Este trabalho foi realizado com a finalidade de avaliar a degradação anaeróbia de benzoato por bactérias redutoras de sulfato (BRS). A primeira fase experimental avaliou essa degradação utilizando como inóculo biomassa de reator anaeróbio horizontal de leito fixo (RAHLF) utilizado no tratamento de água residuária de indústria de peróxidos orgânicos. Os ensaios foram realizados em reatores em batelada mantidos em temperatura de 33ºC ±1 e agitação de 150 rpm. Os reatores foram alimentados com meio para BRS e diferentes concentrações de benzoato e sulfato, estabelecendo as seguintes relações: 0,9 (890 mg/L e 970 mg/L), 0,8 (660 mg/L e 870 mg/L) e 0,6 (242 mg/L e 400 mg/L). Após 13 dias verificou-se valores de remoção do benzoato e utilização do sulfato iguais a: (0,9) 71,2% e 98%, (0,7) 97% e 99,9% e (0,6) 91,3% e 15%, respectivamente. Os exames microscópicos revelaram o predomínio de BRS. Na segunda fase experimental foi realizada a purificação celular, utilizando-se técnica de diluição seriada em meio líquido, obtendo-se cultura com predomínio de cocos, gram-negativos, diâmetro médio de 1,8 mm, não formadores de esporos e desulfoviridina positiva. Sendo identificadas como Desulfococcus multivorans através de seqüenciamento do DNAr 16S. As células foram submetidas a testes fisiológicos visando caracterizar o crescimento com diferentes aceptores de elétrons e substratos orgânicos. Nas condições em que predominaram cocos o consumo das fontes de carbono foram melhores quando as fontes aceptoras de elétron eram possuidoras de enxofre. Na terceira fase experimental foram realizados ensaios com a cultura purificada em reatores anaeróbios em batelada submetidos as seguintes concentrações de benzoato e sulfato estabelecendo relações de: (0,3) 600 mg/L e 2000 mg/L; (0,6) 606 mg/L e 1000 mg/L; (1,2) 600 mg/L e 500 mg/L; (1,8) 910 mg/L e 500 mg/L, respectivamente. Após, 13 dias de operação, verificou-se valores de remoção do benzoato e utilização do sulfato, iguais a: 99% e 61,2% (0,3), 99% e 100% (0,6), 99% e 100% (1,2) e 50% e 100% (1,8), respectivamente. A velocidade de crescimento (&#956) e o tempo de geração (Tg) foram respectivamente: 0,010 h-1 e 66,4 horas, para relação 0,6 e 0,011 h-1 e 66,1 horas, para a relação 0,3. / This work was carried out aiming to assess benzoate anaerobic degradation by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). The first experimental phase consisted of assessing this degradation using biomass provided from a horizontal anaerobic immobilized bed reactor (HAIB) applied in the treatment of wastewater from an organic peroxide industry. The essays were carried out in batch reactors kept under 33ºC ±1 of temperature and 150 rpm of agitation. The reactors were fed with a specific culture medium for SRB and also with different concentrations of benzoate and sulfate, establishing the following relations: 0.9 (890 mg/L and 970 mg/L), 0.8 (680 mg/L and 870 mg/L) and 0.6 (242 mg/L and 400 mg/L), respectively. After 13 days of operation, benzoate removal and sulfate utilization efficiency values equal to: (0.9) 71.2% and 98%, (0.8) 97% and 99.9% and (0.6) 91.3% and 15%, respectively, were verified. The microscopic exams revealed the domain of SRB. In the second experimental phase cellular purification was carried out using the serial dilution technique in liquid medium, obtaining a culture with the domain of gram-negatives cocci, average diameter of 1,8 mm, nonspore-forming and desulfoviridin positive. These cells were identified as Desulfococcus multivorans through the use of ribosomal 16S DNA sequencing technique. This biomass was submitted to physiological tests aiming to characterize the growth with different electron acceptors and organic substrates. It was possible to verify that in the conditions where cocci took place, the consumption of carbon sources were better when the electron accepting sources possessed sulfur. In the third experimental phase essays with culture purified, the reactors were submitted to the following concentrations of benzoate and sulfate: relation (0.3), with 600.0 mg/L and 2000.0 mg/L; relation (0.6) with 606 mg/L and 1000 mg/L; relation (1.2), with 600 mg/L and 500 mg/L; relation (1.8), with 910 mg/L and 500 mg/L, respectively. After 13 days of operation, benzoate removal and sulfate utilization values were equal to: 99% and 61.2% (0.3), 99% and 100% (0.6), 99% and 100% (1.2) and 50% and 100% (1.8), respectively. The specific growth rate (&#956) and the generation time (Tg) of culture, were equal to: 0.010 h-1 and 66.4 hours for relation 0.6 and 0.011 h-1 and 66.1 hours for relation 0.3, respectively.

