ba7f4098781189faf6cc895d92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie / In this work were studied the action of ionizing radiation on the physical-mechanical properties in elastomeric compounds based on styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) filled with barite, opening way for application of these composites in the protection and shield against high-energy radiation, in the form of aprons. These aprons come to substitute the elastomeric ones with lead filler in ergonomic and economically advantageous conditions. The effect of high-energy radiation was studied on SBR compounds filled with barite at 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150phr (phr = parts per hundred rubber) of barite concentrations, exposed to ionizing radiation at 0, 100, 200, 500 and 1000kGy doses. The samples were characterized by physic-mechanical tests as rheometry, tensile strength, resilience, hardness, wear resistance, oil absorption, permanent deformation under compression (compression set) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The morphological characteristics were determined by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the radiation causes an increase in tensile strength and elongation, the tear strength and hardness, and a decrease in fluid absorção and deformation under compression. / Neste trabalho foi estudada a ação da radiação ionizante nas propriedades físico-mecânicas nos compostos elastoméricos a base de estireno-butadieno (SBR) carregados com barita, abrindo caminho para aplicação destes compostos na proteção e blindagem contra a radiação alta energia, na forma de aventais, vindo substituir os aventais a base de elastômero carregado com chumbo em condições ergonômicas e economicamente vantajosas. Foi estudado o efeito da radiação ionizante em compostos a base de SBR carregado com barita nas concentrações de 50, 75, 100, 125, e 150phr (phr = partes por cem de borracha) de barita expostos à radiação ionizante nas doses de 0, 100, 200, 500 e 1000kGy. As amostras foram caracterizadas por meio de ensaios físico-mecânicos de reometria, de resistência à tração, resiliência, dureza, resistência ao rasgo, absorção de óleo, deformação permanente sob compressão (compression set) e ensaios de análise térmica dinâmico-mecânica. As características morfológicas dos compositos foram determinadas por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados mostraram que a radiação provoca um aumento da resistência à tração, do alongamento sob tração, da resistência ao rasgamento e da dureza; e um decréscimo na absorção de fluido e na deformação sob compressão.