La présence de micropolluants à l'entrée des opérations d'épuration d'effluents industriels induit des problèmes au cours du traitement par des procédés biologiques, certaines molécules n'étant pas nécessairement disponibles à la biodégradation. Parmi les molécules présentes dans les rejets d'origine pétrochimique ou chimique, les substances prioritaires les moins volatiles sont aussi les plus hydrophobes (ex : Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques) et ont tendance à s'adsorber majoritairement sur les matières organiques et les boues. A l'inverse, les molécules moins hydrophobes mais très volatiles comme les Benzène, Toluène, Ethylbenzène et p-Xylène ont une forte propension à être transférées dans l'atmosphère lors des phases d'aération. Le bioréacteur hybride étudié ici, reposant sur l'addition de supports adsorbants dans des procédés à boues activées, présente de nombreux avantages. D'une part l'addition de charbon actif en grain dans des procédés à boues activées permet de fixer les polluants ciblés, minimiser leur volatilisation et augmenter leur temps de séjour dans le procédé D'autre part, la réduction de leur concentration à un niveau non inhibiteur permet l'absorption des variations de charges qui sont fréquentes dans les effluents industriels. Enfin les supports ajoutés, sur lesquels se développent des biofilms, constituent des niches écologiques nouvelles pour les micro-organismes les plus lents à se développer. Ces derniers peuvent dégrader les molécules adsorbées dans les zones biorégénérables du charbon actif. Afin de caractériser les mécanismes physicochimiques et biologiques, des expériences en batch des phénomènes découplés et couplés ont été réalisées : cinétiques et isothermes d'adsorption et de biosorption, cinétiques de volatilisation et respirométrie. Egalement, deux pilotes à l'échelle laboratoire ont permis de suivre les performances épuratoires d'un bioréacteur séquencé conventionnel et d'un bioréacteur hybride à support adsorbant. Un modèle d'adsorption sur support hétérogène, développé sous Matlab® et un modèle intégrant le couplage des phénomènes en dynamique, développé sous Aquasim® ont été combinés. Le modèle global développé permet de simuler de façon dynamique le devenir des micropolluants (les outils précédents ne fonctionnant qu'en régime permanent). Les simulations réalisées concordent avec les résultats expérimentaux et permettent de conclure que les mécanismes d'élimination abiotiques jouent un rôle très important dans les « performances épuratoires » du procédé de traitement biologique aérobie conventionnel. Les transferts de BTEX de la phase liquide vers le compartiment gazeux sont significatifs (>99% en 2 heures) et les quantités d'HAPs détectées dans la fraction solide sont importantes (élimination moyenne >65% lors de la décantation primaire). Pour les Composés Organiques Volatiles (ex : BTEX), l'ajout de particules adsorbantes et l'analyse des modes opérationnels minimisant le transfert dans la phase gaz sont les points prépondérants. Des simulations prospectives mettant en jeu les phénomènes conjoints de biodégradation et d'adsorption du toluène et du naphthalène ont permis de montrer que le réseau méso-macroporeux est régénérable, que l'adsorption a lieu majoritairement dans ce compartiment et que le taux de biorégénération dépend de la quantité de biomasse maintenue. L'efficacité des bioréacteurs à supports adsorbants (Charbon Actif en Grain) a été démontré pour ces molécules, à conditions de gérer une période de biorégénération qui devra être optimisée à partir du modèle développé.

Les objectifs de cette thèse consistent à identifier les morphologies adoptées par des mélanges d'élastomères chargés en noir de carbone, à étudier l'influence de l'introduction de charges sur ces morphologies mais aussi de détecter la localisation de la charge dans ces mélanges. Dans une dernière partie, l'impact de ces différentes structures sur les défauts d'extrusion est abordé. Ces travaux concernent l'étude des coupages caoutchouc naturel / styrene-butadiene rubber (NR / SBR) et polybutadiène / styrene-butadiene rubber (BR / SBR) non vulcanisés. Dans un premier temps, les morphologies adoptées par ces mélanges non chargés ont été identifiées grâce à plusieurs protocoles expérimentaux. L'influence de l'introduction de noir de carbone ainsi que l'étude de la localisation de la charge dans ces mélanges ont constitué une seconde étape dans ces travaux. Aucune localisation préférentielle de la charge n'a été détectée pour ces mélanges. Un système ségrégé a donc été réalisé par la suite. Enfin, le comportement en extrusion de ces mélanges a été simulé par rhéométrie capillaire et des observations de défauts d'aspect ont été faites. La ségrégation du noir de carbone ne semble pas entraîner la création de défauts d'aspect, sauf dans le cas d'une localisation dans la matrice

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-08-16T20:26:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RamonVictorAlvesRamalho_DISSERT.pdf: 3544431 bytes, checksum: 87ec396d0fd97098e89f51fc29eb2b56 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-08-18T22:27:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RamonVictorAlvesRamalho_DISSERT.pdf: 3544431 bytes, checksum: 87ec396d0fd97098e89f51fc29eb2b56 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T22:27:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RamonVictorAlvesRamalho_DISSERT.pdf: 3544431 bytes, checksum: 87ec396d0fd97098e89f51fc29eb2b56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-12 / A inje??o de vapor ? um m?todo de recupera??o de petr?leo realizado injetando vapor diretamente no po?o at? o reservat?rio. O vapor provoca a dilata??o do revestimento, que ap?s a redu??o na temperatura tende a voltar ?s dimens?es iniciais, provocando a forma??o de trincas no cimento e perda de isolamento hidr?ulico. Neste contexto, o L?tex do tipo SBR ? utilizado para melhorar a flexibilidade da matriz do cimento reduzindo as falhas por fadiga. Para evitar estas falhas, os par?metros de resist?ncia mec?nica devem ser rigorosamente ajustados ?s condi??es do po?o. Para o estado fresco, as pastas de cimento devem permanecer fluidas e homog?neas, durante o bombeio, para que seu deslocamento n?o comprometa a janela operacional do po?o. Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o comportamento mec?nico de sistemas de pasta de cimento Portland, aditivadas com L?tex SBR, para cimenta??o de po?os de petr?leo sujeitos ? inje??o de vapor. Atrav?s do planejamento fatorial composto central foi estudado o comportamento da resist?ncia ? compress?o API variando a densidade da pasta entre 1,75g/cm? (14,6 lb/Gal) e 1,89 g/cm? (15,8lb/Gal), o tempo de cura entre 4 dias e 28 dias e concentra??o de L?tex SBR entre 0 L/m? e 534,722 L/m? (0 gpc e 4 gpc). Os resultados apontam que o com o aumento da concentra??o do l?tex SBR, dentro os intervalos determinados, ocorreu uma diminui??o significativa da resist?ncia ? compress?o pelo aumento da capacidade de deforma??o el?stica da pasta. A partir dos resultados obtidos ? poss?vel determinar melhores condi??es de formula??o de pastas aplic?veis em opera??es de cimenta??o de po?o de petr?leo sujeito ? inje??o de vapor. / Steam injection is an oil recovery method accomplished by introducing steam directly into the oil well to the reservoir. The steam causes dilation of the casing, which, after reduction in temperature, tends to return to the initial dimensions: causing the formation of cracks in the cement and loss of hydraulic isolation.. In this context, the type of the SBR latex is used to improve the flexibility of the cement matrix by reducing the amount of fatigue failure. To prevent these failures, the mechanical resistance parameters should be carefully adjusted to well conditions. This work aims to study the mechanical behavior of cement slurry systems additivated with SBR latex for cementing oil wells subject to steam injection. Through the central composite factorial design was studied the behavior of the compressive strength by varying the density of the paste between 1.75 g /cm? (14.6 lb/ Gal) and 1.89 g/cm? (15,8lb / Gal), curing time between 4 days and 28 days and concentration of SBR Latex between 0 L / m? and 534.722 L / m? (0 gpc and 4 gpc). The results showed that increasing the concentration of SBR latex, within the given ranges, there was a decreased compression resistance and elastic modulus by increasing the elastic deformability of the slurry. From the results it can determine best slurries formulation conditions in oil well cementing operations subject to steam injection.

Este trabalho foi realizado com a finalidade de avaliar a degradação anaeróbia de benzoato por bactérias redutoras de sulfato (BRS). A primeira fase experimental avaliou essa degradação utilizando como inóculo biomassa de reator anaeróbio horizontal de leito fixo (RAHLF) utilizado no tratamento de água residuária de indústria de peróxidos orgânicos. Os ensaios foram realizados em reatores em batelada mantidos em temperatura de 33ºC ±1 e agitação de 150 rpm. Os reatores foram alimentados com meio para BRS e diferentes concentrações de benzoato e sulfato, estabelecendo as seguintes relações: 0,9 (890 mg/L e 970 mg/L), 0,8 (660 mg/L e 870 mg/L) e 0,6 (242 mg/L e 400 mg/L). Após 13 dias verificou-se valores de remoção do benzoato e utilização do sulfato iguais a: (0,9) 71,2% e 98%, (0,7) 97% e 99,9% e (0,6) 91,3% e 15%, respectivamente. Os exames microscópicos revelaram o predomínio de BRS. Na segunda fase experimental foi realizada a purificação celular, utilizando-se técnica de diluição seriada em meio líquido, obtendo-se cultura com predomínio de cocos, gram-negativos, diâmetro médio de 1,8 mm, não formadores de esporos e desulfoviridina positiva. Sendo identificadas como Desulfococcus multivorans através de seqüenciamento do DNAr 16S. As células foram submetidas a testes fisiológicos visando caracterizar o crescimento com diferentes aceptores de elétrons e substratos orgânicos. Nas condições em que predominaram cocos o consumo das fontes de carbono foram melhores quando as fontes aceptoras de elétron eram possuidoras de enxofre. Na terceira fase experimental foram realizados ensaios com a cultura purificada em reatores anaeróbios em batelada submetidos as seguintes concentrações de benzoato e sulfato estabelecendo relações de: (0,3) 600 mg/L e 2000 mg/L; (0,6) 606 mg/L e 1000 mg/L; (1,2) 600 mg/L e 500 mg/L; (1,8) 910 mg/L e 500 mg/L, respectivamente. Após, 13 dias de operação, verificou-se valores de remoção do benzoato e utilização do sulfato, iguais a: 99% e 61,2% (0,3), 99% e 100% (0,6), 99% e 100% (1,2) e 50% e 100% (1,8), respectivamente. A velocidade de crescimento (&#956) e o tempo de geração (Tg) foram respectivamente: 0,010 h-1 e 66,4 horas, para relação 0,6 e 0,011 h-1 e 66,1 horas, para a relação 0,3. / This work was carried out aiming to assess benzoate anaerobic degradation by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). The first experimental phase consisted of assessing this degradation using biomass provided from a horizontal anaerobic immobilized bed reactor (HAIB) applied in the treatment of wastewater from an organic peroxide industry. The essays were carried out in batch reactors kept under 33ºC ±1 of temperature and 150 rpm of agitation. The reactors were fed with a specific culture medium for SRB and also with different concentrations of benzoate and sulfate, establishing the following relations: 0.9 (890 mg/L and 970 mg/L), 0.8 (680 mg/L and 870 mg/L) and 0.6 (242 mg/L and 400 mg/L), respectively. After 13 days of operation, benzoate removal and sulfate utilization efficiency values equal to: (0.9) 71.2% and 98%, (0.8) 97% and 99.9% and (0.6) 91.3% and 15%, respectively, were verified. The microscopic exams revealed the domain of SRB. In the second experimental phase cellular purification was carried out using the serial dilution technique in liquid medium, obtaining a culture with the domain of gram-negatives cocci, average diameter of 1,8 mm, nonspore-forming and desulfoviridin positive. These cells were identified as Desulfococcus multivorans through the use of ribosomal 16S DNA sequencing technique. This biomass was submitted to physiological tests aiming to characterize the growth with different electron acceptors and organic substrates. It was possible to verify that in the conditions where cocci took place, the consumption of carbon sources were better when the electron accepting sources possessed sulfur. In the third experimental phase essays with culture purified, the reactors were submitted to the following concentrations of benzoate and sulfate: relation (0.3), with 600.0 mg/L and 2000.0 mg/L; relation (0.6) with 606 mg/L and 1000 mg/L; relation (1.2), with 600 mg/L and 500 mg/L; relation (1.8), with 910 mg/L and 500 mg/L, respectively. After 13 days of operation, benzoate removal and sulfate utilization values were equal to: 99% and 61.2% (0.3), 99% and 100% (0.6), 99% and 100% (1.2) and 50% and 100% (1.8), respectively. The specific growth rate (&#956) and the generation time (Tg) of culture, were equal to: 0.010 h-1 and 66.4 hours for relation 0.6 and 0.011 h-1 and 66.1 hours for relation 0.3, respectively.

High surface area of used nanoparticles and their comparable size with polymer chains, are the most important characteristics of fillers in the preparation of non-Newtonian suspensions. Such structures at different concentrations have major influence on the rheological behavior of polymer solution in solvent. With increasing volume fraction of nanofiller, there is pseudoplastic or dilatant behavior present in the dissolved elastomers. Diploma thesis studies the influence of the concentration of different elastomers (SBR and SEBS copolymers) and nanofiller (hydrophobic nanosilica) in suspension, of rheological properties.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befaßt sich mit der anaeroben Entfärbung und aeroben Reinigung von Textilabwasser durch biologische Verfahren. Dazu wurde über mehrere Jahre eine Versuchskläranlage im Pilotmaßstab betrieben und die dabei gewonnenen Erkenntnisse in einer Betriebskläranlage umgesetzt. Die Pilotanlage bestand aus einer anaeroben Vorlage und einem Reaktor, der nach dem SBR-Verfahren (sequentielles biologisches Reinigungsverfahren) betrieben wurde. Das Reaktorvolumen beider Behälter betrug 1 m³. Mit dieser Anlage wurden in der Anaerobstufe farbige Abwässer und gezielt verschiedene Farbmittel entfärbt und in der anschließenden aeroben Belebung die organischen Belastungen und andere Verschmutzungen bis auf die vom Gesetzgeber geforderten Grenzwerte reduziert. Die Versuche ergaben, daß es unter anaeroben Bedingungen möglich ist, auch aerob nicht eliminierbare Färbemittel abzubauen und damit das Gesamtabwasser zu entfärben. Für die Versuche kamen nur „reale“ Abwässer zum Einsatz. Durch die umfangreichen Untersuchungen und Anpassungen an der Versuchskläranlage konnte das Verfahren für die Textilveredlung Erzgebirge technisch so weiterentwickelt werden, daß solide Bemessungsgrundlagen für die großtechnische Realisierung in Form einer Betriebskläranlage vorlagen. Das Reaktorvolumen der beiden parallel geschalteten SBR-Behälter beträgt jeweils 1200 m³. Neben der umfassenden Darstellung und Auswertung der Forschungsergebnisse und Praxiserfahrungen an der Pilotanlage in zahlreichen Abbildungen und Tabellen ist auch die Dokumentation des mehrjährigen Betriebs der Großanlage Gegenstand dieser Arbeit. Am Gesamtabwasserstrom eines Textilveredlungsbetriebes konnte die Eignung einer Kombination aus anaerober biologischer Entfärbung und aerober biologischer Reinigung nachgewiesen werden.

No description available.

No description available.

Um sistema combinado anaeróbio-aeróbio composto de um filtro anaeróbio ascendente seguido de reator aeróbio de lodos ativados em batelada, foi continuamente alimentado com água residuária sintética da indústria de polpa celulósica não branqueada, durante o período de trezentos e sessenta e três dias, com o objetivo de verificar o desempenho dos reatores operados sob condições termofílicas. Os reatores foram inoculados com lodo mesofílico com gradual adaptação para a condição termofílica e operados em duas fases distintas. A primeira e segunda fases contemplam os períodos em que os reatores foram operados em temperatura termofílica de 55 e 65 graus Celsius, respectivamente. O filtro anaeróbio trabalhou com tempo de detenção hidráulica de 48 horas em fluxo contínuo e o reator aeróbio operado em bateladas seqüenciais (RBS) com tempos de ciclo de 12, 18 e 24 horas. A melhor eficiênica de remoção de DQO do sistema combinado anaeróbio-aeróbio foi de 65%, devida, em maior parte ao reator anaeróbio. O filtro anaeróbio operado em temperatura de 55 e 65 graus demonstrou eficiência na capacidade de retenção de biomassa termofílica, evitando a perda no efluente. O RBS, quando operado em temperatura de 55 graus e tempo de ciclo de 18 horas, demonstrou melhor eficiência para pós-tratamento de água residuária sintética. Os resultados gerais mostram uma melhor eficiência dos reatores operados em temperatura de 55 graus Celsius. / A combined anaerobic-aerobic system, composed of an upflow anaerobic filter followed by an aerobic reactor of activated sludge in batch, was continuously feed with synthetic wastewater from unbleached cellulose pulp plant during a period of three hundred and sixty three days, aiming to verify the performance of the reactors operating under thermophilic conditions. The reactors were inoculated with mesophilic sludge having a gradual adaptation to the thermophilic condition and they were operated in two distinct phases. The first and second phases contemplate the periods in which the reactors were operated in a thermophilic temperature of 55 and 65 Celsius degrees, respectively. The anaerobic filter worked with hydraulic detention time of 48 hours in a continuous flow, and the aerobic reactor was operated in a sequencing batch (SBR) with a cycle time of 12, 18 and 24 hours. The best efficiency of the combined anaerobic-aerobic system to remove DQO was 65% due to, in most part, the anaerobic reactor. The anaerobic filter, operating in temperatures of 55 and 65 degrees, has demonstrated efficiency in the capacity to retain thermophilic biomass, avoiding effluent lost. The SBR reactor, when operated in temperature of 55 degrees and a cycle time of 18 hours, has demonstrated better efficiency in the post-treatment of synthetic wastewater. The general results have showed a better efficiency of the reactors operating in a thermophilic temperature of 55 Celsius degrees.